NATURAL LIGHTING VS.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING the appearance of white light can be measure by:

1. Color temperature – whether light appears warm neutral, or cool. Measure
NATURAL LIGHT in kelvin K
Natural lighting - occur within nature and are beyond the control of people. 2. Color rendering index CRI – describes the quality of the light using a scale. 0
• source of light that cannot be controlled and consumes no natural horrible and 100 perfect.
resources.
White light sources- Can be evaluated by color temperature and CRI.
• includes the following: sunlight, moonlight, starlight, various plant and animal
sources, and fire.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Artificial lighting - Man made and coming from sources which requires electric
energy.
• source of light that can be controlled by people more or less when and in the
amount desired.
• most common are the following: flame coming from a source of oil flame and
gas.
• In studying architectural lighting, electric lamps play the most significant part
as they are perceived to offer a lot of advantages. NOTE: two light sources of the NOTE: low light sources of similar
same color temperature but CRI but different color temperature.
different CRI appears much Therefore, color temperature is
Advantage of an electric lamp: more alike. the more obvious measure.
- Availability - Safety
- Cleanliness - Compact
Terminologies and terms
- Remote energy generation Shape of light sources:
• Point – having a maximum dimension less than 1/5th the distance from the
The spectrum of light - Can be seen in a rainbow of from a prism, and that
source to the surface illuminated.
includes all the visible color.
• Line – one dimension significantly greater than its dimensions. E.g. fluorescent
ORGANIZATION OF COLORS IN THE SPECTRUM OF LIGHT: lamp.
• Area – dimensions in two directions, such as a luminous ceiling or a window
Primary color: Secondary color:
• Red • Yellow
• Green • Cyan
• Blue • Magenta

*NOTE: when primaries of light are combined, the human’s eyes see white light.

