VECTOR CALCULUS

Solved exercises

Equacions Diferencials
Grau en Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials (GETI)
ETSEIB – UPC

Departament de Matemàtiques
ETS d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB)
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Version: May 2021

https://mat-web.upc.edu/etseib/ed/

Note: All the underlined text provides links to websites which may help you better understand each problem, or
obtain further information.

Line integrals

1 Length of the arc of the cycloid σ(t) = (R(t − sin t), R(1 − cos t)), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Resolution: A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the rim of a circular wheel as the wheel
rolls along a straight line without slipping. To get the parameterization, we first parameterize the rim
by (R cos(3π/2 − t), R sin(3π/2 − t)), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, since the wheel goes clockwise and we measure the
angle from the first contact point whose angle is 3π/2. As the center of the wheel travels like (Rt, R),
the parameterization of the cycloid turns out to be

σ(t) = (R(cos(3π/2 − t) + Rt, sin(3π/2 − t) + R) = R(t − sin t, 1 − cos t) , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

t
Therefore σ 0 (t) = R(1 − cos t, sin t), so that σ 0 (t) = R
p
2(1 − cos t) = 2R sin and
2
ˆ ˆ
2π 2π
t t=2π
 
t t
L(cycloid) = 2R sin dt = 2R sin dt = 2R −2 cos = 8R.
0 2 0 2 2 t=0

2 Length of the epicycloid with k cusps parameterized by

σ(t) = (R(k + 1) cos t − R cos((k + 1)t), R(k + 1) sin t − R sin((k + 1)t)), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Resolution: An epicycloid or hypercycloid is a plane curve produced by tracing the path of a chosen
point on the circumference of a circle—called an epicycle—which rolls without slipping around a fixed
 circle. It is a particular kind of roulette. To get the length, as we have the parameterization, we first
have to calculate its first derivative which is
σ 0 (t) = (−R(k + 1) sin(t) + R sin((k + 1)t)(k + 1), R(k + 1) cos(t) − R cos((k + 1)t)(k + 1))
Now let’s simplify this expression saying that a = k + 1 :
σ 0 (t) = R(−a sin(t) + sin(at)a, a cos(t) − cos(at)a)
The norm is
σ 0 (t) =R
p
(−a sin(t) + sin(at) a)2 + (a cos(t) − cos(at) a)2 =
q
=R a2 (sin2 (t) − 2 sin(t) sin(at) + sin2 (at) + cos2 (t) − 2 cos(t) cos(at) + cos2 (at)) =
q
=aR sin2 (t) − 2 sin(t) sin(at) + sin2 (at) + cos2 (t) − 2 cos(t) cos(at) + cos2 (at) =
p
=aR 2 − 2 sin(t) sin(at) − 2 cos(t) cos(at) =
v
=aRu2 − 2 (sin(t) sin(at) + cos(t) cos(at)) =
u
t | {z } | {z }
1  1 
2
(cos(t−at)−cos(t+at))
 2
(cos(t−at)+cos(t+at))

p √ p
=aR 2 − 2 cos(t − at) = aR 2 1 − cos(t − at) =
√ p √ p
=aR 2 1 − cos((1 − a)t) = (cos x is an even function so) = aR 2 1 − cos((a − 1)t) =
√ p
(k + 1)R 2 1 − cos(kt) (where we have changed again k = a − 1)
Finally let us compute the length
ˆ 2π √ p
L(epicycloid) = (k + 1)R 2 1 − cos(kt) dt
0
√ ˆ 2π p
= (k + 1)R 2 1 − cos(kt) dt
0 |q {z }√
1−cos(kt)
|sin( kt2 )|= 12 − cos(kt)
2
= √
2

√ ˆ 2π √
  ˆ 2π  
kt kt
= (k + 1)R 2 2 sin dt = 2(k + 1)R sin dt.
0 2 0 2
Now we apply the change u = kt k 2
2 , du = 2 dt ⇐⇒ dt = k du and use that |sin u| is π-periodic and
that |sin u| = sin u ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ u ≤ π,
ˆ πk ˆ π
k+1
L(epicycloid) = 4 R |sin u| du = 4(k + 1)R |sin u| du = 4(k + 1)R [− cos u]u=π
u=0
k 0 0
= 8(k + 1)R.
8(k+1)R
An epicycloid with k cusps has k archs, each one with length k . You can see a figure for some
k just clicking on it: k = 1, k = 2, k = 3, k = 4. . .
3 Compute the theoretical time of navigation between Lisbon and New York if we follow a great-circle
(or orthodrome) and we sail at speed of 30 knots.

Resolution: In this exercise we need to compute a great-circle distance, which is the shortest distance
between two points on the surface of a sphere, measured along the surface of the sphere. We are going
to establish that Lisbon is our Point 1 and New York is the Point 2.
Let θ1 , ϕ1 and θ2 , ϕ2 , be the geographical longitude and latitude in radians of the two points, and
∆θ, ∆ϕ be their absolute differences.

2
 Illustration of the central angle α between two points P1 and P2

The actual arc length d on a sphere of radius r can be trivially computed as d = Rα, where α is the
angle between its two endpoints P1 and P2 , measured from the center O of the sphere. If −π ≤ θj ≤ π
and −π/2 ≤ ϕj ≤ π/2, then:

~ 1 , OP
hOP ~ 2i
cos α = = cos ϕ1 cos ϕ2 (cos θ1 cos θ2 + sin θ1 sin θ2 ) + sin ϕ1 sin ϕ2
~ 1 OP
OP ~2

= sin ϕ1 sin ϕ2 + cos ϕ1 cos ϕ2 cos(∆θ).

[Obs.: This formula can be directly applying the spherical law of cosines to the spherical triangle
whose vertices are P1 , P2 and one of the poles an auxiliary third point; if the North Pole is chosen,
the angles of this triangle are π/2 − ϕ1 , π/2 − ϕ2 and α. ]
First let’s collect some data that we need to solve the problem, first of all we need the mean radius
of the Earth which is approximately R ≈ 6371 km, then we need the coordinates of Lisbon which
are (θ1 , ϕ1 ) = (9o 80 W, 38o 430 N ) ≈ (0.1594067, 0.6757333) rad, and also the coordinates of New York
which are (θ2 , ϕ2 ) = (74o 00 W, 40o 430 N ) ≈ (1.2915436, 0.7106399) rad.
Using such data and the formula obtained above, we can calculate the distance, which is d = Rα =
0.8510653 · 6371 = 5422.14 km. Now that we know the distance, we only need to finish the problem by
calculating the time we need to go from Lisbon to New York at a constant speed of 30 knots, knowing
that a knot is 1.852 km/h the theoretical time of navigation t will be:
5422.14
t= = 97.59 h,
30 · 1.852
which is a little bit more than 4 days.

4 A cassette tape with thickness of 16µm (micrometers) is rolled in a spool with internal radius r0 =
1.11cm and external radius r1 = 2.46cm. How much does the tape of the spool measure? [Hint:
Approximate the form of the spool by the curve described in polar coordinates through the equation
r = g(θ) = cθ,θ0 ≤ θ ≤ θ1 , being c > 0 a constant to be determined, so that rj = cθj .]

Resolution: To solve this problem we shall look at it as if we were to find the length of the curve
(C) as an Archimedean spiral. See more information about Archimedean spiral in wikipedia.

3
 Archimedean spiral

Our data are r0 = 1.11 · 10−2 m, r1 = 2.46 · 10−2 m and the increment per revolution is 16 · 10−6 m. We
are given C in polar coordinates as r = r(θ) for θ0 ≤ θ ≤ θ1 , so in cartesian coordinates C can be
parameterized as C = σ([θ0 , θ1 ]):

(x, y) = σ(θ) = (r(θ) cos θ, r(θ) sin θ), θ0 ≤ θ ≤ θ1 .

To find θ0 and θ1 first we have to determine c. We will do this imposing that the radius increases
16 · 10−6 m for each rotation. So, with any rotation

16 · 10−6 = g(θ + 2π) − g(θ) = 2πc,

so that
8 · 10−6
c= .
π
Now we can calculate:
r0 0.0111 · π
θ0 = = ,
c 8 · 10−6
r1 0.0246 · π
θ1 = = .
c 8 · 10−6
We can define both r(θ) and r0 (θ) because it will be useful for us to work with them during the
definition of the parameterization:

r (θ) = c · θ and r0 (θ) = c

Finally, we know that the arc length in polar coordinates is:

s  2
2
dr
d` = r + dθ,
dθ
and so, the total arc length of the tape is:
ˆ ˆ θ1 p ˆ θ1 q ˆ θ1 p
d` = r(θ)2 + r0 (θ)2 dθ = (c · θ)2 + c2 dθ = c 1 + θ2 dθ
C θ0 θ0 θ0
 θ=θ1
1 p
2
1 p
2
=c· · θ · 1 + θ + ln θ + 1 + θ ≈ 94.6m,
2 2 θ=θ0
ˆ p
tp 2 a2 p
where we have used the primitive t2 + a2 dt = t + a2 + ln t + t2 + a2 + ctant, which
2 2 √
can be found either by the change of variables t = a sinh(x) or the change by parts u = t2 + a2 ,
dv = dt.

4
5 Mass of a spiral of the helix of radius R and height h parameterized by
 
ht
σ(t) = R cos t, R sin t, , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π,
2π

if the density at each point is proportional to the distance from the origin, being k > 0 the constant.
ˆ
Resolution: Notice that this helix is a 3D-curve with height h. Its mass M is ρ d`, where we
r C
p h2 t2 hp2
are said that ρ(x, y, z) = k x2 + y 2 + z 2 . Along C, kσ(t)k = R2 + = t + a2 , where
 4π 2 2π

2πR kh p 2 h
a= , so that ρ(σ(t)) = t + a2 . Moreover, σ 0 (t) = −R sin t, R cos t, so that σ 0 (t) =
r h 2π 2π
h2 hp
R2 + 2 = 1 + a2 . Finally
4π 2π
ˆ 2π p t=2π
kh2 p kh2 p a2
 p
2 2 2 2
t 2 2
p
2 2
M= 1+a t + a dt = 1+a t +a + ln t + t + a
4π 2 0 4π 2 2 2 t=0
kh2 p  p p  2πR
= 1 + a2 π 4π 2 + a2 + 2π 2 ln 2π + 4π 2 + a2 − a2 ln a , a= ,
4π 2 h
ˆ p
tp 2 a2 p
where we have used that t2 + a2 dt = t + a2 + ln t + t2 + a2 + ctant, which can be
2 2 √
found either by the change of variables t = a sinh x or the change by parts u = t2 + a2 , dv = dt.

6 Mass of the cardioid defined in polar coordinates by r = R (1 + cos θ) if the density at each point is
proportional to the square root of the distance from the origin, being k the constant.

Resolution: First of all we should define what a cardioid is. A cardioid is a plane curve traced by
a point on the perimeter of a circle that is rolling around a fixed circle of the same radius (R). See
more information about the cardiod in wikipedia.

Cardiod with R= 0.5 (polar coordinates)

We define both r(θ) and r0 (θ) because it will be useful for us to work with them during the definition
of the parameterization.
r(θ) = R(1 + cos θ) , r0 (θ) = −R sin θ.

5
 Polar coordinates are defined to be: (x, y) = (r cos θ, r sin θ), but in this exercise we are given r as a
function of θ, so we have to substitute r = r(θ). As we can see in the figure, θ goes from 0 to 2π. We
can define the curve in the following way:

C = σ([0, 2π]) with σ(θ) = (r(θ) cos θ, r(θ) sin θ) .

We know that the line integral along a piecewise smooth curve is defined as:
ˆ ˆ b
f d` = f (σ(t)) · σ 0 (t) dt.
C a

So, now we have to compute the derivative and norm of σ(θ):

  0 
0 0 0

cos θ − sin θ r (θ)
σ (θ) = r (θ) cos θ − r(θ) sin θ, r (θ) sin θ + r(θ) cos θ = .
sin θ cos θ r(θ)
If we compute the determinant of the matrix, we can see that it is equal to 1. So, the norm of the
derivative of the parameterization is:
q p
0
p
σ (θ) = r(θ) + r (θ) = R2 (1 + cos θ)2 + R2 sin2 θ = R 1 + cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + sin2 θ
2 0 2
√ √ √
= R 2 + 2 cos θ = R 2 1 + cos θ.

We define the density of the cardiod as ρ. In the statement of the problem it is said that ρ is
proportional to the square root of the distance from the origin, which can be written as:
qp
ρ(x, y) = k x2 + y 2 .

If we apply the parameterization

rq
p p
ρ(σ(θ)) = k r(θ)2 cos2 θ + r(θ)2 sin2 θ = k r(θ) = k R(1 + cos θ),

the mass is defined to be

ˆ ˆ2π ˆπ
0
M= ρ d` = ρ(σ(θ)) · σ (θ) dθ = 2 ρ(σ(θ)) · σ 0 (θ) dθ
C
0 0
ˆπ √ ˆπ
3/2
√ √ 3/2
=2 kR R 1 + cos θ · 1 + cos θ dθ = k(2R) (1 + cos θ) dθ
0 0
h iπ
= k(2R)3/2 θ + sin θ = πk(2R)3/2 .
0

The mass of the cardioid if the density at each point is proportional to the square root of the distance
from the origin, being k the constant, is πk(2R)3/2 .
7 Mass of the arc of the conic helix parameterized by

σ(t) = Ret cos t, Ret sin t, Ret

that joins the points A = (R, 0, R) and B = (0, Reπ/2 , Reπ/2 ) if its linear density is given by ρ(σ(t)) =
ket , being k > 0.

Resolution: In this case we see that 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2, as σ(0) = (R, 0, R) = A and σ(π/2) =
(0, Reπ/2 , Reπ/2 ) = B.

6
 Arc of the conic helix between A and B for R = 1

The conic helix is a 3D curve and its mass is:

ˆ ˆπ/2
M= ρ dl = ρ(σ(t)) σ 0 (t) dt.
C 0

We are already given ρ(σ(t)) so now we must find kσ 0 (t)k:

σ 0 (t) = (Ret cos t − Ret sin t, Ret sin t + Ret cos t, Ret ),
q
σ 0 (t) = R2 e2t (cos2 t − ( sin t + sin2 t + sin2 t + ( ((t + cos2 t + 1)
(
2 cos
(( t( 2 sin
(( t cos
√
= Ret 3.
Now we can finally compute its mass:
ˆ ˆπ/2 √ ˆ 2t
π/2
0
M= ρ dl = ρ(σ(t)) σ (t) dt = kR 3 e dt
C 0 0
√ ˆπ/2 √ √
kR 3 2t kR 3  2t t=π/2 kR 3 π
= 2e dt = e t=0 = (e − 1) .
2 2 2
0

8 Mass of the semi-circle of radius R if its linear density is proportional to the cube of the distance from
the line that divides the circle into two halves, being k > 0 the constant.
ˆ
Resolution: To compute the mass of the semicircle we compute the following integral ρ dl, where
C
ρ is the linear density of the semicircle C. The statements says that it is proportional to the cube of
the distance that divides the semicircle into two halves, so, we have to find that distance d to compute
the density.
d = R sin θ so that ρ = kR3 sin3 θ.
We parameterize our semicircle in polar coordinates, knowing that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π:
σ(θ) = (R cos θ, R sin θ),
σ 0 (θ) = (−R sin θ, R cos θ),
√
σ 0 (θ) = (−R sin θ)2 + (R cos θ)2 = R2 = R.
p

7
 We now proceed to the computation of the mass of the semi-circle
ˆ ˆ π ˆ π
3 1
ρ dl = kR3 sin3 θ R dθ = kR4 sin θ − sin 3θ dθ
C 0 0 4 4
 θ=π !
3 θ=π 1 cos 3θ
= kR4 [− cos θ]θ=0 + =
4 4 3 θ=0
 
4 3 1 4
= kR − = kR4 .
2 6 3
4 4
Finally, we get that the mass of the semicircle is kR , being R the radius and k > 0 the constant.
3
9 Area and mean height of a fence with a base on a quarter of an astroid inside a circle of radius 30
parameterized by
σ(t) = (30 cos3 t, 30 sin3 t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2,
and whose height is given by the function h(x, y) = 1 + y/3.

Resolution: An astroid is a hypocycloid with 4 cusps: the trace of a fixed point on a small circle of
radius r that rolls within a larger circle of radius 4r.

