The world of Life – Unit 13 Weakness

Classification of organisms • Many types of organisms can be included

under one category.
• Life originated – 3.6BYA (Unicellular
Example – Under the category of presence
prokaryotes)
of wings, Birds and Insects are included.
• 8.7 million species lives on earth.
• Organisms are grouped, so it is easy to Natural classification
study.
Features considered
What is classification?
1. Evolutionary relationship is considered.
• Grouping of organisms into different 2. Morphological, cytological, Physiological
levels based on their common and molecular biological characters
characteristics. Features of Natural classification
What are the uses/ significances of 1. Explains natural relationship among
classification? organisms.
1. Easy to study 2. Explains evolutionary relationship among
2. To identify distinguishable characteristics different organisms.
of given organisms Examples – Fins of fish, Feathers of birds,
3. To get an idea about whole biosphere – by Legs of human
studying about few organisms
4. To reveal relationship between different In natural classification, organisms are grouped
groups of organisms. into taxonomic levels.
5. Identification of organisms with Domains
economical uses to human
Kingdom
All organisms are classified into 2 methods.
Phylum
1. Artificial classification – Aristotle – 4th
B.C Class
2. Natural classification – Caralos Order
Linnaeus – 18th A.D
Family
Artificial classification
Genus
Features considered
Species
1. Presence/Absence of locomotive
appendages 3 Domain system of classification
2. Habitats What is the most appropriate system of
Feature that is not considered classification?

1. Evolutionary relationship 5 kingdom Robert Whittakar

classification (1969)
Examples Modern Classification Carl woese (1990)
Plants Animals Modern classification of 3 Domains
Ornamental Plants With wings
Herbal Plants Without Wings
Poisonous Plants .
Domain Domain Domain Mostly are Non photosynthetic
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya photosynthetic
Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Some are Mostly are
Organisms Organisms Organisms with heterotrophic heterotrophic
without an without an an organized
organized nucleus organized nucleus Useful effects Useful effects
nucleus Algae act as a primary As a supplement of
Sensitive to Not sensitive Not sensitive producer in food chain of proteins – Agaricus -
aquatic environments. Mushroom
Antibiotics to Antibiotics to antibiotics Algae involves in Bread and alcohol
Lives Lives in Can live in mutualisitic associations fermentation – Yeast
anywhere on Extreme different with fungi. To produce antibiotics –
earth environments. environments. To extract agar – to prepare Penicillium
Volcanoes, culture medium To decompose dead bodies
To extract alginic acids – to Harmful effects
Deserts, Hot prepare ice creams Cause diseases to plants
springs, Harmful effects and animals
Ocean beds, Causes diseases to human Pityriasis – Candida,
Saline Amoebiosis, Potato late blight -
environment, Malaria, Sleeping Phytopthora
sickness Spoilage of food - mucor
Polar ice
caps.
Bacteria, Methanogen, Protozoa,
Cyanobacteria Halophiles Yeast, Plants,
Animals
Harmful effects 4 kingdoms
Causes Characteristics of species that belong to
Kingdom
diseases to Kingdom Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Protista and Fungi
human and Kingdom
other Feature Bacteria Protista Fungi
Kingdom Structure Microscopic Most Most
organisms
(pathogenic) Unicellular microscopi microscopi
Prokaryotes c – except c – except
Food spoilage
some red mushroom
Useful effects algae s
Produce curd, Most Some
Yoghurt, Unicellular unicellular,
Cheese. Eukaryotes Some
To fix multicellul
atmospheric ar
nitrogen Eukaryotes
To decompose Shape Spherical Leaf like Single
dead bodies Rod shaped Horse shoe spherical
Separate fibers Spiral shaped Mycelium
Coma
from coconut
husk, agave Nutrition Mostly Algae – All –
heterotrophi Phototroph Heterotrop
leaves c ic hic
Kingdom Protista and kingdom Fungi Cyanobacter Protozoans (Saprophyt
ia - - ic
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Autotrophic Heterotrop organism)
Eukaryotic cellular Eukaryotic cellular hic
Reproduct Mostly Asexual Asexual
organization organization – Chitin
ion Asexual Reproducti reproducti
cell wall Reproductio on on
Unicellular/Multicellul Unicellular/Multicellul n Binary Spore
ar ar Binary fission production
Unicellular – Protozoa Filamentous fission Spore
Multicellular – Algae Fragmentati production
Contain tiny structures
except Diatoms and on and
chlamydamonas
in body budding
Lives in environment Lives in soil or dead Distributio Widely Marine, Live on
n distributed Freshwater organic
associated with water matter
in air, water, , Damp matter and
 soil and in soil and living Distribution Terrestrial with low sunlight,
the body of Inside the body shady and wet places.
organisms, body of
organisms
Examples Bacteria, Algae, Fungi
Cyanobacte Protozoa
ria