RED + GREEN + BLUE = White light

NOTE: each light sources radiated uniquely and that produce distinctive effects.
• Voltage - The electric power needed to operate a lamp is measure first by Sir Thomas Edison- inventor of the first practical incandescent light bulb and
voltage. Works like an electric pressure the phonograph
•Volts - Units used to measure the electric pressure.
6,12 or 24 volts are the most common voltage that operates form most Electric light sources - Classifications:
type of low-voltage lamps. A. incandescent lamps - includes tungsten-halogen
B. gaseous discharged lamp
NOTE: 220V is the Philippine standard voltage supply. - Fluorescent lamp - Mercury lamp
- Metal-halide - Sodium lamp
C. electroluminescent sources- standard inc.,cfl, candelabra, halogen, fluor.
• BALLAST - serves to regulate the supply of current and gives sufficient tubes, wifi capable
voltage to start the lamp
a) with ballast- current is regulated and reduces the power source's voltage Types of lamps
supply to prevent the lamp from being busted. 1. Incandescent lamps
b) without ballast- lamp connected directly to a high voltage supply of source
will quickly overheat and break • Consist of tungsten filament that gives light powered by an electric current
inside a glass filled bulb
• TRANSFORMERS - Used to increase or decrease the AC voltages in electric • a.k.a. light bulb
power applications to match of the device's voltage • Color temp. About 2700k producing warm toned light
• Available in various shapes and base types
TYPES OF LIGHT BULBS THAT REQUIRE A BALLAST • advantages:
- Low cost
Technology Ballast dependent? - Instant start-restart
Incandescent no incandescent light bulbs require a ballast - Simple inexpensive dimming
Halogen no halogen bulbs require a ballast
- Compact installation
Fluorescent all fluorescent bulbs require a ballast
• disadvantages:
Compact All cfl bulbs require a ballast, which is often integrated
fluorescent - Least energy-efficient sources available
HID all HID bulbs require a ballast, which is sometimes integrated
LED no ballast, some are engineered to work with ballast. You will 2.Tungsten-halogen lamp
find ballast-compatible or plug and play that are designed to • Quartz bulb w/ small amount of halogen that vaporized on heating redeposits
replace linear fluorescents, compact fluorescents or HIDs
• aka TH or halogen lamps
• Gives slightly whiter color and last longer than inc.
Terminologies and terms • Color temp- 3000k
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY- energy efficiency of a light source is called efficacy • Lamp life- 2000 to 10,000 hours
• LUMENS PER WATT- unit measure of efficacy • advantages:
- higher value means higher efficacy rating of light source - Instant start-restart
- Small and lightweight
Energy labels on fluorescent lamps
Note: higher efficacy value equates to more efficient fluorescent lamp - longer lifetime compared to inc.
• disadvantages: - Designed to replace the incandescent lamps and emit a similar amount
- High pressure gas, of visible light, uses less power, and have longer rated lamp life.
- extremely hot
3. Fluorescent Lamp Classification of compact fluorescent lamps
• Tubular discharge lamp in which light is produces by the fluorescence of 1. Lighting output
phosphors coating the inside of the tube. • Overall amount of light produced by the light source.
• Phosphors – designed to radiate particular colors of light when excited by 2. Power consumption
radiation. • Amount of electricity consume by the source
• Requires a ballast to work properly. 3. Efficacy
• Traditional color of lamp includes: cool white, warm white and daylight. • The efficiency of electricity converted in light.
• ADVANTAGES: 4. Average life
- Offers various shapes and lengths for specific purpose, • Median value of lamp expectancy of lamp affected by burning hours.
- Good to excellent color and dimming,
- Provides good energy efficiency Types of fluorescent lamp
• DISADVANTAGES: 1. Pre-heat lamp
- Sensitive to temperature • Requires a separate starter to preheat the cathodes.
- Operation is ballast dependent
• Most common shape: Straight tube- most common fluorescent shape. 2. Rapid start lamp
• 8 ft, - longest size • Ballast operated having a low-voltage winding for continuous heating of
• 4 in. – most common size cathodes
• Starts more rapidly that a preheat lamp.
• Most common diameters – T5, T8, and T12
• U bent – straight lamps manufactured in U-shape. 3. Instant start lamp
NOTE: both shapes preferred for general illumination because pf this cost effectiveness and
energy efficiency. • Ballast operated having a high-voltage transformer
• Initiated directly without any preheating of the cathodes.
Energy labels for products
NOTE: products with energy label must have this certification sticker/stamp certified by the Philippine 4. High output lamp
national standard.
• Rapid-start fluorescent lamp
• Operates on a current of 800 milliamperes
Types of fluorescent lamps • Resulting in increase in luminous flux per unit length of lamp.
1. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP
• Various small, improved efficiency fluorescent lamp. 5. Very high output lamp
• Available in single, double, U-shaped pr spiral tube. • Similar with high output lamp but operates on a current of 1500 milliamperes.
• Two types:
A. Screw base- replace incandescent.
B. Plug-in base – designed specifically for CFL.
Types of lamps Other light source
1. High-intensity discharge lamp 1. Light-emitting diodes
• Produces a significant amount of light by the discharge of electricity through • Consist of two materials having one positive charge surplus and one negative
a metallic vapor in a sealed glass charge surplus that when combined, releases light energy.
enclosure. • AKA LED.
• AKA HID lamps. • Offer low power consumption, long rated life, compact size durability, and
• Outdoor uses: street and parking lot lighting reliability.
• Indoor uses large gymnasiums and industrial work floors. • Works with a LED driver- power supply delivering a constant current
• Excellent source of spot lighting such as: track light, display and stadium lights. source.
• Advantages: • Advantages:
- Designed to emit great amount of light from a compact, long life light - Cost-efficient in the long run
source - Low maintenance
- Suited for both outdoor and indoor uses - Can be used in specialty applications
• Disadvantages - Rated lifetime up to 50,000 hours
- Ballast operated • Disadvantages:
- Operation is ballast dependent - Led driver is the most common reason for busted LED lamps
- Can get quite hot and should be protected from direct touch. - Low lumen output and low CRI. Both must be grouped to attain light
efficiency.
Types of HID lamp
a) Mercury lamp 2. Neon and cold cathode lamps
- Produces light by means of an electric discharge in mercury vapor • Emitting a glow when a high voltage is applied across two electrodes in a neon-
- AKA mercury-vapor lamp. filled glass tube.
b) Sodium lamp • Primary application: signs and specialty lighting. Can be used for architectural
- Light is produces by electric discharge in sodium vapor. lighting application.
c)Low-pressure sodium lamp • Typical uses: cove lighting and outlining building such as hotels, convention
- Produces a yellow, glare less light. center, and office buildings.
- Used to illuminate roadways. • Advantages:
- AKA LPS lamps - can be made into any shape and any color of light.
d)High-pressure sodium lamp - Rated lifetime up to 20,000 – 40,000 hours
- Produces a broader-spectrum, golden white light than a LPS. - Generates less heat when operated
- AKA HPS lamp. • Disadvantages:
e) Metal halide lamp - Not applicable for general lighting application
- Similar to mercury lamp, but having an arc tube to which various - Costly and requires more time to manufacture.
metal halides are added to produce more light and improve color
rendering.
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS Lighting
• Primary purpose: to provide sufficient illumination for the performance of
visual tasks.
Methods of illumination • The recommended level of illumination reveals the amount of lighting needed to
Lighting be supplied to specific tasks. This amount of lighting affects how a space is
• The science, theory, or method of providing illumination by electric lamps. revealed.

