TRANSPORTATION The transportation system Travel - is defined by the

has a significant relationship World Tourism Organization

MANAGEMENT with the tourism industry as (as cited in Dileep, 2019) as
Charishdan Escobido it is one of its operations moving between different
drivers. geographic locations, for any
CHAPTER 1: purpose and any duration
 The transportation
INTRODUCTION TO sector is vital to the The Organization for
TRANSPORTATION success of our Economic Cooperation and
MANAGEMENT industry. Put simply, if Development (OECD) policy
we can’t move document on transport and
TRANSPORTATION - is the  people from place to tourism summarizes the role
movement of people and place — whether by of transport with regard to
goods from one place to air, sea, or land — we tourism in the following way:
another. The term is derived don’t have an
from the Latin trans industry. 1. Transport is a key enabler
(“across”) and portare (“to  The development of of tourism and plays a vital
carry”) transportation role in moving tourists from
systems is one of the their place of residence to
TRANSPORT INDUSTRIES - their final destination and on
industries which have the key factors in the
growth of international to various attractions
business of providing
equipment, actual transport, tourism 2. Transport plays a crucial
transport of people or goods  Coupled with role in connecting tourism
and services used in improvements in markets to destinations and
transport of goods or people infrastructure, better facilitating visitor movement
transportation between components of the
EVOLUTION OF MODERN technology has tourist experience
TRANSPORT enabled people to
travel at greater MAJOR ROLES PLAYED BY
- Travel was one of the TOURISM TRANSPORT IN
speed, comfort and
earliest human activities MODERN TOURISM
convenience
- Evolution began towards Facilitator of Tourism Growth
TOURIST TRANSPORT
the end of eighteenth – it enhances accessibility,
CONCEPT
century mobility, and travel
Tourist transport is experience for tourists,
- Animals and wind power
distinguished in two (2) making it essential for
were used for long journeys
concepts: tourism to thrive
- International travel
TRANSPORTATION FOR Linking Destinations with
occurred over land and sea,
TOURISM – in this concept, Tourism Markets –
mainly for the purpose of
transport is a means to an transportation provides links
trade
end between destinations and
- By the nineteenth century, consumers of tourism
- the purpose of
rail travel had become the products (tourism market)
transportation in this concept
backbone of transport in
is to move from one place to Providing Mobility and Access
Europe
another Within Destinations - tourists
- Organized tourism also need to move within a
- the level of tourist
began in this era when destination for various
satisfaction lies in the cost
Thomas Cook organized a reasons, including arrival at
and speed of transportation
trip using rail services from the airport, accommodation,
Leicester to Loughborough in - transport contains no visiting attractions, and
1841 intrinsic value to tourists engaging in tourism activities
- Introduction of the Model T TRANSPORTATION AS Providing Mobility Within
car by Henry Ford in 1908 TOURISM – in this concept, Tourist Attractions – tourist
marked one of the most transportation is the basis of attractions may require
important milestones in the the tourist experience specific transportation
history of travel modes to suit their setting
- the travel cost is not just for
- Wide body jet aircraft were mobility, but also for the Providing Recreational Travel
commercially used from recreational activities Options – Destinations often
1970, and thus mass tourism create distinctive
philosophy began - transport contains a high transportation modes to
intrinsic value to tourists enhance the tourism
- Organization of the
experience (Ex. Bike tours,
Petroleum Exporting
double-decker bus tours)
Countries (OPEC)
CHAPTER 2: THE ROLE OF
Acting as a Primary
- Within a decade, air TRANSPORT IN TOURISM Attraction – there are cases
transport became a popular
TRANSPORT AND TOURISM that transportation is the
transport mode
actual attraction itself. A
great example is cruise safety, reliability, and 1. Quality Vehicles
tourism. timeliness
2. Provision of an integrated,
Linking Host Destinations – 4. THE MOTIVE POWER - this efficient multimodal
transportation links origin powers the vehicle to move transport system
and destination, often used on the ‘way’ and its capacity
in packaged tours where are significant in the speed, 3. Safety and security
tourists visit multiple range, and safety of 4. Good connectivity
destinations transportation
5. Quality transport
Determinant in Destination TRANSPORT FROM A infrastructure
Success – relies on its GEOGRAPHICAL
accessibility, quality, and PERSPECTIVE 6. Proficient travel and
diversity of transportation tourism information services
systems, which contribute to - Transport primarily deals
its overall success with time and distance. 7. Proper signboards and
Travel distance is a factor in guidance
Major Contributor to the accessibility of a
Tourism’s Socio-Economic destination 8. Efficient and quality taxi
Benefits – facilitates system
interaction between tourists - From a geographic
perspective, travel occurs to 9. Efficient drivers/ couriers
and host communities,
fosters cultural satisfy human desire for 10. Fair rate system
understanding, provides spatial movement and
transport MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT
employment
FOR TOURISM
TRANSPORT, TYPES, - According to Page (1994),
“transport results from a - Using a multimodal
LINKAGES AND ELEMENTS
desire for mobility and travel, transport system for tourists
Transport represents not just and the provision of different is essential in destinations.