Kingdom Plantae Non flowering, seed plants

• Plants are multicellular. • Plants that do not produce flower but

produces a seed, not covered by fruit.
• 287,000 – Plant species
Examples – Cycas, Pinus
• Plant cells possess cell wall with cellulose.
• Seed without an outer cover/ naked –
• Plants are in green, because they possess
Gymnosperm
chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorb light
energy and produce food by Features
photosynthesis.
Structure
• Plants reproduce sexually and asexually.
Plants are divided into 2 categories.
1. Non flowering plants Shape Most are trees.
2. Flowering plants Straight woody stems.
Some are shrubs.
Non flowering plants
Nutrition All are autotrophic
• Definition - Plants that cannot produce photosynthetic
flowers. Reproduction Asexual reproduction –
By spores
• Non flowering plants are divided into 2 Sexual reproduction -
categories Seeds
1. Non flowering, seedless plants Distribution Terrestrial.
2. Non flowering, seed plants

Non flowering, seedless plants Flowering plants

• Plants that do not produce flowers • Plants that produce flowers

Examples – Marchantia, Poganatum, • Seeds are produced by flowers (Sexual
Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Salvinia, reproductive structure)
Acrosticum, Drynaria • Covered by fruit (Seed plants/
angiosperms)
Features
• Plants are adapted to life on land and
Structure Small to Large Sized shows adaptation to conserve water.
• They are divided into 2 groups, according
to number of cotyledons.
1. Monocotyledonae
2. Dicotyledonae
Shape Thalloid or small fern type
Nutrition All are autotrophic, Comparision in between Monocot and Dicot
photosynthetic Monocot Dicot
Some are epiphytes Single cotyledon Two cotyledons in the
Reproduction Asexual reproduction – By in the seed seed
spores, Fragmentation of Unbranched Branched stem
Vegetative parts. stem
Sexual reproduction
 No taproot, Taproot and lateral • All are predators. Attack and paralyze
possess fibrous roots small organisms using
root Nematocyst/Cnidocyst
Parallel venation Reticulate venation -
• Asexual Reproduction – Budding, Sexual
- Leaves Leaves
Trimerous Tetra/Pentamerous Reproduction.
flowers flowers Annelida
No secondary Secondary growth
growth occurs Examples – Leech, Nereis, Earthworm
Diameter of the Base of stem – broad
stem is even Tip - Thin Features
Paddy, Grass, Chillies ,Jak, Blue
• Lives in Damp soil, Marine, Freshwater
Arecanut lotus
Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular, build with 3 germinal layers
-Triploblastic
• Multicellular – Animals • Slender, wormlike body and Segmented.
• 1,260,000 species Segmented internally and externally.
• Heterotrophic – They depend on other • Bilateral symmetry
organisms • Fluid filled cavity between body wall and
• Animals are divided into 2 groups digestive tract – Coelem
according the presence and absence of (Provides independent movement for gut
vertebral coloumn. wall)
1. Invertebrates • Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
2. Vertebrates
Mollusca
Invertebrates
Examples – Snail, Bivalve, Chiton, Slug, Squid,
• Organisms without a vertebral coloumn Octopus
• Invertebrates are divided into different
phyla. 5 main are, Features
1. Cnidaria/Coelenterata • Terrestial, Fresh water, marine
2. Annelida • Multicellular, Triploblastic, soft bodied
3. Mollusca • Body is divided into Head, Muscular foot
4. Arthropoda and Visceral mass. (Not segments)
5. Echinodermata
• Body is moist – by mucous
Cnidaria • Some possess internal and external shells –
made of CaCO3
Examples – Hydra, Sea anemone, Jelly fish
• Bilaterally symmetrical
Features • Sexual reproduction. Mostly are unisexual
(produce one type of gamete)
• Aquatic and mostly marine, few fresh
water.
• Multicellular, build with 2 germinal layers-
diploblastic
• Cavity called coelenteron acts as digestive
tract.
• 2 forms – Medusa and Polyp
Medusa – moves, Polyp – attaches to
surface
• Radial symmetry
Arthropoda Vertebrates

• Phylum with highest number of species • Organisms with a vertebral coloumn.