Type of lighting Task difficulty Foot-candles Lux

General lighting
Casual (dining) 20 215
• Designed to provide a uniform level of illumination throughout an area.
Ordinary (reading) 50 538
• Often called, ambient lighting illuminating an area thoroughly
• The aim if for general lighting is to create an illumination as natural as Moderate (drafting) 100 1076
possible Difficult (sewing) 200 2151
Sever (surgery) >400 >4034
Accent lighting
• Calls the attention to a particular object or feature in the visual field or that
forms a decorative pattern on a surface. Types of lighting system
• Often, its main objective is pure aesthetics. - Luminaires may be categorized according to the percentage of light emitted
• Its intention is to catch the attention of the viewer to a point if interest and above and below a horizontal plane. The actual light distribution is determined
build a visual accent by the of lamp, lens and reflector housing used.

Local lighting Indirect lighting

• Designed to provide a relatively high level of illumination over a small area of • luminaires distribute 90% to 100% of the emitted
lower intensity of spill light. light upward.
• Local lighting illumination does not contribute to the general lighting. • All the light reaches the horizontal working plane
indirectly via reflection from the ceiling.
Task lighting • Avoid glare and prevent shadow
• Designed to provide strong illumination for a visually demanding activity, such • Source of light must be suspended at least 18 and a
as reading or sewing. ceiling height of 2.85m.
• Intended for performing specific task that needs a higher-level brightness
compared to general lighting.
Semi-indirect lighting
• Task involves:
• luminaires distribute 60% to 90% of the
- Reading
emitted light upward.
- Writing • Allow higher level of illumination without undesirable
- Food preparation/cooking brightness contrast between fixture and surroundings
along with lower ceiling brightness.
Direct-indirect lighting
• General diffuse lighting in which little light is
emitted in the horizontal plane of the luminaires.
• An open top luminous side and bottom luminaire.

General diffuse lighting

• Lighting from luminaires that emit an approximately
equal distribution of light upward and downward
• An opal diffuse globe
• Gives light in all directions

Semi-direct lighting
• Lighting in which luminaires distribute
60% to 90% of the emitted light downward.
• Applicable of offices, classroom, shop,
and other working areas.

Direct lighting
• Lighting in which luminaires distribute
90% to 100% of the emitted light downward
on the surface or area to be illuminated.
• Ceiling illumination is due to light reflected from the floor and room furnishing.
• Pendant fixtures are used to lower the apparent ceiling of a poorly
proportioned room or to hide pipeline or Ductwork

Indirect lighting
• Lighting in which luminaires distribute
90% to 100% of the emitted light upward.
• All the light reaches the horizontal working
plane indirectly via reflection from the ceiling
• Avoid glare and prevent shadow
• Source of light must be suspended at least 18 and a ceiling height of 2.85m
Luminaires
• Complete electric light unit. Includes the lamp, fixture housing and diffusing
medium.
Luminaire - Consist of one or more electric lamps with all the necessary