Astroid x2/3 + y 2/3 = 302/3

It satisfies the equation x2/3 + y 2/3 = a2/3 or (x1/3 )2 + (y 1/3 )2 = (a1/3 )2 , so, similarly to the case of a
circle, it is readily parameterized by x1/3 = a1/3 cos t, y 1/3 = a1/3 sin t or x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t. In
this exercise, a = 30, and we deal only with a quarter of an astroid, so we use the parameterization
σ(t) = (30 cos3 t, 30 sin3 t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.
From σ 0 (t) = (3 · 30 cos2 t (− sin t), 3 · 30 · sin2 t (cos t)) = 90 sin t cos t(− cos t, sin t), we have that
kσ 0 (t)k = 90 |sin t cos t| = 90 sin t cos t, since 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2, and h(σ(t)) = 1 + 10 sin3 t.
The area of the fence is simply the integral of h along C = {σ(t), t ∈ [0, π/2]}, that is
ˆ ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2
0
A(C) := h d` = h(σ(t)) σ (t) dt = (1 + 10 sin3 t) 90 sin t cos t dt
C 0 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ !
π/2
= 90 sin t cos t dt + 10 sin4 t cos t dt
0 0
t=π/2 t=π/2 !
sin2 t sin5 t
   
1
= 90 + 10 = 90 +2 = 225.
2 t=0 5 t=0 2

8
 ˆ
h d`
A(C) 225
The mean height h = ˆC = = = 5, since
L(C) 45
d`
C
ˆ ˆ π/2
L(C) = d` = 90 sin t cos t dt = 45.
C 0

˛
10 Compute the circulation x dy − y dx, being C the positively oriented (traveled counter-clockwise)
C
boundary of a square D with side 2L and center (x0 , y0 ). [ Obs.: This problem allows us to motivate
Green’s theorem.]

˛ 4 ˆ
[
Resolution: We have a piecewise smooth curve C = C1 ∪ C2 ∪ C3 ∪ C4 , so that = .
C i=1 Ci
ˆ ˆ x0 +L
On C1 , x0 − L ≤ x ≤ x0 + L, y = y0 − L, so x dy − y dx = − y0 − L dx = −2L(y0 − L),
C1 x0 −L
ˆ ˆ y0 +L
on C2 , x = x0 + L, y0 − L ≤ y ≤ y0 + L, so x dy − y dx = x0 + L dy = 2L(x0 + L),
C2 y0 −L
ˆ ˆ x0 −L
on C3 , x0 − L ≤ x ≤ x0 + L, y = y0 + L, so x dy − y dx = − y0 + L dx = 2L(y0 + L),
C3 x0 +L
ˆ ˆ y0 +L
on C4 , x = x0 + L, y0 − L ≤ y ≤ y0 + L, so x dy − y dx = x0 + L dy = −2L(x0 − L).
C4 y0 −L

Domain D with positive oriented boundary

˛ ˛
2 1
Summing up, x dy − y dx = 8L , which is just the double of the area of the square: 2 x dy −
¨ C ∂D
y dx = dx dy, which is a consequence of Green’s theorem.
D

9
11 Circulation of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (z, x, y) along the curve C parameterized by σ(t) = (t, t2 , t3 ),
0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Resolution: In this exercise, we will apply just the definition of the circulation of a vector field along
a curve: ˆ ˆ 1
hF , d`i = hF (σ(t)), σ 0 (t)i dt.
C 0
We need to compute the scalar product of the vector field evaluated on the parameterized curve and
the derivative of the parameterization

F (σ(t)) = (t3 , t, t2 ), σ 0 (t) = (1, 2t, 3t2 ), hF (σ(t)), σ 0 (t)i = t3 + 2t2 + 3t4 .

Let’s do the computations to get the final result.

ˆ ˆ 1 t=1
t4 2t3 3t5

3 2 4 1 2 3 91
hF , d`i = t + 2t + 3t dt = + + = + + = .
C 0 4 3 5 t=0 4 3 5 60

As we are given the parameterization, we are also given the orientation of the curve C, which does
need to be checked.

The integral theorems I

12 Compute the circulation of the vector field:

(b) F (x, y, z) = (2xy + z 3 , x2 , 3xz 2 ) along the helix parameterized by
√
σ(t) = (cos t2 , sin t2 , t2 ), 0 ≤ t ≤ π.

(c) F (x, y, z) = (ey , xey , 2z) along the curve parameterized by

 ˆ t 
u2 2
σ(t) = 1 + t e du, t, t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
1

Resolution: (b) In order to compute this circulation, first we will check if F is conservative. This
happens when ∇ ∧ F = 0 and F ∈ C 1 .

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= (0 − 0), (3z 2 − 3z 2 ), (2x − 2x) = 0.


∇∧F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
2xy + z 3 x2 3xz 2

Also, F ∈ C 1 because all of its components are continuously differentiable (polynomials and exponen-
tials). Since both conditions meet, we can find a potential f for F such that F = ∇f . We will use
Newton-Leibnitz Theorem to find the result:

ˆ ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b
0 0
hF , dli = hF (σ(t)), σ (t)idt = h∇f (σ(t)), σ (t)idt = (f ◦ σ)0 (t)dt = f (σ(b)) − f (σ(a)).
σ a a a

10
This shows that the circulation of F doesn’t depend on the path, but only on the initial and final
points. Now, we will search for a function f that satisfies:
∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2xy + z 3 , = x2 , = 3xz 2 .
∂x ∂y ∂z
For this, we will integrate one by one the components to find the common and non-common results:
ˆ
Ix = 2xy + z 3 dx = x2 y + z 3 x + K1 ,
ˆ
Iy = x2 dy = x2 y + K2 ,
ˆ
Iz = 3xz 2 dz = z 3 x + K3 .

Out of all these results, we can conclude that f (x, y, z) = x2 y + z 3 x + K. We will now substitute in
our original formula:
ˆ
√
hF , dli = f (σ( π)) − f (σ(0)) = f (−1, 0, π) − f (1, 0, 0) = (−π 3 ) − (0) = −π 3 .
σ

(c) First, we check if F is conservative, that is if ∇ ∧ F = 0 and F ∈ C 1 .

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∧F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (0 − 0, 0 − 0, ey − ey ) = (0, 0, 0) = 0.
ey xey 2z

And F ∈ C 1 because all the components of F are continously diferenciable (since they are polinomials
and exponentials which do not cancel out at any point). As F is conservative, we will look for its
potential function f so that F = ∇f , and by using Newton-Leibnitz Theorem we know:
ˆ ˆ b ˆ b ˆ b
0 0
hF , d`i = hF (σ(t)), σ (t)i dt = h∇f (σ(t)), σ (t)i dt = (f ◦ σ)0 (t) dt = f (σ(b)) − f (σ(a)),
σ a a a

this means that the circulation of F does not depend on the path, but only on the initial and final
points.
Then, we look for a function f (x, y, z) which satisfies:
∂f ∂f ∂f
= ey , = xey , = 2z.
∂x ∂y ∂z
We begin by integrating each of the components by the different variables and getting the common
and non-common results from each of them but just once (non repeated):
ˆ
Ix = ey dx = xey + K1
ˆ
Iy = xey dy = xey + K2
ˆ
Iz = 2z dz = z 2 + K3

So we have that F = ∇f with f (x, y, z) = xey + z 2 + K, where the K’s are constants. Therefore,
ˆ
hF , d`i = f (σ (1))) − f (σ(0)) = f (1, 0, 1) − f (1, 0, 0) = (e + 1 + k) − (1 + k) = e,
σ

11
 as
 ˆ 1 
2
σ(1) = 1+ eu du, 1, 1 = (1, 1, 1) ,
1
 ˆ 0 
u2
σ(0) = 1 + 0 e du, 0, 1 = (1, 0, 0) .
1

13 Prove, using Green’s theorem, the area of the cycloid of radius R is 3 times the area of the circle of
also radius R.

Resolution: The cycloid Ccyc is parameterized by σ(t) = (R(t − sin t), R(1 − cos t)),
¨ 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, but
with an opposite orientation to the curve C1 of the figure. To compute A(D) = dx dy, we look
D
first for functions P , Q, such that Qx − Py = 1, for instance P (x, y) = −y, Q(x, y) = 0, and we apply
Green’s theorem to the domain D and its boundary C = ∂D = C0 ∪ C1 , counter-clockwise oriented
with respect to D:
‰ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 2π
A(D) = −y dx = − y dx − y
 dx
= y dx = R(1 − cos t) R(1 − cos t) dt
C=∂D C1 C0 ⊂{y=0} Ccyc 0 | {z }| {z }
y(t) x0 (t) dt
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
3 cos 2t
= R2 (1 − cos t)2 dt = R2 1 − 2 cos t + |cos2
{z }t dt = R
2
− 2 cos t + dt
0 0 1 0 2 2
2
+ cos2 2t
" #t=2π
3 t + sin 2t
= R2 t −
2 sin = 3πR2 .
2 4
t=0

15 We consider the vector field F = (y, 0) and the circle C of radius 1 centered in the origin, oriented
counter-clockwise. ˛
(a) Deduce, by graphical reasoning, what is the sign of circulation hF , dli.
C
(b) Calculate the circulation using Green’s Theorem.

Resolution: (a) First, let us write the circle C equation, centered at (0, 0) and of radius 1 and
oriented counter-clockwise: C = {x2 + y 2 = 1}.

The circulation of a vector field around a

curve is equal to the line integral of the vec-
tor field around the curve. We can see in the
graph that the vector field points in the oppo-
site direction of the orientation of the curve
C. Consequently, the sign of the circulation
is negative.

˛
Graphic representation of the circulation hF , dli along
C
C: the blue arrows indicate the vector field and the circu-
lation is in black.

12
 (b) Now, let us compute the circulation. On the one hand, we can compute the circulation using
Green’s theorem since the original integral was a line integral
‰ ‰ ¨
∂Q ∂P
hF , d`i = P dx + Q dy = − dx dy,
C C D ∂x ∂y

In other words, we will change the integral into a double integral considering that the partial derivatives
of (P (x, y), Q(x, y)) = F (x, y) = (y, 0) are:

∂Q ∂P ∂Q ∂P
= 0, = 1 =⇒ − = −1.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Therefore, ‰ ¨
hF , d`i = (−1) dx dy.
C D
¨
We notice that dx dy is the area of the disk D of radius r = 1, which is A(D) = πr2 = π, therefore
D
‰ ¨
hF , d`i = − dx dy = −π.
C D

On the other hand, we can compute the circulation by definition:

‰ ˆ b
hF , d`i = hF (σ(t)), σ 0 (t)i dt.
C a

We parameterize the circle C with the standard counter-clockwise parameterization

(x, y) = σ(t) = (cos t, sin t), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π,

Its derivative is
σ 0 (t) = (− sin t, cos t)
If we evaluate the vector field in this concrete parameterization,

F (σ(t)) = (sin t, 0).

So,
‰ ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
hF , d`i = h(sin t, 0), (− sin t, cos t)i dt = − sin2 t dt
C 0 0
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
1 cos 2t
=− cos2 t − cos 2t dt = − − − cos 2t dt
0 0 2 2
ˆ 2π
sin 2t − 2t 2π
 
1 cos 2t
=− − = = −π.
0 2 2 4 0

16 Verify Green’s theorem with the vector field F (x, y) = (2x3 − y 3 , x3 + y 3 ) and the annulus

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 : a2 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ b2 .


13
 Domain D of Exercise 16 with the boundary oriented for Green’s theorem

Resolution: Green’s theorem gives the relationship between a double integral over a planar region D
and the line integral around its boundary ∂D. If Q and P are functions of (x, y) defined on an open
region containing D and having continuous partial derivatives there, then
‰ ¨
P dx + Q dy = Qx − Py dx dy,
∂D D

where the path of integration along the boundary ∂D is positive, that is, counter-clockwise with respect
to D (leaves the region D on the left side).
Left hand of the formula: Consider first a circle CR = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 = R2 parameterized by


(x, y) = σ(θ) = (R cos θ, R sin θ), (x0 , y 0 ) = σ 0 (θ) = (−R sin θ, R cos θ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π,

which is a counter-clockwise parameterization. Then for P (x, y) = 2x3 − y 3 , Q(x, y) = x3 + y 3

‰ ˆ 2π
P dx + Q dy = P (x(θ), y(θ))x0 (θ) + Q(x(θ), y(θ))y 0 (θ) dθ
CR 0
ˆ 2π
2R3 cos3 θ − R3 sin3 θ (−R sin θ) + R3 cos3 θ + R3 sin3 θ R cos θ dθ



=
0
ˆ 2π 
4 (( 3 ((
( 4 4 4 4 4((3(((
(
= −2R
( ( ( cos θ sin θ + R sin θ + R cos θ + R
( sin θ cos θ dθ
0
ˆ 2π 
4 2 2

3π 4
=R 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = R .
0 2

To compute now the circulation of F = (P, Q) along the boundary of D, we notice that ∂D = Cb ∪ Ca ,
where Cb must have a counter-clockwise orientation whereas Ca must have a clockwise orientation.
Therefore ‰ ‰ ‰
3π 4
P dx + Q dy = P dx + Q dy − P dx + Q dy = (b − a4 ).
∂D Cb Ca 2

14
 Right hand of the formula: If we introduce polar coordinates (x, y) = T (r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ} which
satisfy |det DT (r, θ)| = r, then D = T (R), where R = {(r, θ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, a ≤ r ≤ b}. Therefore
¨ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ b
2 2 b4 − a4 3π 4
Qx − Py dx dy = 3x + 3y dx dy = 3 dθ r · r2 dr = 6π = (b − a4 ).
D D 0 a 4 2
3π 4
Result: We have checked that both sides of Green’s theorem give the same result (b − a4 ). Hence
2
Green’s theorem has been verified.
17 Let C be the boundary of the domain with holes D ⊂ R2 obtained removing three disks of radii 1
with centers at (−3, 0), (0, 0) and (3, 0) from the disk of radius 10 centered at (1, 0). Compute the
circulation ˛  2 
y + x3 cos x2 dx + ey + 2x dy


C
orienting clockwise the largest circle of C and counter-clockwise the three smallest ones.

Resolution: For the domain D with the boundary C = ∂D with positive orientation with respect to
D, that is, leaving region D on the left side, we can apply Green’s theorem
‰ ¨
3 2 y2
y + x cos x dx + e + 2x dy = 2 − 1 dx dy = A(D) = 100π − 3π = 97π.
∂D D
But we are˛ given a circulation of the four circles of the boundary just in the opposite direction;
2
therefore y + x3 cos x2 dx + ey + 2x dy = −97π.
C

18 The polar planimeter is a mechanical instrument that allows us to measure two areas of planar domains
(see Wikipedia and a Java app). It has the shape of a ruler with two arms (see the figure). One of
them connects the fixed extreme O = (0, 0) with a mobile point E = (a, b), and the other one connects
the point E with another mobile point M = (x, y). In the extreme M there is a small wheel which
is perpendicular to the arm EM . We suppose that the arms OE and EM have lengths l and L,
respectively. So the point M determines the point E as the intersection between the circle of radius
l centered in O and the one with radius L centered in M . This intersection is unique if the angle
between both arms is lower to π rad. Therefore, we can consider that a = a(x, y) and b = b(x, y).

Sketch of a polar planimeter

The method to determine the area of the planar simply connected domain S ⊂ R2 consists in moving
the point M over the boundary C = ∂S in a counter-clockwise direction. The wheel in M measures
the displacement in the orthogonal direction with respect to the arm. In this problem, we will see that
the searched area is L times the total displacement of the wheel.

15
(a) Prove that ax + by ≡ 1 computing the derivatives of the equations a2 + b2 ≡ l2 and (x − a)2 + (y −
b)2 ≡ L2 .
(b) F (x, y) = (P (x, y), Q(x, y)) is the vector of norm L which is orthogonal to the arm EM in the
extreme M = (x, y), given by P (x, y) = b(x, y) − y and Q(x, y) = x − a(x, y). Prove that
˛
hF , d`i = Area(D).
C+

(c) d is the covered distance by the wheel at the moment it has completed the itinerary along the curve
C = ∂D counter-clockwise. Argue that
˛
hF , d`i = Ld.
C+

Resolution: (a) We start the proof by differentiating the equations with respect to x and also with
respect to y. From a2 + b2 ≡ l2 we get
∂ 2 ∂ 2
(a + b2 ) = (l ) =⇒ aax + bbx = 0,
∂x ∂x
∂ 2 ∂ 2
(a + b2 ) = (l ) =⇒ aay + bby = 0.
∂y ∂y

From (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 ≡ L2 we get

∂ ∂
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = (L2 ) =⇒ (x − a)(1 − ax ) + (y − b)(−bx ) = 0,


∂x ∂x
∂ ∂ 2
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 =


(L ) =⇒ (x − a)(−ay ) + (y − b)(1 − by ) = 0.
∂y ∂y

Isolating the term (x − a) in the last two equations, we can equalize them and we get

−(y − b)(−bx ) −(y − b)(1 − by ) (−ay ) −

(y−b)(1 − by )

= =⇒ = =⇒
(1 − ax ) (−ay ) (1 − ax ) −
(y−b)(−bx )


=⇒ ay bx = (1 − ax )(1 − by ) =⇒ ay bx = 1 − ax − by + ax by =⇒ ax + by = 1 + ax by − ay bx .
Now that we have isolated the term ax + by , we can substitute ay and bx with the expressions we find
−aax −bby
from isolating those terms in the first two equations we found previously: bx = and ay = .
b a
So, we get

bby aa

x =1+a 
ax + by = 1 + ax by − x by − 
 ax b
y = 1.
a

b
Indeed, we have proven that ax + by = 1.
(b) According to Green’s theorem,
˛ ˛ ¨
hF , d`i = P dx + Q dy = (Qx − Py ) dx dy.
C+ C+ D
¨
Since Area(D) = dx dy, that means that necessarily (Qx − Py ) = 1. Let us check this:
D

∂Q ∂P
Qx = = 1 − ax and Py = = by − 1,
∂x ∂y

16
 so
(Qx − Py ) = 1 − ax − by + 1 = 2 − (ax + by ) = 2 − 1 = 1,
where we have used that ax + by = 1. Therefore, since (Qx − Py ) = 1, we have proven that
˛ ¨
hF , d`i = dx dy = Area(D).
C+ D

(c) We note that the vector field F is parallel to the tangent vector to the curve and we are told that
it has constant norm L. Then,
˛ ˛ ˛
hF , d`i = FT d` = L d` = Ld,
C+ C+ C+
˛
where we have used that d` = d, since we are told that d is the distance traveled by the wheel
C+
along the curve C = ∂D (counter-clockwise).

