Branch

09

LABORATORY MANUAL
A.C. CIRCUIT
(3330901)
SEMESTER: III
BRANCH: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (09)

Student Name: _____________________________

Enrollment No.:_______________ Semester: _____

DIvision:__________Batch:_________ Shift:______

Prepared By:
MR. KARTIK K PATEL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VPMP POLYTECHNIC
SECTOR-15, GANDHINAGAR
 Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. / Miss

___________________________________________ of
3rd Sem EE class, Enrollment No. _______________
has satisfactory completed his / her term work in
A.C.CIRCUIT for the term ending in
______________20 - 20

Date:

Signature of Head of the

Teacher Department
 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020

VPMP Polytechnic, Gandhinagar

Department of Electrical Engineering

Subject name & Code: A.C. CIRCUIT Term Date: - -20 to - - 20

Subject Code: 3330901 Enrollment No. :

Unit Sr. Page Grade
Date Name Of the Experiment D.O.S. Sign.
No No No. (Max. marks 10)

Use of CRO to measure peak

value, Time period, RMS value
1 1 and Frequency, Peak Factor,
Form Factor of Alternating
Quantity.
To Measure active power
2 through pure resistive circuit.
Measurement of inductance
3 and resistance of chock coil.
Measure voltage, current,
power and power factor for
4 RL series circuit to draw
relevant phasor diagram.
2
Measure voltage, current,
power and power factor for
5 RC series circuit to draw
relevant phasor diagram.
Measure voltage, current,
power and power factor for
6 RLC series circuit to draw
relevant phasor diagram.
Measure voltage, current,
power and power factor for
RLC parallel circuit to draw
3 7 relevant phasor diagram. By
using the Admittance
methods.
 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020
Measure voltage, current,
power and power factor for
8 RLC parallel circuit to draw
relevant phasor diagram. By
using the Vector methods.
Test voltage and current
4 9 relation for 3-phase star &
delta connections.
To Study about Power Factor
5 10 in A.C. Circuit.

Total Marks: Avg. marks Out of 10 :

𝟏𝟏𝟎

Sign: _____________

Name of Faculty: _______________

Date: _________________
 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020

EXPERIMENT NO.: 1 Date:

 AIM: Use of CRO to measure peak value, Time period, RMS value and
Frequency, Peak Factor, Form Factor of Alternating Quantity.
.
 PRIOR CONCEPTS:
 Average value, RMS value, frequency, Amplitude, phase, time period,
crest factor of an alternating quantity.
 Operation of cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

 NEW CONCEPTS:
 Proposition 1: Sinusoidal A.C. waveform:
• The graph between an alternating quantity (voltage or current) and time is called
waveform.
• In general the waveform of AC voltage or current is sinusoidal i.e. sine waveform
therefore such a voltage or current is called as sinusoidal AC.
 Concept Structure 1:

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 Proposition 2 : Time period and frequency:

• The number of cycles made per second by an alternating quantity is called its
frequency. It is denoted by f and measured in cycles/sec. or Hertz (Hz).
• Time taken in seconds by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is called time
period. It is denoted by T.

 EQUIPMET/MATERIALS REQUIRED:

SR. DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

1. C.R.O. DUAL TRACE 1 NO.

2. FUNCTION 1 NO.
GENERATOR

3. CONNECTING C.R.O. & FUNC. 2 NO.

PROBS GENR.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

 PROCEDURE :
1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram to observe the waveform of
voltage or current on C.R.O.
2. The sensitivities and time base of the CRO are adjusted such that the wave form
of current or voltage can be observed properly.
3. In between a and o the waveform of voltage can be seen and in between b and o
the wave form of current can be seen.
4. Measure the Time period and Peak value of sine waveform on C.R.O. and note
down the same.
5. Calculate frequency = 1/T Hz.
6. Calculate average value = 0.637 of peak value.
7. Calculate rms value = 0.707 of peak value.
8. Calculate form factor = rms value / average value.

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9. Calculate peak factor = max value / rms value.