the means of reaching modes of transport aims to
- These include road
places; it is a combination of facilitate the efficient
networks, rail transport,
different elements. Cooper et movement of goods and
airport terminals, seaports,
al. (2000) identified four people”. Traditionally,
public transport, and
basic physical elements: distance has been a
dedicated tourist
bottleneck in the evolution of
1. THE WAY - the medium of mechanisms.
tourism in many destinations
transport, can be both
natural and artificial - Accessibility is also a
significant factor in long-haul CHAPTER 3: NATURE AND
- roads and railways are travel
examples of artificial media, TYPES OF TOURISM
and sea routes and airways The major roles of transport TRANSPORT
are natural media for a destination include the
following: CHARACTERISTICS OF
- in this modern era of TOURISM TRANSPORTATION
transportation, 1. Basic requirement
Its nature is described
privatization has been used
2. Catalyst in the growth of through several factors,
in the construction and
tourism which are the following:
management of artificial
ways as well 3. Determinant in destination SEASONALITY – tourism
success transportation is influenced
2. THE TERMINAL - terminals
by tourism demand and
in airports serve as the origin 4. Component of tourist supply
point for passengers to attractions
complete departure PRICE ELASTICITY – the price
formalities, while bus 5. Value proposition for of transport services may
terminals, railway stations, destination marketing increase or decrease as well,
and seaports facilitate travel depending on the level of
6. Determinant in tourist
experience and satisfaction demand and supply
- terminals also act as
interchanges or transit points REGULATIONS – certain
7. Recreational Option
for passengers to layover regulations are imposed on
and access facilities 8. Special interest tourism several transportation
option (e.g. for safaris and sectors
3. THE CARRYING UNIT - road
adventure trips)
transportation involves OLIGOPOLY – some tourism
buses, coaches, cars, 9. Business and economic transportation sectors are
aircraft, and ships or boats opportunities controlled by a single
dominant provider, such as
- in today’s modern world, In order to optimize the in airlines and cruise lines
choosing the right mode of transport potentials,
transportation depends on destinations essentially have BASIC SERVICE FEATURES –
convenience, affordability, to ensure the following: tourism transportation also
contains very basic service transport service is more at places away from their
characteristics such as frequent workplace or residence
intangibility, perishability,
and inseparability ROUTE – some routes may Transportation services, in a
have stopovers and flight tourism sense, maybe part of
CLASSIFICATIONS OF transfers a package or as a separate
TOURISM TRANSPORTATION service that fulfills a specific
- direct routes are preferred need (mobility). Hence,
GENERAL PASSENGER by some travelers as well transportation helps fulfill the
TRANSPORT – the most need to travel. Some
common type among tourists CONVENIENCE – this also
makes choosing which determinants shape an
except for tourists who individual’s need and ability
availed package tours transportation service to
avail of that is easier for to travel as follows:
- this is composed of general tourists ECONOMY – transportation
public transportation providers stimulate travel
- different convenience-
DEDICATED TOURIST related factors determine demand by offering
TRANSPORT – usually part of transportation selection, competitive prices based on
a tour package where the such as boarding location, disposable income
purpose is to facilitate tourist terminal location, check-in PSYCHOLOGICAL – these are
arrival to departure and procedures, among others composed of the personal
return reasons why an individual
SPEED – this is the reason
- a coach is a good example why international tourists travel which may include:
of this type often choose air  The desire to escape
transportation than water from the usual
EXPERIENTIAL TOURIST transportation
TRANSPORT – has a certain environment
uniqueness to it that it is a PRICE – transport is a sector  The need for
part of the entire tourist that is affected by price relaxation and