(75%) • 5 groups
• Class – Insecta – 950,000 species 1. Pisces
2. Amphibia
Examples – Bee, Butterfly, Cricket, Mosquito,
3. Reptilia
Spider, Millipede, Scorpion, Centipede, Prawn,
4. Aves
Crab, Barnacle.
5. Mammalia
Features
Pisces
• Marine, Freshwater and Terrestial
Examples – Butterfly fish, Skate, Sea horse
• Triploblastic, coelomic and possess jointed
limbs – Arthropods Features
(Arthro – jointed , Pods – legs)
• Possess bony/cartilage endo skeleton
• Segmented body, form functional
• Stream lined body – swim
segments called Tagma ( Head, Thorax,
• Covered by scales
Abdomen)
• Possess fins – swimming and balancing
• Chitinous cuticle – Exoskeleton
• Possess lateral lines – detect vibrations in
• Possess special wings
water
• Bilateral symmetry
• 2 chambered heart. Single atrium and
• Separate female and male
single ventricle
organisms(Sexual dimorphism)
• Respiration – gills
• Sexual Reproduction
• Cold blooded – Body temperature changes
Echinodermata according to environmental conditions
• Eyes without eyelids.
• Shows phylogenetic/evolutionary
relationship to phylum chordata. Amphibia

Examples – Starfish, Brittle star, Sea urchin, Sea • First organisms to invade land during
cucumber, Sea lily evolution.
Features Examples – Frogs, Toads, Salamander,
Ichthyophis
• Marine
• Triploblastic, Coelomic, Body is separated Features
into 5 radial arms.
• Water is essential – to complete lifecycle
• Possess a sharp, spiny body covering.
• Metamorphosis
• Body is star shaped, cylindrical or flower
• Possess thin mucous skin with glands, No
like.
scales
• Water vascular system
• Pentadactyle limbs – Locomotion
• Tube feet – locomotion and respiration
• 03 chambered heart – 2 atria and 1
• Heart, brain and eyes are absent
ventricle
• Shows penta radial symmetry.
• Respiration – lungs, moist skin, buccal
• Show sexual dimorphism
cavity
• Show sexual reproduction
• Cold blooded – Poikilothermic
Reptilia • Possess mammary glands, sweat glands
and sebaceous glands (produce sebum)
• Animals that are well adapted to life on
• Possess ear lobes (pinnae)wh
land.
• 4 chambered heart (2 atria and 2 ventricle)
Examples – Tortoise, Turtle, Snakes, Lizard, • Complete double circulation
Monitor, Iguana and crocodile • Biconcave red blood cells – lacks nucleus
Features • Warm blooded animals – Homoiothermic
• Testes present outside
• Dry skin without glands, possess scales. • Internal fertilization
• Presence of pentadactyle limbs • Possess a placenta and embryonic
• Heart with 2 atria and incompletely membranes
divided ventricle
• Respiration – lungs Nomenclature of organisms
• Cold blooded – Poikilothermic • Binomial nomenclature
• Internal fertilization • Introduced by Swedish natural scientist
Aves – Carolus Linnaeus (1753)
• Contains 2 epithets for an organism,
• Largest bird – Ostrich called as binomial nomenclature.
• Smallest bird – Humming bird • Methodology to name an organism is
Examples – Blue magpie, Kiwi, Duck, Swan, regulated by – International
Owl, parrot, Penguin commission on Botanical
nomenclature (ICBN)
Features International commission on
• Possess light bony endoskeleton. Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
• Possess streamlined body – flying Standards of binomial nomenclature
• Skin is covered by feathers. Scales are
1. Scientific name of a species is composed
restricted to legs
of 2 epithets.
• No teeth. Beak adapted to different modes
2. First epithet is generic name and second
of nutrition
epithet is the specific epithet.
• Eyes with eyelids, Sharp sight
3. Scientific name of species is given in
• Pentadactyle limbs – locomotion.
latin/Greek
• 4 chambered heart – 2 atria and 2 ventricle 4. Scientific name is written in English.
• Warm blooded (Homoiothermic) 5. First letter of generic epithet is capital and
• Body temperature is not changed others are simple.
according to environmental temperature. 6. When hand written, it should be
Mammalia underlined. When printed, it is italicized.

• Animals that nourish young with milk.

Examples – Human, Mice, Loris, Monkey, Orung
utang, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Bat, Whale, Dolphin,
Stag, Deer, Buffalo
Features

• Skin is covered by hairs. Hair present

inside hair follicles.