10. Switch off the supply and disconnect the circuit.

 OBSERVATIONS :
1. Time period of A.C. waveform = T = …………………….divisions
2. Peak value of A.C. waveform = ………………….. Divisions

 CALCULATIONS :
1. Time period of A.C. = T = ( ………div X ……..Time/div) = ………..Sec.
2. Frequency
waveform of A.C. = f = 1/T = ………………..Hz or c/s
3. waveform
Peak value of A.C. = ( ………..div X …………. volts/div)
waveform = ……………….volts ( for voltage)
= ………………. Amps ( for current)
4. RMS value of A.C. = Peak value * 0.707 = …………….
waveform
5. Average value of A.C. = Peak value * 0.637 = …………….
waveform
6. Peak factor = = —————————— = —————————
—
7. Form factor = = —————————— = —————————
—
 RESULT :
The following values of sinusoidal A.C. waveform have been determined
1. Time period = …………. sec.
2. Frequency = ………….. Hz
3. Peak value = …………. V or ……………. A
4. Rms value = ………….. V or ……………. A
5. Peak factor = …………….
6. Form factor = …………….
 CONCLUSION :
Sinusoidal A.C. wave form of ………………… (voltage/current) have been
observed on C.R.O.

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 QUESTIONS:

1. State the meaning of A.C. and D.C. quantity.

2. State three advantages of A.C. over D.C.

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 2 Date:

 AIM: Measure Active Power through Pure Resistive Circuit.

 THEORY:
There Are Three Basic Parameters Of Electrical Circuits. They Are
Resistance, Inductance And Capacitance. Resistance Consumes The Electrical
Power.

Single Phase Supply Is Required For Home Appliances And Domestic

Wiring. Single Phase Power Is Measured With Wattmeter. Voltmeter Measures The
Voltage And Ammeter Measures The Current Through. Such These Three
Quantities Measured Routinely And Time To Time. By Varying The Resistance Of
The Circuit Such Quantities Varied.

By Performing This Practical, How Active Power Can Be Measured.

 EQUIPMET/MATERIALS REQUIRED:
SR. DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO. REQUIRED

1. Single phase variac 1A, 260V, 50Hz 1 no.

2. Pure resistive load 100w*15; 230v lamp 1 no.

bank

3. Ammeter 0-5A, M.I. type 1 no.

4. Voltmeter 0-250v, M.I. type 1 no.

5. Wattmeter 0-10a, 0-250v, 0-400w 1 no.

6. Connecting wires Flexible wire As required

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 PROCEDURE:

1. Check the switch is “off” position.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram as per shown in figure 1.
3. Keep the variac minimum position (i.e. zero position)
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Increase the voltage up to rated voltage of load with the help of variac.
6. Switch on the lamp load switch (i.e. lamp)
7. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading into the observation table.
8. Repeat the steps 5 to 6 for more lamps.
9. Switch “off” the supply.

 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Take P.F. as unity (i.e. cosΦ=1) because load is pure resistive.

Power of Calculated
Sr. Voltage across Current through
circuit power
no load VL volt circuit IL amp
W watt P=VI cosΦ

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 CALCULATIONS:
1. Active power consumed by load P= VI cosΦ
= VI (cosΦ=1; load is pure resistive)

= ________*_______

= ………………….watt

2.

3.

4.

5.

 CONCLUSION:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

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 QUESTIONS:

1. What happens on ammeter when load is increased?

2. If the load is increases, what will be observation of wattmeter?

3. State equation for the power consumed by resistance.

4. State equation for voltage and current flow in resistance.

5. What is the unit of resistance?

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6. What do you mean by power factor?

……………………

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 3 Date:

 AIM: Measurement of inductance and resistance of chock coil.

 OBJECTIVE:
After completing this experiment, you will be able to:

1) Connect the circuit as per diagram.

2) Measure voltage and current of circuit
3) Draw vector dig. From the readings observed.
4) Measure the value of inductance and resistance of choke coil.

 EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL REQUIRED:

QUANTITY
SR. NO. EQUIPMENT SPECIATION
REQUIRED

1 Ammeter 0-10 Amp M.I. 1no.

2 Voltmeter 0-300 V M.I. 3nos.

3 Lamp Load 1kw 1no.

4 Choke coil 230V variable 1no.

5 Variac 1-phase,0-260v 1no.

 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In practical in electrical engineering in many occasions, it is required to know
resistance and inductance of a coil. Hence, this will be very important exercise where
you will be able to know the method of finding of inductance and resistance of a coil.
Ratio of inductance to resistance is decide the factor for the quality of any coil Hence
by this exp. You will be able to decide the quality of the choke coil.