experience elasticity where price affects recovery
tourism demand and vice  Strengthening family
- examples may include versa bonds
riding cable cars, gondola,  Prestige
kalesa RELIABILITY – punctuality and  Social interaction
comfort of transportation is  Educational
LUXURY TOURIST TRANSPORT an important factor that is opportunities
–provides a higher level of considered by tourists  Self-fulfillment
comfort and service
SAFETY AND SECURITY – TOURISM AND TRANSPORT
RECREATIONAL TRANSPORT – tourists are also concerned SUPPLY
has two (2) purposes: for with the feeling of being safe
mobility and as recreational and secured As the demand for tourism
activity continues to grow, it prompts
QUALITY OF SERVICE – an increase in tourism supply
MULTIPURPOSE TOURIST transportation sector ought as well (including
TRANSPORT – serves not only to provide quality service to transportation supply).
as a means for mobility but its customers Destinations are now
for other purposes as well, positioning themselves as
such as lodging and TYPE OF TOUR – a group tour viable options for an
accommodation may opt to avail of non- enhanced travel experience
scheduled service to fit their through the capacity of their
FACTORS INFLUENCING need, while a luxury tour
TOURIST TRANSPORT transportation systems. This
may opt to avail of a more is evident with the
SELECTION luxurious type of emergence and
DISTANCE – one of the transportation and the like improvements of several
primary concerns when UNIQUENESS – tourists may transportation systems such
choosing which mode of also consider the unique as:
transportation an individual travel experience
will take LOW-COST CARRIERS (LCC) –
transportation may offer helped with the growth of air
AVAILABILITY – a tourist may TOURISM DEMAND AND transportation in developing
only select a specific mode of TRANSPORT countries by providing low-
transportation if the service cost airfares
is available TOURISM DEMAND –
according to Mathieson and BETTER RAIL NETWORKS –
SCHEDULE – this refers to the Wall (as cited in Dileep, luxury tourist trains and rail
time of departure and time of 2019), can be simply tour packages have been
arrival of a specific mode of described as the total options for tourists to avail of
transportation number of persons who TOURIST RAIL PASSES –
FREQUENCY – tourists may travel or wish to travel to use usually availed by tourists
find it easier to choose if the tourist facilities and services
that enable them to use the • Willy’s jeepney was the railway in the Luzon region
destination’s train system original, replaced by Sarao operated by the government
jeepneys, making streets
RECREATIONAL TRANSPORT bustling with buses and taxis - it operates on two (2) rail
OPTIONS – some destinations lines, which are the North
offer transportation services • The Land Transportation mainline (green line) and the
that serve two (2) purposes, Franchising and Regulatory South mainline (orange line)
which are mobility and Board (LTFRB) reports that
recreation 70% of the Filipino - currently runs in the areas
population uses regular of Manila, Laguna, Quezon,
COACH/HOP-ON HOP-OFF public transportation Camarines Sur, and Albay
BUS TOURS – are now
common in destinations There are two (2) sectors • LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT (LRT) –
targeting tourists who opt to that comprise the Philippine this is an elevated light rail
have more convenient tours land transportation system, system which is fully
around the city which are: automatic and driver- less
that operates within Metro
CAR RENTALS – automobiles The main component in this Manila
are still the primary mode of sector is the road networks
transportation within the that connect the regions - it has two (2) rail lines,
destination of tourists within the country. The road which are the LRT 1 (yellow
networks then give room for line) that operates from
CRUISE – cruise ships now mass transportation in the Roosevelt in Quezon City to
provide a wider onboard country, which is classified Baclaran in Pasay City and
entertainment as well as into two (2): the LRT 2 (purple line) that
various recreational and food operates from Santolan in
