Digital Signal Processing (EE-471)
Lecture 02
Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems
Dr. S M Wasif
[email protected]
November 22, 2022
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of Gujrat
Table of contents
1. Analysis of Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems
2. The Convolution Sum
3. Signal Generation and Plotting in MATLAB
1
Analysis of Discrete-Time
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI)
Systems
Analysis of Discrete-Time Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Sys-
tems
• There are two basic methods for analyzing the behavior or
response of a linear system to a given input signal.
1 The Convolution Sum
2 Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equation (LCCD)
• Impulse response
• The convolution sum
∞
X
y[n] = x[k ]h[n − k]
k=−∞
2
The Convolution Sum
The Convolution Sum
• The process of computing the convolution involves the following
four steps.
1 Folding
2 Shifting
3 Multiplication
4 Summation
3
The Convolution Sum
4
The Convolution Sum
5
Analytical Evaluation of Convolution Sum
• Let x[n] is a signal of range N1 ≤ n ≤ N2 .
• h[n] is impulse response of range M1 ≤ n ≤ M2 .
• The h[n − k ] will shift by n samples.
• h[M1 ] is at k = n − M1 and h[M2 ] is at k = n − M2 .
• No overlap: if n − M1 < N1 (on left-side) or n − M2 > N2 (on
right-side).
6
Analytical Evaluation of Convolution Sum
• Partial overlap (left): in range:
n − M 1 ≥ N1 or n ≥ M 1 + N1
and
n − M 2 < N1 or n < M 2 + N1
n−M
X1
y [n] = x[k]h[n − k ] for N1 + M1 ≤ n < N1 + M2
k =N1
7
Analytical Evaluation of Convolution Sum
• Full overlap: in range:
n − M 2 ≥ N1 or n ≥ N1 + M 2
and
n − M 1 ≤ N2 or n ≤ M 1 + N2
n−M
X1
y [n] = x[k]h[n − k] for N1 + M2 ≤ n ≤ M1 + N2
k=n−M2
8
Analytical Evaluation of Convolution Sum
• Partial overlap (right): in range:
n − M 1 > N2 or n > M 1 + N2
and
n − M 2 ≤ N2 or n ≤ M 2 + N2
N2
X
y [n] = x[k]h[n − k] for M1 + N2 < n ≤ M2 + N2
k=n−M2
9
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
10
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
11
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
12
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
13
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
14
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
15
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
16
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
17
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
18
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
19
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
20
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
21
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
22
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
23
Graphical Illustration of Convolution
24
Signal Generation and Plotting
in MATLAB
Signal Generation and Plotting in MATLAB
• Example:
x[n] = 2 cos(2π0.05n), −10 ≤ n ≤ 10
n = (−10 : 10);
x = 2 ∗ cos(2 ∗ π ∗ 0.05 ∗ n);
stem(n, x,‘fill’,‘LineWidth’, 3);
ylabel(‘x[n]’);
xlabel(‘n’);
25
Signal Generation and Plotting in MATLAB
• Unit Impulse Signal: x[n] = δ(n)
clc; clear ; close all;
n = −2 : 0.1 : 2;
x = [zeros(1, 20), ones(1, 1), zeros(1, 20)];
stem(n, x,‘fill’,‘LineWidth’, 3);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
xlabel(‘n’);
26
Signal Generation and Plotting in MATLAB
• Sinusoidal Sequence: x[n] = 2 cos(2π0.05n), −10 ≤ n ≤ 10
clc; clear ; close all;
n = (−10 : 10);
x = 2 ∗ cos(2 ∗ pi ∗ 0.05 ∗ n);
stem(n, x,‘fill’,‘LineWidth’, 3);
ylabel(‘Amplitude’);
xlabel(‘n’);
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