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 PRECAUTION:-
1) Before connecting, the circuits see that supply is off.

2) Before switching ON the supply see that switches of lamp load is OFF.

3) Once circuit is switched ON, do not touch any metal parts or live wire in the circuit.

4) Proper range of the instrument is required to be selected before switching on the

supply.

 PROCEDURE :-
1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Connect ammeter in series & V-meter across supply.
3) Switch “ON” the supply.
4) Take the Reading of Different meters, like ammeter and V-meter keeping the
fixed position of chock coil and varying the lamp load.
5) Lamp load can be varying by switching on different number of switches one
after another.
6) Note down about 5 different reading.
7) Tabulate the reading.
8) Switch “OFF” the supply. Disconnect the circuit.
9) calculate the r and L of chock coil.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

 OBSERVATION TABLE :-
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
CURRENT VOLTAGE ACROSS
SR NO VOLTAGE ACROSS R
(I) AMP L VL VOLTS
VS VOLTS VR VOLTS

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 COMPUTATION TABLE :-

Resistance R Resistance of
𝑿𝑳 = BC / I L= 𝑿𝑳 / 𝟐𝝅𝒇
SR NO. of lamp board coil r
Ω Henry
𝑽𝑹 / I Ω AC / I Ω
1
2
3
4
5

 CONCLUSION:-
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

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 SIMPLE RELATED QUESTIONS:

1. If D.C voltage is applied to the circuit witch parameter of coil will you get?

2. If lamp load is removed from the circuit and a.c. voltage is applied which parameter of coil you
will get?

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 4 Date:

 AIM: Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RL series
circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram.

 OBJECTIVE:
After performing this experiment one should be able to:
 Define current, power, power factor & inductance
 Measure the power factor of R-L series circuit.

 APPARATUS:

SR. DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO. REQUIRED

1. Single phase variac 1A, 260V, 50Hz 1 no.

2. resistive load 40w*15; 230v lamp 1 no.

bank

3. Choke Coil 10A, 250v, Variable 1 no.

4. Ammeter 0-10A, M.I. type 1 no.

5. Voltmeter 0-250v, M.I. type 3 no.

6. Wattmeter 0-10a, 0-250v, 0-400w 1 no.

7. Connecting wires Flexible wire As required


 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE :
The power consumed by a transformer or any rotating electrical machine
unless loaded is sub-statically less as these circuit are highly inductive. This call for
proper selection and use of the various meters of different ranges to be used
during the measurement of various parameters of any circuit. It should be noted that
choke coil is not absolutely a pure inductance as the coil has a little amount of

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resistance. After performing this experience you will be able to know which types
of load have unity power factor and lagging power factor also.

 RATIONALE :-

Before performing this experiment you should be aware with the properties
and characteristics of resistor and inductor against A.C. Applied across them. In R-L
series circuit the sum of voltage drop across them is not equal to the total voltage
applied across them, but it will be the vector sum of individual voltage drop. The
current is in same phase with voltage in case of resistor where as in case of
inductor, current lags by voltage by an angle Φ. The total power consumed in R-L
series circuit is also depends upon this lagging angle i.e. P = V.I. CosΦ.

Let, I=Current in the circuit

Vs=Supply Voltage
VR=Voltage drop across the resistance (Lamp bank)
VLr=Voltage drop across the inductance (chock coil)
 A.C:
“A.C. means alternating current - the current or voltage that alternates its direction and
magnitude every time.”
 Inductance:
“It is a property of the coil due to which it opposes any increase or decrease of current or
flux through it is known as INDUCTANCE. It is measured in Henry and denoted by L.”
 Inductive Reactance:
“The effective opposition offered to current by inductance is called is called inductive
reactance. It is denoted by XL and is equal to 2πfL.”

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 Impedance:
“Total opposition offered by a series ac circuit containing resistance, inductance and
capacitance is called impedance. In R-L circuit voltage is dropped across coil (ahead of I
by 90o).” Impedance also has the units of Ohms, Ω's

 Circuit Diagram:

 PRECUATIONS :
1) Before connecting the circuit see that the main switch is OFF.
2) Please observe safety precautions as you are working on “LIVE
LINE”.
3) Before disconnecting the circuit see that the main switch is OFF.