and beverage options for • PRIMARY MODES – the most Pasig City to Recto in Manila
guests common transportation
under this model for public • METRO RAIL TRANSIT (MRT)
FERRIES AND OTHER WATER use is buses and jeepneys. – this is a light rail transit
TRANSPORTATION FORMS – Buses in the Philippines are system that is more
utilizing water transportation categorized into the advanced and travels faster
as viable options for tourists following:
visiting several attractions - it runs along Epifanio Delos
 PUBLIC UTILITY – Santos Avenue or EDSA in
Air transport is still at the these are bus services Metro Manila. It operates
forefront of tourism transport for general public use within the blue line and runs
supply with the presence of that travels on from EDSA-Taft in Pasay City
full- service carriers and low- predetermined routes to North Avenue in Quezon
cost carriers. However,  SHUTTLE – designed City
various modes of for passenger
transportation are being GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
transport between two INVOLVED
offered by destinations to (2) fixed points that
ensure that tourists are given usually travel on DEPARTMENT OF
seamless travel short/medium TRANSPORTATION (DOTR) - is
arrangements. distances the executive branch of the
 TOURIST – these are Philippine government that
buses that needed regulates transportation
CHAPTER 4: THE accreditation from the
Department of The attached agencies that
PHILIPPINE oversee land transportation
TRANSPORTATION AND Tourism to carry
tourists and its sectors under the
TOURISM PHILIPPINE DOTr are the following:
LAND TRANSPORTATION • AUXILIARY MODES – these
consist of pedicabs, kalesa, • LAND TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM OFFICE (LTO) –in charge of
tricycles, among others
PHILIPPINE LAND collecting various fees from
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM RAIL SECTOR – is a registration of motor
convenient and safer mode vehicles, issuing driver’s
Brief History of land transportation, license
utilizing steel railways for
• Carabaos were used for • LAND TRANSPORTATION
passenger and goods
transportation FRANCHISING AND
transportation
REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB)
• Upper-class used calesa
In the Philippines, there are – in charge of enforcing and
and carretela, middle-class
currently three (3) main rail monitoring transport service
used tranvia, and European
mass transit systems, which providers
cars were introduced
are:
• LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT
• After WWII, jeepneys were
• PHILIPPINE NATIONAL AUTHORITY (LRTA) – is
introduced as a symbol of
RAILWAYS (PNR) – this is the responsible for constructing,
Philippine culture, originating
most extensive intra-island operation, and maintaining
from military jeeps
light rail transit systems
• PHILIPPINE NATIONAL classified by the Civil DOTr that oversees airline
RAILWAYS (PNR) – in charge Aviation Authority of the operations are the following:
of constructing, operation, Philippines (CAAP) in 2019,
and maintaining the which are the following: • CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
nationwide railway system OF THE PHILIPPINES (CAAP) –
 Laoag International implements policies, rules,
• NORTH LUZON RAILWAYS Airport (LAO) – Laoag, and regulations on Philippine
CORPORATION (NLRC) – in Ilocos Norte civil aviation that ensures
charge of the NORTHRAIL  Clark International safe economic, and efficient
project Airport (CRK) – air travel
Mabalacat, Pampanga
• TOLL REGULATORY BOARD  Subic Bay • CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD
(TRB) –responsible for the International Airport (CAB) –oversees the airline
collection of toll fees as well. (SFS) – Morong, industry’s economic side and
Bataan overseeing domestic airline
• OFFICE OF TRANSPORT mergers and partnerships
COOPERATIVES (OTC) – in  Ninoy Aquino
charge of administering, International Airport • PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE
accrediting, and integrating (MNL) – DEVELOPMENT
transport cooperative Pasay/Paranaque city CORPORATION (PADC) – in
programs  Puerto Princesa charge of developing a
International Airport reliable aviation and
PHILIPPINE AIR (PPS) – Puerto aerospace industry in the