Surface integrals

19 Area of the helicoid parameterized by

ϕ(r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, hθ), (r, θ) ∈ D = [0, R] × [0, 2π].

Resolution: We start by computing the associated normal vector to this parameterization of the
helicoid:
     
cos θ −r sin θ i j k h sin θ
ϕr =  sin θ  , ϕθ =  r cos θ  , ϕr ∧ ϕθ = cos θ sin θ 0 = −h cos θ ,
0 h −r sin θ r cos θ h r
√
from which it follows that kϕr ∧ ϕθ k = h2 + r2 . Once we have the norm of this normal vector, we
can now substitute it in the integral in order to find the area:
¨ p ˆ 2π ˆ R
A= 2 2
h + r dr dθ = dθ h2 + r2 dr
D 0 0
 √ √  r=R
ˆ Rp r h2 + r2 + h2 ln h2 + r2 + r
= 2π h2 + r2 dr = 2π  
0 2
r=0
 p p   p   p 
2 2
= π R h2 + R2 + h ln h2 + R2 + R −  0 ·h2 + 02 + h ln
 h2 + 0 2 + 0
 p p  √ 
2 2 2 2
= π R h + R + h ln h + R + R − h ln( h2 )
2 2

√ !!
p h 2 + R2 + R
= π R h2 + R2 + h2 ln .
h

20 Area of the surface S formed by the piece of the plane x + y + z = 1 that is over the ellipse D =
{(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + 2y 2 ≤ 1}.

17
 Resolution: We can isolate locally one variable from x + y + z = 1, for instance z, to get z = f (x, y),
and use the cartesian parameterization ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, z(x, y)), with z = f (x, y) = 1 − x − y and (x, y)
in a domain D ∈ R2 such that S = ϕ(D). Computing,
     
1 0 i j k −(−1)
ϕx =  0  , ϕy =  1  , ϕx ∧ ϕy = 1 0 −1 = −(−1) ,
−1 −1 0 1 −1 1
p √
ϕx ∧ ϕy = 1 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 3.
√
In this case we have
√ that the interior of an ellipse with semi-axes a = 1 and b = 1/ 2 and and therefore
A(D) = πab = π/ 2, so that
¨ √ √ π
r
3
A(S) = ϕx ∧ ϕy dx dy = 3A(D) = 3 √ = π .
D 2 2

21 The solid angle of a portion S of the sphere of radius R is Ω(S) := Area(S)/R2 , measured in sr
( steradians). Particularly, the complete sphere has 4πsr.
(a) SR,α is the portion of the sphere with radius R which is inside the cone with vertex in the centre
of the sphere and semi-angle α. For what values of the semi-angle α is Ω(SR,α ) = 1?
(b) Prove that the area of the spherical cap of radius R and height h < R defined by

CR,h = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , z ≤ R − h}

is the same that the area of the lateral of a radius R and height h cylinder.

Resolution: (a) We know that the solid angle of a portion a portion S of the sphere is

Area(S)
Ω(S) := ,
R2
and we want to find α such that
Ω(SR,α ) = 1,
so we have
Area(SR,α )
= 1.
R2
First of all, we have to parameterize the sphere with the restrictions of the cone. Therefore, we will
use the parameterization

ϕ(u, v) = (R cos u cos v, R sin u cos v, R sin v).

We will calculate the area of the portion SR,α = ϕ(DR,α ) of the sphere as
¨
Area(SR,α ) = kϕu ∧ ϕv k du dv.
DR,α

Let us compute the partial derivatives of the parameterization.

∂ϕ
ϕu = (u, v) = (−R sin u cos v, R cos u cos v, 0) = R cos v(− sin u, cos u, 0),
∂u
∂ϕ
ϕv = (u, v) = (−R cos u sin v, −R sin u sin v, R cos v) = R(− cos u sin v, − sin u sin v, cos v).
∂v

18
 Now we calculate the cross product of the partial derivatives and its norm

ϕu ∧ ϕv = R2 cos v(cos u cos v, sin u cos v, sin v),

q p
kϕu ∧ ϕv k = R2 cos v cos2 v(sin2 u + cos2 u) + sin2 v = R2 cos v cos2 v + sin2 v = R2 cos v.

Once we have found the norm of the normal vector, we have to find the domain DR,α to have SR,α =
ϕ(DR,α ). Following the spherical change, we know that 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, and regarding at the restrictions
π π
of the cone, we can conclude that − α ≤ v ≤ so that
2 2
n π πo
DR,α = (u, v) : 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, − α ≤ v ≤ .
2 2
Finally, we can calculate our integral
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ π
2 v=π/2
Area(SR,α ) = kϕu ∧ ϕv k dv du = du R2 cos v dv = 2πR2 [sin v]v=π/2−α
π
S 0 2
−α
 π 
= 2πR2 1 − sin − α = 2π(1 − cos α)R2 .
2
Once we have found the area of our surface in function of the angle α, let us compare with the equation
Area(SR,α )
we had for the solid angle. From = 1 we get
R2
2π(1 − cos α)R2
 
1 1 1
= 1 ⇐⇒ 1 − cos α = ⇐⇒ cos α = 1 − ⇐⇒ α = arccos 1 − .
R2 2π 2π 2π

In conclusion, when α = arccos(1 − 1/2π), the solid angle of the portion of the sphere SR,α is 1.

(b) It is enough to observe that the spherical cap CR,h

equals to a portion of SR,h being h = (1 − cos α)R.
It is easier to understand it trhough an image of a
spherical cap as a portion of a sphere, as the one on
the right.

Spherical cap of radius R and height h

22 Area and volume of the intersection of two cylinders with radius R whose axis are cut perpendicularly
(plot done taking R=1). (This is the Steinmetz solid: see Wikipedia and MathWorld.)

19
Intersection of two cylinders with radius R whose axis are Steinmetz solid (source Wikipedia), from Exer-
cut perpendicularly, from Exercise 22 cise 22.

Resolution: To do this exercise, we are going to split it in two parts: part 1 to solve the area and part
2 to solve the volume. But first, we have to evaluate the data given. We have two cylinders represented
which create a solid (the Steinmetz solid) represented in the figure on the right side. These cylinders
are:
C1 : x 2 + y 2 = R 2
C2 : x 2 + z 2 = R 2
ˆ
Area: To calculate the surface area of a curve, we know that A(W ) = kϕx ∧ ϕy k dx dy, and to do
W
this, we need to parameterize one of the two equations, using cartesian parameterization, and calculate
the vector product of its derivatives, and then find the boundaries of the other equation. First, we
compute the parameterization and the vector product:
p
x2 + z 2 = R2 =⇒ z = ± R2 − x2 ,
 p 
ϕ(x, y) = x, y, ± R2 − x2 ,
 
−2x
ϕx = 1, 0, ± √ and ϕy = (0, 1, 0),
2 R 2 − x2
 
x
ϕx ∧ ϕy = ∓ √ , 0, 1 .
R 2 − x2
Now, we calculate the integration limits, by looking at the boundaries. Taking C2 as the surface area
calculated, C1 has to be the frontier in which C2 starts and end. From the figures below, fixing the
variable x, the limits for C2 are:

−R ≤ x ≤ R
p p
− R 2 − x2 ≤ y ≤ R 2 − x2

Now, we can compute the surface area of the intersection of the two cylinders. Below, we take into

20
 account only z > 0.
ˆ ˆ ˆ √ s 2
R R∗2−x2
x
A(C2 > 0) = kϕx ∧ ϕy k dx dy = √ −√ + 02 + 12 dy dx =
C2 >0 −R − R∗2−x2 R2 − x2
ˆ R ˆ √
R∗2−x2
r ˆ R ˆ √
R∗2−x2
r
x2 x2 + R 2 − x2
= √ + 1 dy dx = √ dy dx =
−R − R∗2−x2 R 2 − x2 −R − R∗2−x2 R 2 − x2
ˆ R ˆ R∗2−x2
√ ˆ R ˆ R
R R p
= √ √ dy dx = √ 2 R2 − x2 dx = 2R dx =
−R − R∗2−x2 R 2 − x2 −R R 2 − x2 −R
2
= 2R · 2R = 4R .

4R2 is the surface area of the cylinder C2 for z > 0. So the total surface area for the cylinder C2 is
twice this area, for positive and negative z: 2 · 4R2 = 8R2 .
However, this is not the total surface area of the Steinmetz solid. Because of the symmetry of the
solid, the total surface area would be twice the area of one cylinder, that is:

A(Steinmetz solid) = 2 · 8R2 = 16R2

Volume: For the volume, we can find the limits of integration by splitting the plot in two planes:

Plane xy of the intersection of the Steinmetz solid (Tak- Plane xz of the intersection of the Steinmetz solid (Tak-
ing R2 = 1), from Exercise 22. ing R2 = 1), from Exercise 22.

Fixing the x variable, and isolating the y and the z variables in each circumference equation from
figures above, we can find the integration limits:

R≤x≤R
p p
− R 2 − x2 ≤ y ≤ R 2 − x2
p p
− R 2 − x2 ≤ z ≤ R 2 − x2

So, the volume of the intersection of two cylinders with radius R whose axis are cut perpendicularly

21
 is:
ˆ R ˆ √
R2 −x2 ˆ √
R2 −x2 ˆ R p p
V (Steinmetz solid) = √ √ 1 dz dy dx = 2 R2 − x2 · 2 R2 − x2 dx =
−R − R2 −x2 − R2 −x2 −R
ˆ R R
x3 R3 −R3
   
= 4(R2 − x2 ) dx = 4 · R2 x − = 4 · R3 − − −R3 − =
−R 3 −R 3 3
 
2 3 4
3
= 4 · 2R − R = 4 · R3 =
3 3
16
= R3
3

Another easier method to compute the volume is considering that the cross-section Wx for −R ≤ x ≤ R
is a square of area A(x) = 4(R2 − x2 ) so by Cavalieri’s principle,
ˆ R ˆ R
16 3
V (Steinmetz solid) = A(x) dx = 4(R2 − x2 ) dx = R .
−R −R 3

From this exercise, we can say that the surface area and the volume of the Steinmetz solid are 16R2
and 16 3
3 R , respectively.

23 Applying the Pappus’ centroid theorem, compute the centroids of the semi-circle and the semi-disk of
radius R.

Resolution:
The first Pappus’ centroid theorem states that the surface area A of a surface of revolution generated
by rotating a plane curve C about an axis external e to C and on the same plane is equal to the
product of the length L(C) of the curve C and the distance d = 2πdist(c, e) traveled by the geometric
centroid c of C:
A = L(C)d = 2πdist(c, e)L(C).
Therefore for the semi-circle of radius R and center at the origin, its centroid takes the form c = (r, 0).
When we rotate around the z-axis, by the firstPappus’ 2
 centroid theorem, 4πR = dπR, where d = 2πr,
2R
so that the centroid of the semi-circle is c = ,0 .
π
The second Pappus’ centroid theorem states that the volume V of a solid of revolution generated by
rotating a plane domain D about an external axis e is equal to the product of the area A(D) and the
distance d = 2πdist(c, e) traveled by the geometric centroid c of D. (The centroid of D is usually
different from the centroid of its boundary curve C.) That is

V = A(D)d = 2πdist(c, e)A(D).

For the semi-disk of radius R and center at the origin, its centroid takes the form c = (r, 0). When
4πR3 πR2
we rotate around the z-axis, by the second Pappus’ centroid theorem, =d , where d = 2πr,
  3 2
4R
so that the centroid of the semi-disk is c = ,0 .
3π

24 Compute the volume V and the area A of the “band” which is obtained after drilling a ball of radius
R with a drill bit (a cylinder) of radius r < R that goes through its center. Check that if h is the
height of the band, then V only depends on h (V = πh3 /6), whereas A is the same as the sum of

22
the areas of the sides of two cylinders with radius r and R, both with height h (A = 2πh(R + r))
(“ napkin ring problem”).

Resolution:

Side view of the napkin ring for napkin ring problem Cross-section top view for napkin ring problem
First we compute the volume of the napkin ring by means of Cavalieri’s principle. To find the area
A(y) of the horizontal cross-section we subtract the area of the smaller circle with radius r from the
area of the bigger circle with radius rb
 h 2 2
r !
p 2
A(y) = πrb2 − πr2 = π R2 − y 2 − π (R2 −
2
  h 2 
= π R2 − y 2 − R2 +
2
 h 2 
=π − y2
2
It can be clearly seen that this area A(y) does not depend on the radius of the sphere R. If we put
the axis at the center of the sphere at (0, 0, 0) and we apply Cavalieri’s principle, we can say that
ˆ h/2 ˆ h/2  
h 2 
V = A(y) dy = π − y 2 dy
−h/2 −h/2 2
h/2
y3 πh3 
  
h 2 1
=π y− = 1−
2 2 −h/2 4 3
πh3
= .
6
To find the area of the napkin ring, we will add the area of the sphere and of the cylinder and subtract
the area of the spherical caps at the top and bottom.

23
 Different areas of the napkin ring for napkin ring problem

The area for the sphere and cylinder are

Asphere = 4πR2 , Acylinder = 2πrh

For the area of the spherical cap we will use the following formula, which is valid for any surface of
revolution around the z-axis:
ˆ b
s  2
dr
A(S) = 2π r 1+ dz
a dz
p
Indeed, given a surface of revolution S = {(x, y, z) : r = g(z) ≥ 0, a ≤ z ≤ b}, where r = x2 + y 2 , we
can parameterize it as S = ϕ(D), by means of the parameterization ϕ(θ, z) = (g(z) cos θ, g(z) sin θ, z),
D = {(θ, z) ∈ R2 : a ≤ z ≤ b, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}. Writing the formula for the area of this surface, we obtain
the formula above (writing r = g(z) and dzdr
= g 0 (z)) as
¨ ¨ ˆ b p
A(S) = dS = kϕθ ∧ ϕz k dθ dz = 2π g(z) 1 + g 0 (z)2 dz
S D a

where  
cos θ
ϕθ ∧ ϕz = g(z))  sin θ 
−g 0 (z)
and p
kϕθ ∧ ϕz k = g(z) 1 + g 0 (z)2
√
For a sphere we have that r = g(z) = R2 − z 2 and so

dr z z
= −√ =− .
dz 2
R −z 2 r
Also r r √
 dr 2  z 2 r2 + z 2 R
1+ = 1+ − = =
dz r r r
and so then
ˆ ˆ
s 2
b  R
dr R
A(S) = 2π r 1+ dz = 2π r dz
a dz h/2 r
 R
= 2πR z h/2 = πR(2R − h)
Adding the area of the cylinder and sphere, and subtracting the area of the spherical cap twice (as
there are two caps) we get

A = 4πR2 + 2πrh − 2(π2R2 − πRh)) = 2πh(R + r)

25 We consider a sphere with radius 2R and a cylinder which is tangent to the sphere in a point and goes
through the center of the sphere. In coordinates, we can describe the sphere as E = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4R2
and the cylinder as Q = (x − R)2 + y 2 = R2 .
(a) The intersection E ∩ Q results in the Viviani’s curve, that has length cR for a constant c. Provide
an integral for c (no need to compute it).
(b) We consider a sphere with radius 2R and a cylinder which is tangent to the sphere in a point and
goes through the center of the sphere. In coordinates, we can describe the sphere as E = x2 + y 2 + z 2 =

24
4R2 and the cylinder as Q = (x − R)2 + y 2 = R2 . Compute the area of the portions S1+ and S1− of the
sphere which are contained in the interior of the cylinder (Viviani’s vault).
(c) We consider a sphere with radius 2R and a cylinder which is tangent to the sphere in a point
and
 2 goes through the center of the sphere. In coordinates, we can describe the sphere as E =
x + y + z 2 = 4R2 and the cylinder as Q = (x − R)2 + y 2 = R2 . Compute the area of the portion
2

S2 of the cylinder contained in the interior of the sphere.