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 PROCEDURE:
 As shown in the circuit diagram, connect different equipments and
meters.
 Then, keeping all the lamps OFF, give the supply to the circuit. You will notice
that the ammeter does not show any reading meaning that the circuit is open
because of the OFF position of lamps.
 Now, connect the Resistance of the circuit by switching ON any one switch of the
lamp bank. You will notice that the current is flowing through this circuit. Note
down different meter readings into the observation table. Again, switch ON one
more switch of the Lamp bank.
 Record the values of V, I, VR, VL.
 You will observe that the current has increased. Note down this second set of
readings. Repeat this process for five times & note down five different sets of
observations.
 Switch OFF supply after completion of the experiment.
 Measure resistance of inductor “r” separately.
 Draw the phasor diagram.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE:
Resistance of inductor = r = ……….
SR CIRCUIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VOLTAGE WATTMETER
CURRENT VOLTAGE ACROSS R ACROSS L READING
NO.
I AMP. VS VOLTS VR VOLTS VL VOLTS W WATTS

 SAMPLE CALCULATION :

(a) R=VR/I =_________________ ohm.

(b) XL=VL/I= ____________________ ohm.

(c) Z, impedance = Vs / I = _________________ ohm.

(d) Power factor cosΦ =R / Z = _____________

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(e) Inductance of coil, L = XL/2πf =_______________Henry. (Where f=50Hz)

 COMPUTATION TABLE:

TOTAL
POWER
SR R=VR/I XL=VL/I Z=VS/I L=XL/2πf
COSΦ=R/Z W=VSI
NO. ohm ohm ohm Henry COSФ

 CONCLUSION :
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

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Answer the following Questions:

1. If an A.C. circuit contains a pure inductance then what is the phase Difference betn
the current & applied voltage?

2. What do you mean by lagging power factor, leading power factor & Unity power
factor.

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 5 Date:

 AIM: Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RC series
circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram.

 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
After performing this experiment one should be able to:

 Define power factor & Capacitance.

 Measure the power factor of R-C series circuit.

 APPARATUS:

SR. DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO. REQUIRED

1. Single phase variac 1A, 260V, 50Hz 1 no.

2. resistive load 40w*15; 230v lamp 1 no.

bank

3. Capacitor bank 500 μf , 250v 1 no.

4. Ammeter 0-10A, M.I. type 1 no.

5. Voltmeter 0-250v, M.I. type 3 no.

6. Wattmeter 0-10a, 0-250v, 0-400w 1 no.

7. Connecting wires Flexible wire As required



 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In various electrical circuits, the time constant is an important value that is required to be
known the speed at which the circuit will work. This experience will help in appreciating
this phenomenon.

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 RATIONALE:
The figure shows the Resistance (Lamp bank) and Capacitor (Capacitance)
connected in series across an AC supply voltage of 230 V. Because of the Capacitance, the
current in this circuit will be leading ahead the voltage by 90° in an ideal case. But the
capacitor has its own inherent resistance; the current will not be leading by exact 90° but
somewhat less. The Capacitance and power factor of the circuit can be found out
graphically as explained below.
Let,
I = Current in the circuit
Vs = Supply Voltage
VR = Voltage drop across the resistance (lamp bank)
Vcr = Voltage drop across the Capacitor

 From the above vector diagram, it is found that the perpendicular BF

represents pure capacitive drop across the capacitor and is equal to IXC,
while segment AF represents the pure resistive drop due to the inherent
resistance ‘r’ of the capacitor

 Dividing IXC by the circuit current (or load current) I, we get the value of
the capacitive reactance XC.
 From the equation XC = 1 / (2πfC), the capacitance value can be
found by considering the frequency to be 50 hertz.

 Angle BOA represents the power factor angle ø. Cosine of the angle gives
the power factor of the circuit.

 Capacitive reactance:
“The effective opposition offered to current by capacitance is called Capacitive
Reactance. It is measured in Ohms and is denoted by XC”
Where C is the capacitance and XC = 1/2πfC
In R-C circuit voltage drop across the capacitor lags the current by 90°.