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Princesa, Palawan Philippines
 Iloilo International
Brief History Airport (ILO) – • AIRPORT AUTHORITIES –
• In 1930, the Philippine Cabatuan, Iloilo oversee and manage airport
Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO)  Kalibo International operations in different
began operating air Airport (KLO) – Kalibo, regions
transportation from Manila to Aklan
 Mactan-Cebu PHILIPPINE WATER
Baguio, Camarines Norte, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
and Iloilo. International Airport
(CEB) – Lapu-Lapu Brief History
• The Iloilo-Negros Air City, Cebu
Express Company (INAEC)  Zamboanga • Visayan warriors used
was established, serving International Airport karakoas for trade and
flights to Davao and Cagayan (ZAM) – Zamboanga commerce, while Samals and
de Oro city city Badjaos from Mindanao and
 Francisco Bangoy Sulu used Balangay, a small
• PATCO closed in 1939 due boat introduced by Borneo
International Airport
to competition with INAEC, people who migrated to the
(DVO) – Davao city
and its founder launched Philippines
 General Santos
Philippine Airways in 1941, International Airport
changing its name to • The Pasig River is believed
(GES) – General
Philippine Airlines (PAL) on to be the site of Metro
Santos city
March 13, 1941 Manila, while esteros and
LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL man-made canals connected
• INAEC reopened in 1945 as trade and commerce through
GOVERNING BODIES
Far Eastern Air Transport Inc. waterways like the Pasig
INVOLVED
(FEATI), and PAL was River
appointed as the official flag The Philippines is a member
carrier of the Philippines in of two (2) which are the • During Spanish occupation,
November 1946 following: galleon ships were primarily
used for trading, introducing
• On May 13, 1947, PAL • INTERNATIONAL AIR commerce to the Philippine
acquired FEATI, which TRAVEL ASSOCIATION (IATA) – islands
enabled the airline company supports several aviation
to fly to long haul routes in areas. It formulates industry • During 1857-1898, Manila,
America and Europe. In policy on critical aviation Cebu, and Iloilo were the
1948, PAL became the only issues only Philippine ports capable
domestic scheduled airline in of handling large ships
the country • INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION THE PHILIPPINE WATER
• Today, there are three (3) (ICAO) – a United Nations TRANSPORT INDUSTRY
major players in the local specialized agency that
airline industry: Philippine There are three (3) identified
ensures mutual
Airlines (PR), Cebu Pacific main types of maritime
understanding of the
(5J), Air Asia Philippines (Z2) connections in the country,
acceptable civil aviation
which are:
standards and recommended
THE PHILIPPINE AIRLINE practices • Short-haul, high frequency
INDUSTRY
Within the country, the  Usually 1-2 hours of
There are currently 11 governing bodies under the travel time.
international airports
  Fast catamaran
shuttles are usually
used in this
connection. One of the
examples is the
Supercat Fast Ferry
Shuttle.
 Has the highest
number of trips per
day.
• Long circuits, low
frequency
 Usually 2-3 days of
travel time.
 Ferries with cabins are
used in this
connection.
 Trips are usually 2-3
times per week
• A small island, random
frequency
 Usually less than 1
hour of travel time
 Usually uses
makeshift boats
powered by motor and
outriggers
 The boat goes when
it’s full, similar to how
local jeepneys
conduct their trips.
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
INVOLVED
Under the Department of
Transportation, the agencies
that oversee water
transportation in the
Philippines are the following:
• PHILIPPINE PORTS
AUTHORITY (PPA) –in charge
of the planning and
development of Philippine
seaports
• MARITIME INDUSTRY
AUTHORITY (MARINA) –
oversee the promotion and
development of the
Philippine maritime industry
• CEBU PORTS AUTHORITY
(CPA) – in charge of
administering all ports
located in the Cebu province
• PHILIPPINE MERCHANT
MARINE ACADEMY (PMMA) –
groom and produce trained
merchant marine and naval
officers
• PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD
(PCG) –in charge of enforcing
applicable laws within
Philippine waters, including
maritime security operations