Resolution: (a) We know that the formula to compute the length of a curve C = σ ([a, b]) is
ˆ ˆ b
d` = σ 0 (t) dt
C a

We have to parameterize the Viviani’s curve E ∩ Q, and there are at least two ways to do it.

Viviani’s curve: cylinder going through the sphere

The first way of parameterization, based on a cylindrical parameterization for Q, is σ(θ) =

(R + R cos θ, R sin θ, z), where
p p
z = ± 4R2 − x2 − y 2 = ± 4R2 − R2 − 2R2 cos θ − R2 cos2 θ − R2 sin2 θ
q p p
= ± R2 (4 − 1 − 2 cos θ − (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = ± R2 (2 − 2 cos θ) = ±R 2(1 − cos θ),
so that E ∩ Q is a concatenation of two paths
 p 
σ(θ) = R + R cos θ, R sin θ, ±R 2(1 − cos θ) , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π,

with ! s
0 R sin θ 0 sin2 θ
σ (θ) = −R sin θ, R cos θ, ± p , σ (θ) = R 1+ .
2(1 − cos θ) 2(1 − cos θ)
Since kσ 0 (θ)k is the same for both paths, we can consider only one and multiply by 2 to compute its
length:
ˆ ˆ 2π ˆ 2π s
sin2 θ
d` = 2 σ 0 (θ) dθ = 2R 1+ dθ = cR,
E∩Q 0 0 2(1 − cos θ)
where
ˆ 2π
s
sin2 θ
c=2 1+ dθ.
0 2(1 − cos θ)

25
The second way of parameterization is based on first parameterizing the sphere E by (x, y, z) =
(r cos ϕ cos θ, r cos ϕ sin θ, r sin ϕ), for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, −π/2 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, and then substituting in the
equation x2 + y 2 − 2Rx = 0 of Q, to get cos φ(cos φ − cos θ) = 0 which implies cos φ = cos θ which
implies θ = ±φ, because of the trigonometric identity
   
θ+φ θ−φ
cos φ − cos θ = 2 sin sin .
2 2
Again, E ∩ Q a concatenation of two paths θ = ±φ. Choosing for instance θ = φ, we get a parameter-
ization of half Viviani’s curve:

(x, y, z) = σ(φ) = (r cos φ cos φ, r cos φ sin φ, r sin φ), −π/2 ≤ φ ≤ π/2,

with p
σ 0 (φ) = −4R sin φ cos φ, 2R cos2 φ sin2 φ, 2R cos φ , σ 0 (φ) = 2R


1 + cos2 φ.
Since kσ 0 (φ)k is the same for θ = −φ, we can consider only the path θ = φ and multiply by 2 to
compute the length of Viviani’s curve E ∩ Q:
ˆ ˆ 2π ˆ π p
2
0
d` = 2 σ (φ) dφ = 2 · 2R 1 + cos2 φ dφ = cR,
E∩Q 0 − π2

where ˆ π
2 p
c=4 1 + cos2 φ dφ.
− π2

Computing both integrals with MATLAB, we get a value of c ≈ 15.28 . Using both parameterizatons is
a good way to check whether our result is right or not:
ˆ 2π s ˆ π p
sin2 θ 2
c=2 1+ dθ = 4 1 + cos2 φ dφ.
0 2(1 − cos θ) −π 2

(b) To compute both surfaces we will use the following formula for a parameterized surface S = ϕ(D):
¨
A(S) = kϕu ∧ ϕv k du dv
D

First, we need to parameterize the sphere E. To do so, we will use spherical coordinates and the data
given in the statement (r = 2R), such that
π π
(x, y, z) = ϕ(θ, φ) = (2R cos θ cos φ, 2R sin θ cos φ, 2R sin φ), where − ≤ φ ≤ , −π ≤ θ ≤ π.
2 2
Then, we have to differentiate the parameterization with respect to θ and φ and calculate the norm
of their cross products:

ϕθ = (−2R cos φ sin θ, 2R cos θ cos φ, 0),

ϕφ = (−2R cos θ sin φ, −2R sin φ sin θ, 2R cos φ),
q p
ϕθ ∧ ϕφ = 16R4 cos4 φ + 16R4 cos2 φ sin2 φ = 16R4 cos2 φ = 4R2 cos φ.

Before calculating the area of the sphere surface we need to know that, when checking if the spherical
curve fulfills the cylinder, we get that cos θ = cos φ and therefore, φ = ±θ. therefore, we are going to
take the domain of the parameterization ϕ to compute the area as
n π π o
D = (θ, φ) : − ≤ φ ≤ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ φ ,
2 2

26
which will parameterize only half of the upper part S1+ of the sphere’s surface contained in the cylinder,
and therefore the area computed with this parameterization will be one half of the upper area of the
sphere’s surface contained in the cylinder, what is the same, one quarter of the total surface area inside
the cylinder. To understand it better, one can look at the front view in the figure below.

Viviani’s window seen from different perspectives

¨   ˆ π ˆ φ  ˆ π
2 2
A(S1+ ) =2 2
4R cos φ dφ dθ = 2 4R 2
cos φ dθ dφ = 8R 2
[cos φθ]θ=φ
θ=0 dφ
D 0 0 0
ˆ π  ˆ φ= π
2 2 φ= π
= 8R2 φ cos φ dφ = 8R2 φ sin φ − sin φ dφ = 8R2 [φ sin φ + cos φ]φ=02
0 φ=0
hπ  
2 π
i
= 8R2 − 0 + 0 − 1 = 8R − 1 = 4πR2 − 8R2 .
2 2
By symmetry, we can see that A(S1+ ) = A(S1− ) = 4πR2 − 8R2 .
Hence, the total area of the sphere surface contained in the interior of the cylinder is:

A(S1 ) = 2(4πR2 − 8R2 ) = 8πR2 − 16R2 .

(c) First of all we must visualize how the sphere and the cylinder intersect with each other. It’s better
an image than a thousand words.

Viviani’s curve of Exercise 25(c)

Secondly, we shall use the formula to compute the area of a surface S = ϕ(D), that is:
¨
A(S) = kϕu ∧ ϕv k du dv.
D

We must first parameterize the cylinder Q with cylindrical coordinates that will depend on θ and z

(x, y, z) = ϕ(θ, z) = (R + R cos θ, R sin θ, z).

Then, as we made a parameterization that depends on z and θ, we’ll find the limits of integration of
those. We substitute the parameterization in the equation of the sphere E:

(R + R cos θ)2 + (R sin θ)2 + z 2 = 4R2 ⇐⇒ R2 + 2R2 cos θ + R2 cos2 θ + R2 sin2 θ + z 2 = 4R2
p
⇐⇒ z 2 = 2R2 − 2R2 cos θ ⇐⇒ z = ± 2R2 − 2R2 cos θ.

27
 In the end we have the following domain D of definition of the parameterization ϕ such that S2 = ϕ(D):
n p p o
D = (θ, z) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, − 2R2 − 2R2 cos θ ≤ z ≤ 2R2 − 2R2 cos θ .

The next step is to differentiate the parameterization with respect to θ and z, make their respective
cross product and compute its norm.

ϕθ = R(− sin θ, cos θ, 0), ϕz = (0, 0, 1), ϕθ ∧ ϕz = R(cos θ, − sin θ, 0), kϕθ ∧ ϕz k = R.

Now we are ready to compute the area of the portion of the cylinder in the interior of the sphere.
√
ˆ2π ˆ 2 cos θ
2R2 −2R ˆ2π p ˆ2π √
√
A(S2 ) = 2 2
R dz dθ = R 2 2R − 2R cos θ dθ = R 2 2R 1 − cos θ dθ
√
0 − 2R2 −2R2 cos θ 0 0

ˆ2π √ √ ˆ2π
θ θ=2π
 
θ 2 θ 2
= R 2 2R 2 sin dθ = 4R sin dθ = −8R cos dθ = 16R2 ,
2 2 2 θ=0
0 0

α 1 − cos α
where we used the trigonometric relation sin2 = , which can also be expressed as
√ √ 2 2
α
1 − cos α = 2 sin .
2
26 Compute the centroid of the hemisphere (surface) and the semi-ball (solid) of radius R.

Resolution: The hemisphere is defined as

S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , z ≥ 0 .


In order to compute the centroid of this surface we have to use the formula and the procedure from
vector calculus. By looking at the figure, we can say that x̄ and ȳ will be zero by symmetry, so we
only have to calculate the z̄ coordinate of the centroid:
ˆ ¨
zρ dS z (Ψ(θ, ϕ)) ρ (Ψ(θ, ϕ)) kΨθ ∧ Ψϕ k dθ dϕ
z̄ = ˆS = D ¨ ,
ρ dS ρ (Ψ(θ, ϕ)) kΨθ ∧ Ψϕ k dθ dϕ
S D

where Ψ(θ, ϕ) is the parameterization of S, that is, S = Ψ(D).

First, let us write the parameterization of the hemisphere in spherical coordinates and find its domain:

(x, y, z) = Ψ(θ, ϕ) = (R cos θ sin ϕ, R sin θ cos ϕ, R sin ϕ), (θ, ϕ) ∈ D,

where we need to find the domain D to have S = Ψ(D). As the figure gives a total turn in the xy
axis, θ goes from 0 to 2π, while it only gives a quarter of a turn in the zy axis, so ϕ goes from 0 to π2 :
n πo
D = 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ .
2
Then, let us compute k Ψθ ∧ Ψϕ k:

Ψθ = R cos ϕ(− sin θ, cos θ, 0), Ψϕ = R(− cos θ sin ϕ, − sin θ sin ϕ, cos ϕ)
Ψθ ∧ Ψϕ = R cos ϕ(cos θ cos ϕ, sin θ cos ϕ, sin ϕ), kΨθ ∧ Ψϕ k = R2 cos ϕ.
2

28
 Since there is no density given in the statement, we will assume ρ = 1, so we can apply the formula to
find z̄:
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ π
2
z(Ψ(θ, ϕ))ρ(Ψ(θ, ϕ)) k Ψθ ∧ Ψϕ k dθ dϕ R sin ϕ R2 cos ϕ dϕ dθ
z̄ = D ¨ = 0 ˆ 2π0
ˆ π
2
ρ(Ψ(θ, ϕ)) k Ψθ ∧ Ψϕ k dθ dϕ R2 cos ϕ dϕ dθ
D 0 0
ˆ 2π ˆ π
iϕ= π
2 h
sin2 ϕ
R3
2
dθ sin ϕ cos ϕ dϕ R3 2π
0 0
2 ϕ=0 R
3
π R
= = = = .
R2 2π[sin ϕ]ϕ=1
ϕ=0
2πR2 2
2π R
 2
 
R
Therefore the centroid of the hemisphere is 0, 0, .
2
The semi-ball of R3 is defined as

W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ R2 , z ≥ 0


In order to compute the centroid of this solid we have to use the formula and the procedure from triple
integrals. Like in the previous case, we can see by symmetry that x̄ and ȳ are 0, so we only have to
calculate z̄: ˚
ρz dx dy dz
W
z̄ = .
V (W )
Let us use the change T to spherical coordinates and specify the domain B where W = T (B):

(x, y, z) = T (r, θ, ϕ) = (r cos θ sin ϕ, r sin θ cos ϕ, r sin ϕ), (r, θ, ϕ) ∈ B, |det DT (r, θ, ϕ)| = r2 cos ϕ,

where n π o
B = 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ R .
2
We also need the volume of the semi-ball W . Since it is a half of a ball of radius R, we will use the
formula for the volume of a ball of radius R divided by 2: V (W ) = 32 πR3 . Since there is no density
given in the statement, we will assume that ρ = 1, so we can now apply the formula to find z̄:
˚ ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ R iϕ= π h 4 ir=R
2 h
sin2 ϕ
r sin ϕ r2 cos ϕ dr dϕ dθ
2 r
ρz dx dy dz 2π 4
W 0 0 0
2 ϕ=0 4 r=0 2π 1 R
z̄ = = 2 3
= 2 3
= 2 2 43 =
V (W ) 3 πR 3 πR 3 πR
6R4 π 3R
= = .
16 8
 
3R
Therefore the centroid of the semi-ball is 0, 0, .
8

27 Total charge of the lateral side of the cone with height h and radius R if the charge density is propor-
tional to the distance from its base, being k > 0 the constant.

Resolution: To calculate the total charge,

ˆ we have to integrate the charge density and so, we must
compute the following integral: Q = ρ dS.
S

29
 Firstly, we obtain the cone by turning, respect to the z axis,
the red line in the figure which is parameterized by
 
Rz
σ(z) = , 0, z , for 0 ≤ z ≤ h.
h

We see that the vertex of the cone is the origin, and its base
is on the top, i.e. the plane z = h. In this way, the charge
density is ρ = k(h − z).

The parameterization of the cone S is

 
Rz Rz
(x, y, z) = ϕ(θ, z) = cos θ, sin θ, z , (θ, z) ∈ D,
h h

where D is the rectangle

D = {(θ, z) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ z ≤ h} .
We proceed now to compute kϕθ ∧ ϕz k:
 
Rz R R
ϕθ = (− sin θ, cos θ, 0), ϕz = cos θ, sin θ, 1 ,
h h h

and hence
Rz Rz p 2
ϕθ ∧ ϕz =
(h cos θ, h sin θ, −R), kϕ θ ∧ ϕz k = h + R2 .
h2 h2
We finally have all the ingredients to compute the total charge:
ˆ ˆ ¨
Q= ρ dS = k (h − z) dS = k (h − z)kϕθ ∧ ϕz k dz dθ
S S D
ˆ 2π ˆ h ˆ h
√
Rz p kR p 2 πkRh R2 + h2
=k dθ · (h − z) 2 R2 + h2 dz = 2π 2 R2 + h2 (hz − z ) dz = .
0 0 h h 3
|0 {z }
=h3 /6

28 Total charge of the surface

n √ o
S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z 2 = x2 + y 2 + a2 , a ≤ z ≤ a 2

(piece of the hyperboloid of two sheets) if the charge density is e(x, y, z) = kz, with k > 0.

Resolution: Notice that a hyperboloid of two sheets is a surface of revolution. Therefore, we

will parameterize
√ it with cylindrical √coordinates. That is, r2 = x2 + y 2 . Then, S is given by
2 2
r = g(z) := z − a for a ≤ z ≤ a 2. So, S can be parameterized as S = ϕ(D) for ϕ(θ, z) =
√
(g(z) cos θ, g(z) sin θ, z), D = {(θ, z) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, a ≤ z ≤ a 2}.
We now compute ϕθ and ϕz in order to obtain the normal vector associated to this parameterization.

ϕθ = (−g(z) sin θ, g(z) cos θ, 0)>

ϕz = (g 0 (z) cos θ, g 0 (z) sin θ, 1)>

30
Now we compute ϕθ ∧ ϕz :
 
i j k g(z) cos θ
ϕθ ∧ ϕz = −g(z) sin θ g(z) cos θ 0 = g(z) sin θ 
g 0 (z) cos θ g 0 (z) sin θ
1 0 2 0 2
−g(z)g (z) sin θ − g(z)g (z) cos θ
   
g(z) cos θ cos θ
=  g(z) sin θ  = g(z)  sin θ  .
−g(z)g 0 (z) −g 0 (z)

Therefore, the normal vector is

q p
kϕθ ∧ ϕz k = g(z) cos2 θ + sin2 θ + (−g 0 (z))2 = g(z) 1 + (g 0 (z))2
s 2 p r
z2

p z
= z 2 − a2 · 1 + √ = z 2 − a2 · 1 + 2
z 2 − a2 z − a2
s
2−
(z a2

) · (z 2 − a2 + z 2 ) p 2
=  = 2z − a2 .
z 2−a2



We now have everything we need to compute the total charge surface, which is:
¨ ¨
Q(S) = e dS = e (ϕ(θ, z)) · kϕθ ∧ ϕz k dθ dz
S D
ˆ 2π ˆ √
a 2 p ˆ √
a 2 p
= dθ kz · 2z 2 − a2 dz = 2πk z· 2z 2 − a2 dz.
0 a a

We will separately solve the last integral for practical reasons.We will do so by doing a change of
variables.
ˆ  2 √
p
2 2 2z − a2 = u2 → u = 2z 2 − a2
2πk z · 2z − a dz =
4z dz = 2u du → z dz = u 2du
ˆ √ ˆ  3
2
u du 2 u
= 2
πk u · = πk u du = πk + C.
2
3
Now we undo the change of variable writing the final expressions in terms of z and thus obtining the
total charge of S.
√
 √ 3 z=a 2
ˆ √
a 2 p 2z 2 − a2
Q(S) = 2πk z · 2z 2 − a2 dz = πk 
 
3

a
z=a
 q 3 
√ √ 3  √ 3  √ 3 
 2 · (a 2)2 − a2 2 · a2 − a2  2 · 2a2 − a2 a2 
= πk  −  = πk  −
  
3 3 3 3

 

 √ 3 
" √ " √
3a2
# #
a3 a3 33 a3 √
 
3 3 3 1 3 1
= πk  −  = πk − = πka − 3−


= πka .
 
