~ x EXPERIMENT -1 Apparatus Required : Vernier Callipers, Spherieal/Cylindrical body 1 scurately upto of acm. It 2100 ‘Theory : Vernier Callipers : It s an instrument used to measure small length ac ‘was invented by Pierre Vernier. Parts of Vernier : The main parts of Vernier Callipers'are : 1. Main Seale : Main scale is graduated in mm and em on one side, ide of Vernier scale lying towards the mm side of the main scale has ides with 9 division of main scale. 2. Vernier Seale : It is sliding scale, The si 10 equal divisions and 10 divisions of Vernier scale coinci “thas two jaws AB and CD. The jaw AB lies on the zero end and the main seale and CD is attached to ‘ed where CD jaw moves over Vernier scale. and itis used to measure the depth of a beaker or cylinder. 3..Jaw ‘Vernet. AB jaw is fix 4, Strip : A strip is attached to vernier scale ‘Vernier Constant ‘Let number of division on Vernier scale 40 VS.D. coinside with 9 M.D. 10 VSD. =9MSD 1MSD =9VSD 0 ivsp.= 9 Msp. = O-SMSD = (0-3) (0-1em) = 0-C8im 1o Vic. =1MS.D.-1 VSD. =1MS.D.- 75 MSD. PHYSICS LAB MANUAL - XIBut 1MSD. = Imm 1 1 7 * Imm =75 mm = Olem Zero Exror and Zero Correction : When the two jaws are closed, the zero line of the Vernier scale should feinside with the zero of the main seale division. But sometimes the zer0-zero line does not coincide and the instrument is said to have zero error. I is of two types. If the zero of vernier lcs to the little right the zero ofthe main Scale. The zero error is +ve and it is negative if to the left, Subtract algebraically the zero error from the observed value. This we call as zero correction. vc. Procedure : 1. The body whose length or external diameter is to be measure is held between the jaws without undue pressure. 2.Read the main scale and find the value of one main scale division recorded. 3.Find the zero error and zero correction of vernier callipers and record it. | : 4.Hold the eylindrical/spherical body between the jaws AB and CD of Vernier scale. Note that main scale reading “a” to the left of the O mark of Vernier scale. ‘5. Find the number of V.S division coinciding with any of the main scale division (x) and record it. The observed length of body is given by dy =a +xx V.C. 6. Now turn the cylindrical body to 90° and again note the values of ‘a’ and ‘x’, Repeat the above mentioned set of observations three times and find the mean of observed values, 7 Find the corrected value of diameter using the relation d = dy + zero correction. PHYSICS LAB MANUAL - XI a a 4Observations : ‘Vernier constant Zero correction Observation Table = iiacucimacs Ceres ane Rone einen No. of Trego tececuciatti Colnelding Wi Aianiesaten Co) T+34 9% -Ol= | +79 beF+9x0-01 = 1+ FFom L-Pe Sxl = 1760 L-#+ Bx0-01 = 1°78 ‘Mean observed diameter (dim) = Corrected diameter = d = dim + Correct Result : The diameter of given body Precautions : 1. Motion of Vernier scale should be frictionless. 2. The Vernier constant and zero mark should be carefully calculated. 3, Do not put undue pressure on the Vernier calipers. 4, While taking observation, the eye should be kept directly over the division mark to avoid errorjdue to parallar. Sources of Error : 1. The jaws may not exactly at right angles to the main scale. 2. The Vernier scale may be loosely fitted with the movable jaw. 3. Some error due to parallax is always bound to creep in. 4. The number of Vernier division coinciding with the main scale division may not be properly read.