3 3 3 3 3
3 3

So, the total charge of the surface S is:

√ 
Q(S) = πka3 3 − 1/3 .

31
29 Let us consider the ellipsoid
S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 = 1}
oriented by its unit and outward-pointing normal vector N to the solid W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 /a2 +
y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 ≤ 1} enclosed by S = ∂W . Consider the function f : S → R+ given by f (p) =
dist(O, Tp S), where O = (0, 0, 0) is the origin and Tp S is the tangent plane to the ellipsoid in the
point p. ¨
(a) Compute f dS.
S
x2 y 2 z 2
 
(b) Prove that the normal component of the vector field F (x, y, z) = is FN := hF, Ni =
, ,
‹ a2 b2 c2
1/f . Compute the flux hF , dSi. Notice the symbol typically for the flux along the boundary S of a
S
closed solid W . ‹ x y z
(c) Compute the flux hG, dSi, where G(x, y, z) = zF (x, y, z), and F (x, y, z) = , , .
S a2 b2 c2

Resolution: (a) First, we will parameterize S = ψ(D) with an ellipsoidal parameterization

p = (x, y, z) = ψ(θ, ϕ) = (a cos θ cos ϕ, b sin θ cos ϕ, c sin ϕ)
where, as we are considering the whole ellipsoid, D = {(θ, ϕ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, −π/2 ≤ ϕ ≤ π/2}. For any
point p = ψ(θ, ϕ) ∈ S, we have the two independent tangent vectors:
ψ θ = (−a sin θ cos ϕ, b cos θ cos ϕ, 0)> ψ ϕ = (−a cos θ sin ϕ, −b sin θ sin ϕ, c cos ϕ)> ,
and the associated normal vector, which turns out to be outward-pointing:
bc cos2 ϕ cos θ
 
i j k
ψ θ ∧ ψ ϕ = −a sin θ cos ϕ b cos θ cos ϕ 0 = ac cos2 ϕ sin θ 
−a cos θ sin ϕ −b sin θ sin ϕ c cos ϕ ab cos ϕ sin ϕ
cos θ cos ϕ a cos θ cos ϕ
   
 a   a2 
 sin θ cos ϕ   b sin θ cos ϕ 
   
= abc cos ϕ   = abc cos ϕ  .

 sin b   b2 
ϕ   c sin ϕ 
c c2
Therefore, the tangent plane Tp S for p = (x, y, z) = ψ(θ, ϕ) has as unit outward-pointing normal
ψθ ∧ ψϕ
vector N (p) := .
ψθ ∧ ψϕ

32
 Ellipsoid S and the tangent plane Tp S to S = ∂W in a point p ∈ S. The red line is the segment between the
origin and the closest point of Tp S. This segment has the direction of N (p) and length f (p) = |hN (p), pi|.

The distance between the origin and a point p of the surface can be expressed by |hN (p), pi|, where
N (p) is the unit normal vector to S at p, so that f (p) = |hN (p), pi|.
For p = (x, y, z) = ψ(θ, ϕ) we have f (ψ(θ, ϕ)) ψ θ ∧ ψ ϕ = ψ θ ∧ ψ ϕ , ψ , where
* ! +
a cos θ cos ϕ b sin θ cos ϕ c sin ϕ
ψθ ∧ ψϕ, ψ = abc cos ϕ , , , (a cos θ cos ϕ, b sin θ cos ϕ, c sin ϕ)
a2 b2 c2
!
a2 cos2 θ cos2 ϕ b2 sin2 θ cos2 ϕ c2 sin2 ϕ
= abc cos ϕ + +
a2 b2 c2
!
x2 y 2 z 2
= abc cos ϕ + + = abc cos ϕ,
a2 b2 c2

so that
f (ψ(θ, ϕ)) ψ θ ∧ ψ ϕ = abc cos ϕ.
We are now ready to compute the integral of f on S = ψ(D):
¨ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ π/2
f dS = f (ψ(θ, ϕ)) ψ θ ∧ ψ ϕ dϕ dθ = abc cos ϕ dϕ dθ
S D 0 −π/2
ˆ 2π ˆ π/2
ϕ=π/2
= abc dθ cos ϕ dϕ = 2πabc [sin ϕ]ϕ=−π/2 = 2πabc · 2 = 4πabc.
0 −π/2

(b)

The ellipsoid of Exercise 29(b) with p located at the North pole

For any point of the surface of the ellipsoid p = (x, y, z) ∈ S ⇐⇒ g(x, y, z) = 0 where g(x, y, z) =
x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 + z 2 /c2 − 1. According to the resolution of Exercise 20, ∇g(p) = 2(x/a2 , y/b2 , z/c2 ) =
2F (p) is a normal vector to S in p, moreover pointing outward. Therefore the outward-pointing
unitary normal vector is
∇g(p) F (p)
N (p) = = .
k∇g(p)k kF (p)k
It is easy to check that hF (p), pi = 1 for any p = (x, y, z) ∈ S. The distance from a point q to a plane
Π with unitary normal vector N passing though a point p is |hN , p − qi|. Therefore the distance from
the origin (q = 0) to the tangent plane Tp S to S in p is

|hF (p), pi| 1

f (p) = |hN (p), pi| = = .
kF (p)k kF (p)k

33
We can now compute FN :
hF (p), F (p)i kF (p)k2 1
FN = hF (p), N (p)i = = = kF (p)k = .
kF (p)k kF (p)k f (p)

To compute the flux we can use Gauss theorem

‹ ˚ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = h∇, F i dV
S W W

where the ellipsoid S is oriented by its unit and outward-pointing

  normal vector N and W is the solid
1 1 1 4π
enclosed by the ellipsoid S = ∂W . As h∇, F i = 2
+ 2 + 2 V (W ) = abc, we get
a b c 3
‹ ˚  ˚
1 1 1
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = + + dx dy dz
S a2 b2 c2
 W   W
1 1 1 1 1 1 4π
= 2
+ 2 + 2 V (W ) = 2
+ 2+ 2 · abc
a b c a b c 3
 
4π bc ac ab
= + + .
3 a b c

(c) First of all we compute G:

xz yz z 2
 
G(x, y, z) = , , = (P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)) ,
a2 b2 c2
with
xz yz z2
P = , Q = , R = .
a2 b2 c2
To apply Gauss theorem ˆ ˚
hG, dSi = div G dx dy dz
S+ W
we compute the divergence
 
∂P ∂Q ∂R z z 2z 1 1 2
div G = + + = 2 + 2 + 2 =z + +
∂x ∂y ∂z a b c a2 b2 c2
and make a change W = T (B) to adapted spherical coordinates
 π
− 2 ≤ φ ≤ π2 
  
x = ar cos φ cos θ
y = br cos φ sin θ , B : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , |det DT (r, θ, φ)| = abcr2 cos φ.
z = cr sin φ 0≤r≤1
   

We can now solve the integral:

˚ ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ 1  
2
2 1 1 2
div G dx dy dz = dθ dφ abcr cos φ · z + + dr
W 0 − π2 0 a2 b2 c2
  ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ 1
1 1 2 2
= abc + + dθ cos φ sin φ dφ r2 dr
a2 b2 c2 0 π
−2 0
  ˆ π
1 1 2 2 1
= abc 2
+ 2+ 2
2π cos φ sin φ
a b c − π2 3
φ= π2
2 2π sin2 φ
  
1 1
= abc 2
+ 2+ = 0.
a b c2 3 2 φ=− π 2

34
 We could expect this result. As div G is odd in z and the solid W is symmetric with respect to z, it
is clear that the integral I of div G on W is zero. Indeed, under the change of variables (x, y, z) =
(u, v, −w) one can see that I = −I.

30 When a water tap is opened slowly, water flowing out from the opening becomes thinner as it flowed
down,and a water jet is formed, with a radius that decreases with the distance from the tap. Compute
the form of the water jet as a function of the initial radius r0 , the initial speed v0 and the gravity g,
assuming that the vertical component of the speed is constant in each horizontal section.

Resolution: To analyze this problem, we first have to take four considerations about the fluid,

– no viscosity: there is no friction inside it;

– stationary: the velocity at a given point is constant with respect to time;
– incompressible: the density remains constant;
– irrotational: there cannot be whirlpools, there are not angular movement with respect any point.

Under these assumptions, we can continue our analysis. The first step is to know the continuity
equation which is synthesized in the following formula, where v1 is the fluid velocity in a point with a
section S1 , and v2 is the velocity in a point S2 :

v1 · S1 = v2 · S2 .

We denote v(h) the velocity at distance h of the water tap, and S(h) = πr(h)2
the section, with r(h) being its radius. Denoting v0 = v(0) and r0 = r(0) their
initial values, the above equation implies that, for h ≥ 0,

v0 · r02 = v(h) · r(h)2 .

On the other hand, by the conservation of mechanical energy (at heights 0

and −h),
1 2 1
v = v(h)2 − gh,
2 0 2
where g is the gravity (we set zero potential energy at the initial point). Such
equations imply that
s
v2
r
v
q
0
v(h) = v02 + 2gh , r(h) = r0 = r0 4 2 0 ,
v(h) v0 + 2gh

and the expression for r(h) gives the shape of the water jet. Its boundary is
a surface of revolution around a vertical axis, whose radius at a given height h is
Water jet
given by the function r(h).
The following MATLAB code allows us to plot this surface of revolution. Che choose the initial radius
r0 = 5, the initial speed v0 = 2, the gravity g = 9.807, and the maximum height hmax = 15.

35
 r0=5; v0=2; g=9.807;
hmax=15;

Ntheta=20; thetav=linspace(0,2*pi,Ntheta+1);
Nh=50; hv=linspace(hmax,0,Nh+1);
[thetam,hm]=meshgrid(thetav,hv);

rm=r0*(v0^2./(v0^2+2*g*hm)).^(1/4);
xm=rm.*cos(thetam); ym=rm.*sin(thetam); zm=-hm;
surf(xm,ym,zm)
axis equal

31 Flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (x2 , −y 2 , z 2 ) through the following surfaces:
(a)The boundary of:
n p o
W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 3R2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ x2 + y 2 − R2 ,

oriented by an outward-pointing normal.

W on the (r, z) plane and on the (x, y, z) space with outward-pointing normal vectors for R = 1

(b) The octant of sphere:

S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , x, y, z ≥ 0 ,


oriented by an outward-pointing normal.

36
 First octant of the sphere W for R = 1 with outward-pointing normal N

n √ o
Resolution: (a) W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : r2 + z 2 ≤ 3R2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ r2 − R2 , where r2 = x2 + y 2 , so in
cylindrical coordinates (x, y, z) = T (r, θ, z) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, z), W = T (B) with
p
B = {(r, θ, z) : r2 + z 2 ≤ 3R2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ r2 − R2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}
= {(r, θ, z) : r2 + z 2 ≤ 3R2 , z 2 ≤ r2 − R2 , z ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π},

thus W is a solid of revolution around the z-axis, and its boundary consists of 3 parts: ∂W =
S1 ∪ S2 ∪ S3 , where these surfaces are defined by the equations
√
S0 = {z = 0, R ≤ r ≤ 3R},
p √ p √ √
S1 = {z = r2 − R2 , R ≤ r ≤ 2R}, S2 = {z = 3R2 − r2 , 2R ≤ r ≤ 3R},

or more precisely, they can be parameterized as

√
S0 = ϕ0 (D0 ), ϕ0 (r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, 0), D0 = {(r, θ) : R ≤ r ≤ 3R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π},
p √
S1 = ϕ1 (D1 ), ϕ1 (r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, r2 − R2 ), D1 = {(r, θ) : R ≤ r ≤ 2R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π},
p √ √
S2 = ϕ2 (D2 ), ϕ2 (r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, 3R2 − r2 ), D2 = {(r, θ) : 2R ≤ r ≤ 3R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

For a parameterization S = ϕ(D) with ϕ(r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, f (r)), D = {(r, θ) : rm ≤ r ≤ rM ,

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π} of a curve C given by z = f (r), the tangent vectors and the normal vector are given by
     0 
cos θ −r sin θ i j k −f (r) cos θ
ϕr =  sin θ  , ϕθ =  r cos θ  , ϕr ∧ ϕθ = cos θ sin θ f 0 (r) = r  −f 0 (r) sin θ  ,
0
f (r) 0 −r sin θ r cos θ 0 1

where ϕr ∧ ϕθ is always an upward-pointing vector, since its z-component is positive: r > 0.

37
As F (x, y, z) = (x2 , −y
2 , z 2 ), (F ◦ ϕ) (r, θ) = (r2 cos2 θ, −r2 sin2 θ, f (r)2 ) and hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i =
−r3 f 0 (r) cos3 θ − sin3 θ + rf (r)2 , so that the flux of F through S pointing outward S is given by
¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N ext dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i dr dθ
S S D
ˆ 2π  ˆ rM ˆ rM
3 3
3 0
=− dθ
 cos
  θ − sin θ r f (r) dr + 2π rf (r)2 dr
ˆ0  rm rm
rM
= 2π rf (r)2 dr,
rm
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
3
since cos θ dθ = sin3 θ dθ = 0
0 0
We now apply the formula above to the 3 surfaces S0 , S1 , S2 with outward-pointing normal vectors to
W : on S0 with downward-pointing normal vector (negative induced orientation), and on S1 and
S2 with upward-pointing normal vectors:
¨ ˆ √
3R
On S0 , hF , dSi = −2π r 02 dr = 0,
S0 R
¨ ˆ √
2R r=√2R
r4 2 2

π R r
r r2 − R 2
= R4 ,


on S1 , hF , dSi = 2π − dr = 2π
S1 R 4 2 r=R 2
√
¨ ˆ 3R
√
r= 3R
3R2 r2 r4
 
π
r 3R2 − r2 dr = 2π = R4 .


on S2 , hF , dSi = 2π √ − √
S2 2R 2 4 r= 2R 2

‹
Summing up, hF , dSi = πR4 .
∂W
Alternatively, we could use the parameterization S = ψ(D) with ψ(θ, z) = (g(z)√cos θ, g(z) sin θ, z) for
S = S1 or S√ = S2 with D = {(θ, z) : 0 ≤ z ≤ R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π} and r = g(z) = R2 + z 2 on S1 , with
r = g(z) = 3R2 − z 2 on S2 . Then the tangent vectors and the normal vector are given by
   0   
−g(z) sin θ g (z) cos θ i j k cos θ
ψ θ =  g(z) cos θ, ψ z =  g 0 (z) sin θ , ψ θ ∧ ψ z = −g(z) sin θ g(z) cos θ 0 =g(z)  sin θ , (1)
0 1 g 0 (z) cos θ g 0 (z) sin θ 1 −g 0 (z)

where now ψ θ ∧ ψ z is an outward-pointing vector if g(z)g 0 (z) < 0, and an inward-pointing vector if
g(z)g 0 (z) > 0.

z z
On S1 , g 0 (z) = √ = , so g 0 (z)g(z) = z on S1 ,
+zR2
2 g(z)
z z
on S2 , g 0 (z) = √ =− , so g 0 (z)g(z) = −z on S2 .
2
3R − z 2 g(z)

Therefore ψ θ ∧ ψ z points inward in S1 and outward in S2 ,

(F ◦ ψ) (θ, z) = (g(z)2 cos2 θ, −g(z)2 sin2 θ, z 2 ),

hF ◦ ψ, ψ θ ∧ ψ z i = g(z)3 cos3 θ − sin3 θ − z 2 g(z)g 0 (z)

38
and
¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N ext dSi = − hF ◦ ψ, ψ r ∧ ψ θ i dr dθ
S1 S1 D
ˆ 2π  ˆ ˆ !
3
R R
0
3 3 2

=− dθ
cos θ − sin θ g(z) dz − 2π z g(z)g (z) dz
0 0 0
ˆ R ˆ R
2 0 R4 πR4
= 2π z g(z)g (z) dz = 2π z 3 dz = 2π = ,
0 0 4 2

whereas
¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N ext dSi = hF ◦ ψ, ψ r ∧ ψ θ i dr dθ
S2 S2 D
ˆ 2π ˆ ˆ R
3
R
= dθ
 cos
 3
θ − sin θ g(z)3
dz − 2π z 2 g(z)g 0 (z) dz
0 0 0
ˆ R ˆ R 4
πR
= −2π z 2 g(z)g 0 (z) dz = 2π z 3 dz = .
0 0 2

On S0 we cannot apply this parameterization r = g(z) since¨ z ≡ 0, but ¨ directly F (x, y, 0) =

2 2 >
(x , −y , 0), N ext = (0, 0, −1) , so that FN = hF , N ext i = 0 and hF , dSi = hF , N ext i dS = 0.
S0 S0
‹
Summing up again, hF , dSi = πR4 .
∂W
(b)We use a parameterization S = ψ(D) based on spherical coordinates taking ρ = R with (x, y, z) =
ψ(θ, φ) = (R cos φ cos θ, R cos φ sin θ, R sin φ) and D = {(θ, φ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/2} for the
octant of the sphere. The tangent vectors and the normal vector are given by
   
−R cos φ sin θ −R sin φ cos θ
ψ θ =  R cos φ cos θ , ψ φ =  −R sin φ sin θ  , ψ θ ∧ ψ φ = R2 |cos φ| = R2 cos φ,
0 R cos φ

with ψ θ ∧ ψ φ pointing outward the sphere since

 
i j k cos φ cos θ
ψ θ ∧ ψ φ = −R cos φ sin θ R cos φ cos θ 0 = R2 cos φ  cos φ sin θ  .
−R sin φ cos θ −R sin φ sin θ R cos φ sin φ

As F (x, y, z) = (x2 , −y 2 , z 2 ), (F ◦ ψ)(θ, φ) = R2 cos2 φ cos2 θ, − cos2 φ sin2 θ, sin2 φ . We have all the

ingredients to compute the flux of the vector field F through the surfaces S oriented by an outward-
pointing normal:
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ψ, ψ θ ∧ ψ φ i dθ dφ
S D¨

= R4 cos4 φ cos3 θ − cos4 φ sin3 θ + cos φ sin3 φ dθ dφ

D
ˆ π/2
 ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2
4 3 3


=R  θ − sin θ dθ
cos
 cos4 φ dφ + dθ sin3 φ cos φ dφ
0 0 0 0
4 φ=π/2
πR4

π sin φ
= R4 = ,
2 4 φ=0 8

39
 where we have used that
ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2 θ=π/2
sin3 θ

3 2
cos θ dθ = (1 − sin θ) cos θ dθ = sin θ − = 2/3.
0 0 3 θ=0
ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2
Analogously, sin3 θ dθ = 2/3 so that cos3 θ − sin3 θ dθ = 0.
0 0
Alternatively,
p we could use the cartesian parameterization ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y)), where z = f (x, y) =
R2 − x2 − y 2 , and D = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ R2 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} chosen such that S = ϕ(D). The
−x x
associated normal vector is ϕx ∧ ϕy = (−fx , −fy , 1)> , where fx = p = − , and fy =
2
R −x −y 2 2 f
y
− , which is a vertical vector and therefore points outward the sphere. Recalling that F (x, y, z) =
f
(x2 , −y 2 , z 2 ), we can compute again the flux of F through the piece S of the sphere oriented by an
outward-pointing normal vector as
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕx ∧ ϕy i dx dy
S ¨ D

−x2 fx + y 2 fy + f 2 dx dy


=
D
¨ ¨
x3 −y
3  πR4
=  dx dy + f 2 dx dy = ,
D f D 8
where
¨  ˆ π/2 ˆ R
x3 − y 3 r4 dr

x = r cos θ 3 3


dx dy = = cos θ − sin θ dθ √ = 0,
y = r sin θ

D f 0
 0 R2 − r 2
and
¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ R r=R
π R2 r 2 r 4 π R4 R4 πR4
  
2 2 2


f dx dy = dθ R −r r dr = − = − = .
D 0 0 2 2 4 r=0 2 2 4 8

32 Flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (2x, −y, 0) through the surface
S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = R2 , x, y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ h


(a quarter of cylinder) oriented by its outward-pointing normal.

Surface and corresponding vectors

40
 Resolution: We use a parameterization S = ϕ(D) based on cylindrical coordinates, in which r = R,
and: ϕ(θ) = (R cos θ, R sin θ, z). The domain is: D = {(θ, z) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ z ≤ h}, since x and
y are positive, and the maximum height is h for the quarter of the cylinder. The tangent vectors are
given by the respective partial derivatives as follows:
   
−R sin θ 0
ϕθ = R cos θ ,
  ϕ z = 0 ,

0 1

We have to take into account that the normal vector points outward the sphere since the cross product
indicates a positive direction in the first quadrant:

ϕθ ∧ ϕz = (R cos θ, R sin θ, 0)

Now that we have all the necessary information, we can proceed to integrate the field using our
parameterization. If we develop the calculations:
¨ ¨ ˆ π/2 ˆ h
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕθ ∧ ϕz i dz dθ = h(2R cos θ, −R sin θ, 0), (R cos θ, R sin θ, 0)i dz dθ
S D 0 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ h ˆ π/2  h
2 2 2 2
= 2R cos θ − R sin θ dz dθ = 2R cos θ − R sin θ · z dθ
0 0 0 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ  π/2   
2 2 1 1 2 1 21
=h 2R cos θ − R sin θ dθ = h 2R + cos 2θ − R − cos 2θ dθ
0 0 2 2 2 2
ˆ π/2 2 ˆ π/2
3R2 hR2 π/2 hR2 R2 hπ

R 3
=h + cos 2θ dθ = 1 + 3 cos 2θ dθ = θ + sin 2θ dθ = .
0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 4

33 Flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) through the surface

S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z = h(x2 + y 2 )/R2 , z ≤ h ,



(piece of the elliptic paraboloid) oriented by its interior normal.

Resolution: We use  a parameterization S = ϕ(D) based on cylindrical parameters with ϕ(r, θ) =

2

r
r cos θ, r sin θ, h 2 and D = {(r, θ) : 0 ≤ r ≤ R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π} for the elliptic paraboloid.
R
   
cos θ −r sin θ
ϕr =  sin θ  , ϕθ =  r cos θ  ,
h
R2
2r 0

−2r2 Rh2 cos θ

 
i j k
h
ϕr ∧ ϕθ = cos θ sin θ R2
2r =  −2r2 Rh2 sin θ  .
−r sin θ r cos θ 0 r
Also
4
 
2 2 2 2 2 r
F ◦ ϕ(r, θ) = r cos θ, r sin θ, h 4 .
R

41
 Therefore:
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i dr dθ
S D
¨ 2
h h 5h
= 2r4 cos3 θ
+ 2r 4
sin3
θ − r dr dθ
D R2 R2 R4
¨  ¨  ¨
4  3 h

4  3 h h2
=  2rcos θ 2 +  2rsin θ 2 − r5 4 dr dθ
D R D R D R
ˆR R
h2 h2 r6
 
= 2π r5 4 dr dθ = 2π 4
R R 6 0
0
πR2 h2
= .
3

34 Flux of the vector field r(x, y, z) = (x, y, z) through the portion S of the hyperbolic paraboloid z =
h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 , cut by the plains x = 0, x = L and z = 0, oriented in the point O = (0, 0, 0) by the
vector k = (0, 0, 1).

Resolution: First, S is the piece of the hyperbolic paraboloid z = h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 , cut by the plains
x = 0, x = L and z = 0. So, if we plot the hyperboloid (which will be plotted lately), this means that

S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z = h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ L, z ≥ 0}.

Imposing z ≥ 0 is equivalent to impose x2 − y 2 ≥ 0 (we assume that h and L are positive) or,
equivalently y 2 ≤ x2 or −x ≤ y ≤ x, so we can write

S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z = h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ L, −x ≤ y ≤ x} = ϕ(D),

where ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y) := h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 is a Cartesian parameterization of S, defined on

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ L, −x ≤ y ≤ x .


We do a plot of the hyperbolic paraboloid in order to be easier to understand the problem.

Hyperbolic paraboloid and surface S

By equation
     
1 0 i j k −fx q
ϕx = 0  ,
 ϕy = 1  ,
 ϕx ∧ ϕy = 1 0 fx = −fy  , ϕx ∧ ϕy = 1 + fx2 + fy2 ,
fx fy 0 1 fy 1

42
 we know that the associated normal vector to this parameterization is ϕx ∧ ϕy = (−fx , −fy , 1)> =
 >
2hx 2hy
− 2 , 2 , 1 , which is an upward-pointing normal vector, and for (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) coincides
L L
with the normal vector provided in the statement of the problem for the orientation of S, which is
(0, 0, 1).
We are given the vector field r(x, y, z) = (x, y, z), so that writing z = f (x, y) = h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 , we
have that hr ◦ ϕ, ϕx ∧ ϕy i = −f (x, y), and finally after some computations we get the result for the
flux:
¨ ¨ ¨ ˆ L ˆ x
h
hr, dSi = hr ◦ ϕ, ϕx ∧ ϕy i dS = − f (x, y) dx dy = − 2 dx x2 − y 2 dy
S D D L 0 −x
ˆ L 3  4 L 4 2
h 4x h x hL hL
=− 2 dx = − 2 =− 2 =− .
L 0 3 L 3 0 3L 3

To check this result, we could also use Gauss’ theorem, adding two flat covers S0 = {(x, y, z) : 0 ≤ x ≤
L, −x ≤ y ≤ x, z = 0}, with outward-pointing normal vector N 0 = (0, 0, 1)> and SL = (x, y, z) : x =
L, −L ≤ y ≤ L, z = f (x, y)}, with outward-pointing normal vector (1, 0, 0)> , and area A(SL ) = 4hL/3,
which enclose a solid

W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 ≤ x ≤ L, −x ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ z ≤ h(x2 − y 2 )/L2 },

with volume V (W ) = hL2 /3, such that ∂W = S ∪ S0 ∪ SL . Gauss’s theorem gives

˚ ‹ ¨ ¨ ¨
div r dx dy dz = hr, dSi = hr, dSi + hr, dSi + hr, dSi.
W ∂W + S+ S0+ +
SL
˚
On the one hand, as div r = 3, div r dx dy dz = 3V (W ) = hL2 . On the other hand, rN =
¨ W ¨
hr, N 0 i = 0 on S0 so that hr, dSi = 0, and rN = hr, N L i = L on SL so that hr, dSi =
+ +
¨ ¨ S 0 SL
2
hr, N L dSi = hr, N L i dS = LA(SL ) = L · 4hL/3 = 4hL /3. Putting all this together,
+ +
SL SL
¨ ˚ ¨ ¨
4hL2 hL2
hr, dSi = div r dx dy dz − hr, dSi − hr, dSi = hL2 − 0 − =− .
S+ W S0+ +
SL 3 3

35 Flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (2x2 , 3y 2 , z 2 ) through the boundary of the following solid of revo-
lution: n p p o
W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 2R2 − x2 − y 2 ,
oriented by its outward-pointing normal.

Resolution: W in cylindrical coordinates takes the form

p
B = {(r, θ, z) : r2 ≤ z 2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ 2R2 − r2 } = B1 ∪ B2

with B1 = {(r, θ, z) : r ≤ z/, z ≤ R}, cone of base a√circle of radius R and height R, and B2 =
{(r, θ, z) : z 2 + r2 ≤ 2R2 , z ≥ R}, hemisphere of radius 2R.
p p
Let S1 = {(x, y, z) : z = x2 + y 2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ R2 }, S2 = {(x, y, z) : z = 2R2 − x2 − y 2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ R2 }.
On S1 we use a cylindrical parameterization S1 = ϕ(D1 ), with ϕ(θ, z) = (g(z) cos θ, g(z) sin θ, z) and
g(z) = z, g 0 (z) = 1 on the domain D1 = {(θ, z) : 0 ≤ z ≤ R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}. The associated normal vector

43
 is ψ θ ∧ ψ z = g(z)(cos θ, sin θ, −g 0 (z))> = z(cos θ, sin θ, −1)> (see the resolution of Exercise 31(a)),
which points outward W along S1 , since has a negative z-component. Therefore the flux of F through
S1 oriented by an outward-pointing normal vector is
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕθ ∧ ϕz i dθ dz
S−1 D1
¨
2g(z)3 cos3 θ + 3g(z)3 sin3 θ − zg(z)g 0 (z) dθ dz


=
D−1
ˆ 2π  ˆ R ˆ 2π ˆ R
33
3
= 2cos
 θ+3 sin θ dθ z dz − dθ z 3 dz
0 0 0 0

πR4
=− ,
2
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
3
since cos θ dθ = sin3 θ dθ = 0
0 0
√
On S2 we also use a cylindrical parameterization S2 = ϕ(D2 ), with g(z) = 2R2 − z 2 , g 0 (z) =
−z z √
√ =− on the domain D2 = {(θ, z) : R ≤ z ≤ 2R, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}. The associated normal
2R2 − z 2 g(z)
vector is ψ θ ∧ ψ z = (g(z) cos θ, g(z) sin θ, z)> , which also points outward W along S2 , since has a
positive z-component. Therefore the flux of F through S2 oriented by an outward-pointing normal
vector is
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕθ ∧ ϕz i dθ dz
S2 D2
¨
2g(z)3 cos3 θ + 3g(z)3 sin3 θ + z 3 dθ dz


=
D2
ˆ 2π  ˆ √2R ˆ √2R
3

3 3
= 2cos
θ+ 3 sin θ dθ
 g(z) dz + z 3 dz
0 R R

ˆ
√
2R
2π
3πR4
= z 3 dz = 4R4 − R4 = .
R 4 2
‹
3πR4 πR4
Summing up, hF , dSi = − = πR4 .
∂W 2 2

The integral theorems II

36 Given the vector field F (x, y, z) = (4xz, −y 2 , yz), compute its flux through the boundary of the unit
cube W = [0, 1]3 oriented by its outward-pointing normal.

Resolution: The cube W has 6 different faces, so the direct computation of the flux of F through
∂W involves the computation of 6 integral surfaces. Instead, we are going to apply Gauss’ theorem to

44
 compute one single triple integral using that div F = Px + Qy + Rz = 4z − 2y + y = 4z − y
‹ ˚ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = (4z − y) dx dy dz
S+ W W
ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1
= dx dy 4z dz − dx y dy dz = 4z dz − y dy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 2
y=1
 2 z=1
 y 1 3
= 2z z=0
− =2− = .
2 y=0 2 2

37 Let F be a central force without singularities, so F = h(r)r, where r(x, y, z) = (x, y, z), r2 (x, y, z) =
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) and h(r) is a function of class C 1 in the interval [0, ∞). SR is the sphere with
¨ radius R
centered in the origen and oriented by its outward-pointing normal. Compute the exit flux hF , dSi:
SR
(a) Integrating the normal component of the vector field over the sphere.
(b) Applying Gauss’ theorem. Compare the result with Gauss’ Law.

Resolution: (a) First of all, notice that a sphere of radius R centered in the origin has the following
equation: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 and that in the statement of the problem we are given that r2 (x, y, z) =
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ). Hence, on the sphere we have that r2 = R2 .
Then, we use a parameterization SR = ψ(D) based on spherical coordinates with (x, y, z) = ψ(θ, φ) =
(R cos φ cos θ, R cos φ sin θ, R sin φ) and D = {(θ, φ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, −π/2 ≤ φ ≤ π/2}. The tangent
vectors and the normal vector are given by
   
−R cos φ sin θ −R sin φ cos θ
ψ θ =  R cos φ cos θ , ψ φ =  −R sin φ sin θ  , ψ θ ∧ ψ φ = R2 |cos φ| = R2 cos φ,
0 R cos φ

with ψ θ ∧ ψ φ pointing outward the sphere since

 2
R cos2 φ cos θ
  
i j k cos φ cos θ
ψ θ ∧ ψ φ = −R cos φ sin θ R cos φ cos θ 0 =  R2 cos φ sin θ  = R2 cos φ  cos φ sin θ  .
−R sin φ cos θ −R sin φ sin θ R cos φ R2 cos φ sin φ sin φ

As F (x, y, z) = h(r)r(x, y, z), (F ◦ ψ)(θ, φ) = h(R)(R cos φ cos θ, R cos φ sin θ, R sin φ). We now have
all the necessary data to compute the flux of the central force F through the surface SR oriented by

45
its outward-pointing normal:
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ψ, ψ θ ∧ ψ φ i dθ dφ
SR D
¨
R3 cos3 φ cos2 θ + R3 cos3 φ sin2 θ + R3 sin2 φ cos φ dθ dφ


= h(R)
D
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2π
3
cos3 φ(cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + sin2 φ cos φ dθ dφ


= h(R)R
−π/2 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2π
= h(R)R3 cos3 φ + sin2 φ cos φ dθ dφ


−π/2 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2π
= h(R)R3 cos φ(cos2 φ + sin2 φ) dθ dφ


−π/2 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ 2π
= h(R)R3 (cos φ) dθ dφ
−π/2 0
ˆ π/2 ˆ π/2
= h(R)R3 (cos φ) [θ]θ=2π
θ=0 dφ = 2πh(R)R
3
(cos φ) dφ
−π/2 −π/2
π/2
= 2πh(R)R3 [sin φ]−π/2 = 2πh(R)R3 (1 − (−1) = 4πh(R)R3 .

¨
Therefore the exit flux hF , dSi = 4πh(R)R3 .
SR
(b) We must apply Gauss’ theorem on the solid W = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 }. Gauss’ theorem
tells us that: ˚ ¨
div F dx dy dz = hF , dSi
W SR

We must first find the divergence of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)),

∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂P d(h(r)x) dh dr dh 1 dh 1 2
= = · x + h(r) · 1 = p · 2x · x + h(r) = · x + h(r).
∂x dx dr dx dr 2 x + y + z
2 2 2 dr r
Similarly,
∂Q dh 1 2 ∂R dh 1 2
= · y + h(r), = · z + h(r).
∂y dr r ∂z dr r
Therefore, the divergence is
dh 1 2 dh 1 2
div F = 3h(r) + (x + y 2 + z 2 ) = 3h(r) + r = 3h(r) + h0 (r)r
dr r dr r
Knowing that the sphere is oriented by its outward-pointing normal we can compute
¨ ˚ ˚ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = 3h(r) dx dy dz + h0 (r)r dx dy dz.
SR W W W

To solve the triple integral we can use spherical coordinates. Let’s take B such that T (B) = W :
 
−π π
B = (r, θ, ρ) : 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, ≤ρ≤ , 0≤r≤R .
2 2

46
 Then
¨ ˚ ˚
hF , dSi = 3 2
h(r)r cos ρ dr dρ dθ + h0 (r)r3 cos ρ dr dρ dθ
SR
B B
ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ R ˆ 2π ˆ π ˆ R
2 2
= dθ cos ρ dρ h(r)r dr + 2
dθ cos ρ dρ h0 (r)r3 dr
0 − π2 0 0 − π2 0
ˆ R ˆ R
= 12π h(r)r2 dr + 4π h0 (r)r3 dr,
0 0
(
u = h(r) du = h0 (r) dr,
and finally integrating by parts using 3
dv = r2 v = r3 ,
¨ " # R ˆ R ˆ R
r3 0 r3
hF , dSi = 12π − h(r)
h (r) dr + 4π h0 (r)r3 dr
SR 0 0 3 3 0
ˆ R  ˆ R 

3 0 3 0 
= 4πR h(R) − 4π h (r)r dr + 4πh
  (r)r3 dr
 0  0
3
= 4πR h(R).
¨
Therefore the solution to this exercise is that hF , dSi = 4πR3 h(R). One can also check the
SR
solution calculating the flow directly through sphere, to obtain the same result.
Additionally, if we compare the result with Gauss’ law we can see that the flux (using, for instance,
r
the expression for the electric field E = 3 can be computed with an integral over the surfaces of the
ˆ   rˆ
r 1 1
sphere which gives 3
, dS = 2 dS = 2 4πR2 = 4π. It is important to note that in this
SR r R R
example there is a singularity at r = 0, and to treat it properly you have to take out a small ball of
radius , apply Gauss’ theorem with two boundaries, and take a limit when  tends to zero.
The important information to know is that this result is a generalization of the one we have found
using Gauss’ theorem. Furthermore, Gauss’ theorem can be applied to spheres centered at the origin
whereas Gauss’ law is valid for any sphere.

38 Compute the flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (4x, −2y 2 , z 2 ) through the cylinder

S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3


oriented by its outward-pointing normal. [ Hint: In this problem and from now on, you can cover the
surface in order to be able to apply Gauss’ theorem.]

Resolution: Notice that S is a cylinder of equation x2 + y 2 = 4 bounded by 0 ≤ z ≤ 3. So, apart

from the cylinder we are going to add 2 horizontal flat covers S0 and S3 , where the subindex refer to
the value of z at the covers. This solid will be called W :

W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3


and its boundary ∂W will consist on 3 pieces, ∂W = S ∪ S0 ∪ S3 .

47
 Solid W of Exercise 38

As we have to apply Gauss’ theorem, first of all we are going to recall it:
‹ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz,
S+ W

where S + means that we must use a normal vector pointing outward W . First, we calculate the
triple integral. Since the vector field is F (x, y, z) = (4x, −2y 2 , z 2 ), div F = 4 − 4y + 2z. Since W
is the interior of a cylinder, we are going to parameterize W with cylindrical coordinates. Notice
that W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : r2 = 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 , where r2 = x2 + y 2 , so in cylindrical coordinates
(x, y, z) = T (r, θ, z) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, z), we have W = T (B) with

B = {(r, θ, z) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

We now calculate the divergence integral:

˚ ˆ2π ˆ3 ˆ2 ˆ2π ˆ3 ˆ2
div F dx dy dz = dθ dz r (4 − 4r sin θ + 2z) dr = 2 dθ dz 2r − 2r2 sin θ + rz dr
W
0 0 0 0 0 0
ˆ2π ˆ2 r=2 ˆ2π ˆ3
2r3 sin θ r2 z

16
=2 dθ r2 − + dz = 2 dθ 4− sin θ + 2z dz
3 2 r=0 3
0 0 0 0

ˆ2π  z=3 ˆ2π ˆ2π 


16 
=2 4z − sin θ z + z 2 dθ = 2 21 dθ − 16sin
 θ dθ = 84π.
3 z=0
0 0 0 

Now, it is time to calculate the flux through the covers.

48
 Notice the unitary outward-pointing normal vector is N 0 = (0, 0, −1) in S0 and N 3 = (0, 0, 1) in S3 .
So, this makes very easy and short the computation of the flux through these covers, because, in S3 ,
FN = hF , N i = z 2 = 9 and
¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N i dS = FN dS = 9A(S3 ) = 9 · π22 = 36π.
S3 S3 S3

And in S0 , FN = hF , N i = 0 so
¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N i dS = FN dS = 0.
S0 S0 S0

Finally,
‹ ˚ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz − hF , dSi − hF , dSi = 84π − 0 − 36π = 48π.
S+ W S0 S3

We are asked about the flux through the lateral surface S of the cylinder oriented by its outward-
pointing normal, and to apply the Gauss’ theorem, we also use S oriented by its outward-pointing
normal, so we don’t have to change sign.
Therefore, the flux of F through the whole boundary ∂W = S ∪ S0 ∪ S3 is 48π.

39 Compute the flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (−x, 0, x + z) through the piece of the sphere given
by S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + (y − 5)2 + (z − 5)2 = 25, y ≤ 9, z ≥ 1 oriented by the normal vector
N (x, y, z) = (x, y − 5, z − 5).

Sphere S without covers of Exercise 39

Resolution: We first notice that S is the sphere with center (0, 5, 5) and radius 5 without two caps.
We will apply Gauss’ theorem on a solid W , which states that the integral of a vector field over a
solid W is equal to the flux of the vector field through its closed boundary surface ∂W . So we have to
compute one single triple integral using div F = Px + Qy + Rz = −1 + 0 + 1 = 0, so that
‹ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = 0.
∂W + W

49
 We take W as the interior of S:

W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + (y − 5)2 + (z − 5)2 ≤ 25, y ≤ 9, z ≥ 1 ,



and its boundary ∂W consists of S plus two flat disks S1 and S9 of radius 3 and thus area 9π:

S1 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + (y − 5)2 + (z − 5)2 ≤ 25, y ≤ 9, z = 1 = (x, y, 1) : x2 + (y − 5)2 ≤ 9 ,

 

S9 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + (y − 5)2 + (z − 5)2 ≤ 25, y = 9, z ≤ 1 = (x, 9, z) : x2 + (z − 5)2 ≤ 9 .

 

So we get ‹ ‹ ¨ ¨
0= hF , dSi = hF , dSi + hF , dSi + hF , dSi.
∂W + S+ S1+ S9+

As what we want is the flux of the field on S:

‹ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = − hF , dSi − hF , dSi.
S+ S1+ S9+

In order to compute the flux through the flat covers Sj , j = 1, 9,

¨ ¨ ¨
+
hF , dSi = hF , N j dSi = hF , N +
j i dS,
Sj+ S1+ S1

we may specify the unit outward-pointing normal vectors to W . They are N + +

9 = (0, 1, 0) and N 1 =
(0, 0, −1) (notice that S1 is in the lower part of W ). Recalling that F (x, y, z) = (−x, 0, x + z), we have
thus hF , N + +
9 i = 0 on S9 and hF , N 1 i = −x − z = −x − 1 on S1 . Therefore
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , N +
9 i dS = 0,
S9+ S1
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨

hF , dSi = hF , N +
1 i dS = −x − 1 dS = − x dx dy −
 dx dy = −A(S1 ) = −9π,
S1+ S1 S1   S1 S1

where the first integral is zero because x is an odd function integrated on the symmetric disk S1 .
Finally ‹
hF , dSi = −(−9π) − 0 = 9π,
S+
and we only have to check that the sign is correct, that is, that the normal vector N (x, y, z) =
(x, y −5, z −5) of the statement is an outward-pointing vector to W . As the equation of S is g(x, y, z) =
0, with g(x, y, z) := x2 + (y − 5)2 + (z − 5)2 − 25, we first recall that any vector proportional to
∇g(x, y, z) = 2(x, y − 5, z − 5) is a normal vector vector to S (see Exercise 20), as is the case of
N (x, y, z) = (x, y − 5, z − 5), which clearly points out of the origin and threfore outward W . For
instance for p = (5, 5, 5) ∈ S, N (p) = (5, 0, 0) points in the increasing direction of the x axis.

40 Let us consider the piece of the ellipsoid given by

S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + 2y 2 /3 + z 2 = 1, y ≤ 1, z ≤ 2/3 .


˛
(a) Compute the circulation z dx + y dy − x dz for C = S ∩ {y = 1} oriented by the tangent vector
C
T (x, 1, z) = (−z, 0, x).
¨
(b) Compute the flux dz dx orienting S in a compatible way with (a).
S

50
 Domain W = S ∪ S1 ∪ S2/3 of Exercise 40

Resolution:
√
(a) The curve C = {(x, y, z) : x2 + z 2 = 1/3, y = 1} is a circle of radius 1/ 3 centered
 at the origin

of the plane {y = 1} that we parameterize as C = σ(I), with (x, y, z) = σ(t) = √3 cos t, 1, √13 sin t
1

and
 I = [0, 2π]. To check its orientation, we compute its tangent vector (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = σ 0 (t) =
− √13 sin t, 0, √13 cos t = (−z, 0, x) = T (x, 1, z), so C with these parameterization is oriented as
we were asked for. We now can proceed directly to compute the circulation of the vector field
F (x, y, z) = (z, y, −x) along C:
˛ ˆ ˆ 2π
0 0 0 2π
z dx + y dy − x dz = zx + y y − xz dt = − (z 2 + x2 ) dt = − .
C I 0 | {z } 3
1/3

√
Alternatively,
√ we could apply Green’s theorem to the disk S1 = {(x, y = 1, z) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1/ 3} of
radius 1 3 contained in the plane {y = 1} with the boundary C = ∂S1 oriented counter-clockwise
with respect to S1 , or in other words, leaving the region S1 on the left side, as is the case with the
parameterizationσ,and the vector field F (x, y, z) = (z, y, −x), taking into account that rot F =
i j k 0
∂x ∂y ∂z = 2: 
z y −x 0
‰ ˆ
2π
z dx − x dz = (−1 − 1) dx dz = −2A(D) = − .
C=∂S1 D 3

Even more, we can apply Stokes’ theorem to the surface S1 . For this, we have to orient S1 by the
unitary normal vector −N 1 = (0, −1, 0), since in this way its boundary curve C + = ∂S1 is oriented
by the vector −N 1 leaving S1 on the left side:
˛ ¨ ¨
2π
hF , d`i. = hrot F , dSi = hrot F , −N 1 i dS = −2A(S1 ) = − .
C+ S1+ S1+ 3
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
(b) By definition, if G = (P, Q, R), hG, dSi = P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy, so we are
S ¨ S ¨ S S
zu zv
given the vector field G = (0, 1, 0). (Recall that dz dx = du dv, if we parameterize
S D xu xv
S = ϕ(D) and ϕ(u, v) = (x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)).)
Take W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + 2y 2 /3 + z 2 ≤ 1, y ≤ 1, z ≤ 2/3 , W = S ∪ S1 ∪ S2/3 , where S2/3 =


{(x, y, z = 2/3) : x2 + 2y 2 /3 ≤ 5/9} is a domain enclosed by an ellipse in the plane z = 2/3, with

51
 unitary normal vectors N , N 1 = (0, 1, 0), N 2/3 = (0, 0, 1) pointing outward W . In particular, the
unitary normal vector N on S points also outward W , which is compatible with the orientation of C,
which is oriented leaving S on the left side. By Gauss’ theorem,
˚ ‹ ¨ ¨ ¨
0= div G dx dy dz = hG, dSi = hG, dSi + hG, dSi + hG, dSi,
W ∂W + S+ S1+ +
S2/3

and
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
1 1 1 π
hG, dSi = hrot F , dSi = hrot F , N 1 i dS = 2 dS = A(S1 ) = ,
+
S1 2 S + 2 S + 2 +
S1 3
¨ ¨ 1 ¨1
1 1
hG, dSi = hrot F , dSi = hrot F , N 2/3 i dS = 0.
+
S2/3 2 +
S2/3 2 S+
2/3
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
π
Therefore dz dx = hG, dSi = − hG, dSi − hG, dSi = − .
S S+ +
S1 S + 3
2/3

of the vector field F (x, y, z) = 2e−x y, e−x y 2 , 1 through the piece of the sphere given by S =


41 Flux
(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = z 4 , 1 ≤ z ≤ 2 oriented by the normal vector N (x, y, z) = (x −


2, y − 2, −2z 3 ).

Resolution:

Surface S of Exercise 41

We have to apply Gauss’ theorem on a solid W , that states that the integral of a vector field over a
solid W is equal to the flux of the vector field through its closed boundary surface. So we have to
compute one triple integral using div F = Px + Qy + Rz = −2e−x y + 2ye−x + 0 = 0:
‹ ˚
hF , dSi = div F dx dy dz = 0.
S+ W
In our case the solid will be the interior of the surface S:
W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ z 4 , 1 ≤ z ≤ 2 ,


and its boundary ∂W will consists on three pieces, the surface S and two flat covers S1 and S2 which
happen to be disks of radius 1 and 2, respectively:
S1 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ z 4 , z = 1 = (x, y, 1) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ 1 ,
 

S2 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ z 4 , z = 2 = (x, y, 2) ∈ R3 : (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 ≤ 4 .

 

52
 So we get ‹ ¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF , dSi + hF , dSi + hF , dSi = 0.
S+ S+ S1+ S2+

As what we want is the flux of the vector field on S:

¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = − hF , dSi − hF , dSi.
S+ S1+ S2+

The unit outward-pointing normal vector of S2 is N 2 = (0, 0, 1), and the outward-pointing normal
vector of S1 is N 1 = (0, 0, −1). The outward-pointing normal vector of S is indeed a downward-
pointing vector, by the figure, like the normal vector N given in the statement of the exercise.
Moreover, hF , dSi = hF , N 2 i dS = dS on S2 , and hF , dSi = hF , N 1 i dS = − dS on S1 . Therefore,
the flow through S2 is A(S2 ) = 16π and the flow through S1 is −A(S2 ) = −π. So we reach our final
solution
¨
hF , dSi = π − 16π = −15π.
S+

42 Flux of the vector field F (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 2) through the piece of elliptic paraboloid
S = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z = x2 + 4y 2 , z ≤ 3y 2 + 1


oriented by the normal vector with positive vertical component. [ Hint: You can add a non flat cover
to the surface.]

Resolution:

Surface S of Exercise 42

Notice that S is a piece of a parabolic cylinder of equation z = x2 + 4y 2 that is cut by a parabolic

cylinder of equation z = 3y 2 + 1, and satisfies x2 + 4y 2 ≤ 3y 2 + 1, or x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, so we can
write S = ϕ(D) for the cartesian parameterization ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y) = x2 + 4y 2 ) on the circle
D = {(x, y) : x2 +y 2 ≤ 1}. The associated normal vector is ϕx ∧ϕy = (−fx , −fy , 1)> = (−2x, −8y, 1)> ,
which has positive vertical component, so this parameterization provides the orientation for S that we
are asked. Therefore
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = hF ◦ ϕ, ϕx ∧ ϕy i dx dy
S ¨D ¨
= h(1, 0, 2), (−2x, −8y, 1)i dx dy = 2 −
2x
 dx dy = 2A(D) = 2π,
D D

53
 ˜
where we have used that D 2x dx dy = 0, because under the change (x, y) = (−u, v) the integrand
2x changes sign but the domain D remains the same.

Domain W closed by S and the cover Sc of Exercise 42

Alternatively, we can try to apply Gauss’ theorem on a solid W with a boundary ∂W containing S.
Thus we introduce W = {(x, y, z) : x2 + 4y 2 ≤ z ≤ 3y 2 + 1} whose boundary ∂W = S ∪ Sc contains S
and the “cover” surface Sc = {(x, y, z) : z = 3y 2 + 1, z ≥ x2 + 4y 2 } = ψ(D), for the parameterization
ψ(x, y) = (x, y, g(x, y) = 3y 2 + 1) on the same circle D = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}. The associated normal
vector is ψ x ∧ψ y = (−gx , −gy , 1)> = (0, −6y, 1)> , which has positive vertical component and therefore
points outward W .
On the other hand, our previous parameterization ϕ of S points now inward W . So if we call ∂W + =
S + ∪ Sc+ the boundary of W oriented by the outward-pointing normal vector to W , the orientation of
S + is just opposite to the orientation of S, and thus
¨ ¨
hF , dSi = − hF , dSi.
S S+

We now apply Gauss’ theorem on W . Since the vector field F (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 2) is solenoid, that is,
div F = 0, the flux of F through the whole boundary ∂W = S ∪ Sc will be zero, so the flux of F
entering W through S will be equal to the flux of F exiting W through Sc :
˚ ‹ ¨ ¨
0= div F dx dy dz = hF , dSi = hF , dSi + hF , dSi
W ∂W + S+ Sc+

Then
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
hF , dSi = − hF , dSi = hF , dSi = h(1, 0, 2), (0 − 6y, 1)i dx dy = 2A(D) = 2π.
S S+ Sc+ D
˛
43 Compute the circulation −y 2 dx + z dy + x dz where C is the triangle obtained when intersecting
C
the plane 2x + 2y + z = 6 with the three axis of coordinates, oriented by the unit normal vector
N (x, y, z) = (2/3, 2/3, 1/3).

Resolution: The curve C has 3 different pieces, so the direct computation of the circulation of the
vector field F (x, y, z) = (−y 2 , z, x) along C involves the computation of 3 line integrals. Instead, we
are going to apply Stokes’ theorem to compute one single double integral:
˛ ˛ ¨
2
−y dx + z dy + x dz = hF , d`i = hrot F , dSi,
C+ ∂S + S+

54
  
i j k −1
where rot F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −1, and S = {(x, y, z) : z = f (x, y) = 6 − 2x − 2y, (x, y) ∈ D},
−y 2 z x 2y
where D = {(x, y) : x + y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}. Parameterizing S = ϕ(D) with the cartesian param-
eterization ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, f (x, y) on D, the associated normal vector ϕx ∧ ϕy = (−fx , −fy , 1)> =
√
(2, 2, 1)> = 9N is oriented like N . Therefore
˛ ¨ ˆ 3 ˆ 3−x
2
−y dx + z dy + x dz = h(−1, −1, 2y), (2, 2, 1)i dx dy = dx 2y − 4 dy
C+ S+ 0 0
ˆ 3 ˆ 3
 2 y=3−x
= dx y − 4y y=0 = (3 − x)2 − 4(3 − x) dx
0 0
ˆ 3 x=3
x3

2 2
= x − 2x − 3 dx = − x − 3x = 9 − 9 − 9 = −9.
0 3 x=0

Consider the piecewise regular surface S = S1 ∪ S2 ⊂ R3 defined by

S1 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1},

S2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 1, z ≥ 1},

oriented by the outward-pointing 2
¨ normal. Given the vector field F (x, y, z) = (x + xz + yz , y +
xyz 3 , x2 z 4 ), compute the flux hrot F , dSi.
S

44 Consider the piecewise regular surface S = S1 ∪ S2 ⊂ R3 defined by

S1 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1},

S2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 1, z ≥ 1},

oriented by the outward-pointing 2
3 2 4
˜ normal. Given the vector field F (x, y, z) = (x + xz + yz , y +
xyz , x z ), compute the flux S hrot F , dSi.

Resolution: First of all, we plot the surface S. We know that S1 is the surface of a cylinder and that
S2 is the surface of a sphere. Considering their domains, the piecewise regular surface S = S1 ∪ S2
looks like this:

Surface S of Exercise 44

55
 ˜
As we are asked to compute the flux S hrot F , dSi given the vector field F (x, y, z) = (x + xz +
yz 2 , y + xyz 3 , x2 z 4 ), we will use Stokes’ theorem
¨ ˛
hrot F , dSi = hF , d`i,
S+ C+

and so we need to compute the circulation of F along a counter-clockwise oriented curve C + which
corresponds to the boundary of S. This curve is defined by C = ∂S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 = 1, z =
0}. The parameterization of C = ∂S is

(x, y, z) = σ(θ) = (cos θ, sin θ, 0), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π,

and therefore
σ 0 (θ) = (− sin θ, cos θ, 0),
F (σ(θ)) = (cos θ, sin θ, 0).
We then need to check that our parameterization σ is actually oriented counter-clockwise. To do so
we take the point
σ(0) = (cos 0, sin 0, 0) = (1, 0, 0),
and see how the vector
σ 0 (0) = (− sin 0, cos 0, 0) = (0, 1, 0),
is oriented. As we can see in the picture below, C is indeed oriented counter-clockwise (C + ).

Surface S of Exercise 44 viewed from below with a tangent vector T = σ 0 (t) of the boundary C = ∂S

Finally, by Stokes’ theorem:

¨ ˛ ˆ b ˆ 2π
0
hrot F , dSi = hF , d`i = hF (σ(θ)), σ (θ)i dθ = h(cos θ, sin θ, 0), (− sin θ, cos θ, 0)i dθ =
S+ C+ a 0
ˆ 2π
= (− sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ) dθ = 0.
0

Alternatively, we could have also realized that we did not need to compute the parameterization of C,
as the vector field on C is F = (x, y, 0). Consequently, the circulation to be computed is
˛ ˛
hF , d`i = x dx + y dy = 0,
C+ C+

as x2 + y 2 = 1 on C implies x dx + y dy = 0.

56
45 Verify the Stokes’ theorem with the vector field F (x, y, z) = (2z, x, y 2 ) and the piece of the circular
paraboloid
S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : z = 4 − x2 − y 2 , z ≥ 0}
oriented so that the boundary C = ∂S is traveled counter-clockwise.

Resolution: Stokes’ theorem states that

˛ ¨
hF , d`i = hrot F , dSi,
∂S + S+

so, in order to verify it we need to compute both sides of the equality and see if they yield the same
result. Before computing any integrals, let’s represent the exercise graphically.

Graph for Exercise 45

We see that we have a circular paraboloid going downwards on the z axis which is cut by the plane
z = 0. We are going to study the part of the paraboloid over this plane. Also a normal vector is
plotted on it, which should be upward-pointing, that later on we will see why it is useful.
Let’s start with the left part of the equation:
˛ ˛ ˆ b
hF , d`i = hF , d`i = hF (σ(θ)), σ 0 (θ)i dθ,
∂S + C+ a

where C = ∂S = σ([a, b]) is parameterized counter-clockwise by σ, according to the statement of the

exercise.
In this case it is easy to use a cylindrical parameterization of the paraboloid S: x = r cos θ, y =
r sin θ, z = 4 − x2 − y 2 = 4 − r2 , or (x, y, z) = ψ(r, θ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, 4 − r2 ). If we compute the
intersection of the paraboloid and the plane, we get r = 2 for the boundary C = ∂S, which happens
to be a circle of radius 2:

C = σ([0, 2π]), σ(θ) = (2 cos θ, 2 sin θ, 0).

Now we proceed to calculate the scalar product between F evaluated at this parameterization and the
derivative of σ(θ).

F (σ(θ)) = (0, 2 cos θ, 4 sin2 θ), σ 0 (θ) = (−2 sin θ, 2 cos θ, 0), hF (σ(θ)), σ 0 (θ)i = 4 cos2 θ.

57
 Finally we compute the first integral.
˛ ˆ ˆ  θ=2π  !
2π 2π
sin(2θ) θ=2π

2 1 + cos (2θ) θ
hF , d`i = 4 cos θ dθ = 4 dθ = 4 + = 4π.
C+ 0 0 2 2 θ=0 4 θ=0

Now we have to compute the other part of the equation of the Stokes theorem and see if it yields the
same result. To do that, first we compute the curl of F

i j k
rot F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (2y, 2, 1).
2z x y 2

Secondly, we use a cartesian parameterization for S = ϕ(D) and we get the associated normal vector
ϕx ∧ ϕy

ϕ(x, y) = (x, y, 4 − x2 − y 2 ), (x, y) ∈ D = {(x, y) : (x2 + y 2 ≤ 4}

i j k
ϕx = (1, 0, −2x), ϕy = (0, 1, −2y), ϕx ∧ ϕy = 1 0 −2x = (2x, 2y, 1),
0 1 −2y

and therefore the vector surface element is upward-pointing:

dS = ϕx ∧ ϕy dx dy = (2x, 2y, 1) dx dy.

Before doing any more calculations we should make sure that the parameterization ϕ of our surface S
is consistent with the orientation given by C. To do that, we evaluate it at a random point, for example
for x = 0 and y = 0 we have dS = (0, 0, 1) dx dy, which is an upward-pointing vector and therefore
a vector pointing out of the paraboloid as seen in the figure, so we know that our normal vector is
consistent with C, which is traveled counter-clockwise. Let’s keep on going with the calculations then.

hrot F , dSi = h(2y, 2, 1), (2x, 2y, 1)i dx dy = 4xy + 4y + 1 dx dy.

To make the last integration on the disk D easier, we will change to polar coordinates.
¨ ¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2
hrot F , dSi = 4xy + 4y + 1 dx dy = (4r2 cos θ sin θ + 4r sin θ + 1) r dθ dr.
S+ D 0 0

We can compute this integral as the sum of three different ones. But before doing that, notice that
by symmetry of the cos and the sin integrated between 0 and 2π, the two first integrals will be zero.
Therefore, we have a very simple integral to compute
¨ ˆ 2π ˆ 2
hrot F , dSi = r dr dθ = 4π.
S+ 0 0

We have verified then Stokes’ theorem.

 
 2 2 1 1 1
47 (a) For the surface S = (x, y, z) : z = x + y , z ≤ 1, x, y ≥ 0 oriented at the point , , by
√ 2 2 2
the vector N = (1, 1, −1)/ 3, compute the flux of the vector field F = (1, 0, 0) through S, applying
Stokes’ theorem. [ Hint: Use that a constant vector field F = v admits as a potential vector field the
linear vector field G = 12 v ∧ r.]
(b) Compute the flux of the vector field F = (1, 0, 0) through S, applying Gauss’ theorem.
(c) Compute the flux of the vector field F = (1, 0, 0) through S, just using the definition of flux.

58
Resolution: (a) Let us state Stokes’ theorem for a vector field G
¨ ˛
hrot G, dSi = hG, d`i.
S+ ∂S +

where S ⊂ R3 is a surface oriented by a unit normal vector N , and its boundary ∂S is oriented by
the vector N leaving S on the left side.

Surface S and its oriented boundary of Exercise 47(a)

As F = (1, 0, 0) is constant, using the hint for v = (1, 0, 0), the vector field G given by

i j k
1 1 1 1
G = v ∧ r = (1, 0, 0) ∧ (x, y, z) = 1 0 0 = (0, −z, y) ,
2 2 2 2
x y z

satisfies
i j k
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
rot G = ∇ ∧ G = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (1, 0, 0) = F .
2
0 −z y
In accordance to that, now we have by Stokes’ Theorem:
¨ ¨ ˛ ˛ ˛
1 1
hF , dSi = hrot G, dSi = hG, d`i = −z dy + y dz = y dz − z dy.
S+ S+ ∂S + 2 ∂S + 2 ∂S +

The boundary ∂S has three different curves, so that ∂S = C1 ∪ C2 ∪ C3 , with

n πo
C1 = (x, y, z) : z = x2 + y 2 , z = 1, x, y ≥ 0 = (x, y, z) = σ 1 (θ) = (cos θ, sin θ, 1), 0 ≤ θ ≤

,
2
C2 = (x, y, z) : z = x2 + y 2 , z ≤ 1, x = 0, y ≥ 0 = (x, y, z) = σ 2 (y) = (0, y, y 2 ), 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 ,
 

C3 = (x, y, z) : z = x2 + y 2 , z ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y = 0 = (x, y, z) = σ 3 (x) = (x, 0, x2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 .

 

ˆ ˆ
1
We now compute the circulations hG, d`i = y dz − z dy using the parameterizations σ j
Cj 2 σj
written above for j = 1, 2, 3, and later on we will study if they follow the correct orientation with

59
respect to the normal vector N of S.
ˆ ˆ π/2
1 1 1
y dz − z dy = − cos θ dθ = − , (because z = 1, y = cos θ, dy = cos θ dθ, dz = 0),
2 σ1 2 0 2
ˆ ˆ
1 1 π/2 2 1
y dz − z dy = 2y dy − y 2 dy = , (because z = y 2 , y = y, dy = dy, dz = 2y dy),
2 σ2 2 0 6
ˆ
1
y dz − z dy = 0, (because z = x2 , y = 0, dy = 0, dz = 2x dx).
2 σ3
√
Now we check the correct orientations for Stokes’ theorem. As the normal vector N = (1, 1, −1)/ 3
points down, we should have

ˆ the path C3 beginning at (0, 0, 0) and ending at (1, 0, 1) which agrees with σ 3 ,
ˆ the path C1 beginning at (1, 0, 1) and ending at (0, 1, 1) which disagrees with σ 1 ,
ˆ the path C2 beginning at (0, 1, 1) and ending at (0, 0, 0) which disagrees with σ 2 .

Therefore
¨ ˛
1
hF , dSi = y dz − z dy
S+ 2 ∂S +
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 1 1
= y dz − z dy + y dz − z dy + y dz − z dy
2 C1+ 2 C2+ 2 C3+
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 1 1
=− y dz − z dy − y dz − z dy + y dz − z dy
2 σ1 2 σ2 2 σ3
1 1 1
= − −0= .
2 6 3

(b) In order to apply Gauss’ theorem a closed surface is needed, it will be achieved by enclosing S
with the intersections of W and the x = 0 plane, the y = 0 plane and the z = 1 plane:

W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}.

The first flat cover S1 , as already mentioned, will close S with the intersection of W and the x = 0
plane. We introduce x = 0 in W :

S1 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1, x = 0, y ≥ 0}.

Its outward-pointing normal vector N1 and the normal component FN1 of the vector field F are,
respectively:
N1 = (−1, 0, 0),
FN1 = hF , N1 i = h(1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 0)i = −1.
The second flat cover S2 will close S with the intersection of W and the y = 0 plane:

S2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 ≤ z ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y = 0}.

Its outward-pointing normal vector N2 and the normal component FN2 of the vector field F are,
respectively:
N2 = (0, −1, 0),
FN2 = hF , N2 i = h(1, 0, 0), (0, −1, 0)i = 0.

60
The third, and last, flat cover will close S with the intersection of W and the z = 1 plane:

S3 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}.

Its outward-pointing normal vector N3 and the normal component FN3 of the vector field F are,
respectively:
N3 = (0, 0, 1),
FN3 = hF , N3 i = h(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)i = 0.

Flat covers S1 , S2 , S3 with their respective outward-pointing normal vectors

Applying Gauss’ Theorem:

‹ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ˚
hF , dSi = hF , dSi+ hF , dS1 i+ hF , dS2 i+ hF , dS3 i = div F dx dy dz.
∂W + S+ S1+ S2+ S3+ W

As div F = 0 and hF , dSi = FN dS:

¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
 
hF , dSi = − hF , dS1 i− 
hF , dS2 i− 
  hF , dS3 i = −
  −1 dS1 = A(S1 ).
S+ S1+  S2+  S3+ S1+

Hence, ¨ ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 1 1
2
hF , dSi = A(S1 ) = dy dz = 1 − y 2 dy = .
S+ 0 y2 0 3
We conclude that the flux going through the surface S oriented by the outward-pointing normal N is
2/3.
(c) We use the parameterization based on cylindrical coordinates S = ϕ(D) with ϕ(r, θ) =
(r cos θ, r sin θ, z = f (r)), f (r) = r2 which satisfies

−2r2 cos θ
     
cos θ −r sin θ i j k
ϕr =  sin θ  , ϕθ =  r cos θ  , ϕr ∧ ϕθ = cos θ sin θ 2r =  −2r2 sin θ  ,
2r 0 −r sin θ r cos θ 0 r

and we see that the normal vector associated to this parameterization ϕr ∧ ϕθ is always an upward-
pointing vector, since its z-component is positive: r > 0.

61
Surface S of Exercise 47(c) on the (r, z) plane and on the (x, y, z) space with outward-pointing normal vectors

As x, y ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 , n πo
D = (r, θ) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
2
The flux is given by ¨
hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i dr dθ,
D

where F ◦ ϕ = (1, 0, 0) and hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i = −2r2 cos θ. Then

¨ ˆ π ˆ 1 ˆ π
2
2
2 −2 cos θ 2
hF ◦ ϕ, ϕr ∧ ϕθ i dr dθ = −2r cos θ dr dθ = dθ = − .
D 0 0 0 3 3

Let’s check now the sign of the flux. Substituting ( 12 , 12 , 12 ) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, r2 ), we get r cos θ =
r sin θ = r2 = 12 , so that on this point the normal vector provided by the parameterization is
r
2 2 √ 1 3
ϕr ∧ ϕθ = (−2r cos θ, −2r sin θ, r) = (−r, −r, z) = − √ (1, 1, −1) = − N,
2 2
2
so we have to change the sign of the flux. The flux is .
3
Equivalently, we can notice that the given unitary normal vector N is a downward-pointing vector.
This already implies the change of sign after the computation of the flux.

62