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 Capacitance:
“The property of a capacitor to store charges or electricity is called capacitance”

 Impedance:
“Total opposition offered by a series ac circuit containing resistance, inductance and
capacitance is called impedance. Z denotes it.”

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

 PRECUATIONS :

1. Before connecting the circuit see that the main switch is OFF.
2. Please observe safety precautions as you are working on “LIVE LINE”.
3. Before disconnecting the circuit see that the main switch is OFF.

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 PROCEDURE:

 As shown in the circuit diagram, connect different equipments and

meters.

 Then, keeping all the lamps OFF, give the supply to the circuit. You
will notice that the ammeter does not show any reading meaning
that the circuit is open because of the OFF position of lamps.

 Now, connect the Resistance of the circuit by switching ON any one

switch of the lamp bank. You will notice that the current is flowing
through this circuit. Note down different meter readings into the
observation table.

 Again, switch ON one more switch of the Lamp bank. You will observe that the
current has increased. Note down this second set of readings. Repeat this process
for five times & note down five different sets of observations.

 Switch OFF supply after the completion of the experiment.

 OBSERVATION TABLE:
SR CIRCUIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE VOLTAGE WATTMETER
CURRENT VOLTAGE ACROSS R ACROSS C READING
NO.
I AMP. VS VOLTS VR VOLTS Vc VOLTS W WATTS

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 SAMPLE CALCULATION :
(a) R=VR/I =_________________ ohm.

(b) Xc=Vc/I =___________________ ohm.

(c) Z, impedance = Vs / I=__________________ ohm.

(d) Power factor cosΦ =R / Z =________________ .

(e) C =1 / 2πf Xc =________________farad (Where f=50Hz)

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 COMPUTATION TABLE:

TOTAL
POWER
SR R=VR/I Xc=Vc/I Z=VS/I C=1/2πf Xc
COSΦ=R/Z W=VSI
NO. ohm ohm ohm farad COSФ

 CONCLUSION :
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Define Power factor of A.C. circuit & what is the importance of Power factor?

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2. What is the phase relation between voltage & current if an A.C Circuit contains a
pure capacitance only?

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 6 Date:

 AIM: Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC series
circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram.

 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
After performing this experiment one should be able to:

 Define the power factor.

 Draw the vector diagram of R-L-C series circuit.
 The nature of p.f. of the circuit depends on the value of net reactance in the circuit
i.e. X= (XL~XC)
 If the value of XL is more, circuit is inductive and p.f. lags;
 If the value of XC is more, the circuit becomes capacitive and p.f. leads .

 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE :
The response of electric circuits to sinusoidal excitation is of great
importance as all the electrical energy generated today is in the form of
sinusoidal ( alternating current ) wave form even a non sinusoidal periodic
waveform can be represented as series of sinusoidal.
We consider the case of an a.c voltage source across a series R-L-C
circuit. The current taken as the reference phase. The applied voltage

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required to overcome the drop across the resistor is in phase with the current
and it ties along the current phasor. The voltage across an inductance must
lead the current by 90 c and the voltage across a capacitance must lag the
current by 90 c. after performing this experience you will be able to know
the change in power and power factor by changing R and L .
 RATIONALE :
You have performed 3rd experiment about power consumed in R.L.
Circuit. So you are aware with the characteristics and properties of resistor
and inductor. Before performing this experiment, you should have the
additional knowledge about the characteristic of capacitor. Current leads the
voltage by 90 c in case of capacitor. The remaining theoretical background
remains the same as if you have studied before.
Power factor can be obtained from the voltage vector diagram of the
circuit as follow:
Let, I = Current in the circuit.
Vs = Supply Voltage.

VR= Voltage drop across Resistance in Phase with current I.

VL= Voltage drop across Inductance leading current I by 90° (approx).

Vc= Voltage drop across Capacitance lagging current I by90° (approx).

VRL=Voltage drop across Resistance & Inductance.

 EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED:


SR. EQUIPMENT / SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
NO. APPERATUS REQUIRED
1 Lamp board 10 lamps, 100w 1 No.

2 Choke coil 0-10a. variable inductance 1 No.

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3 capacitor 4KVAR/400V A.C .50 Hz. 1 No

4 Voltmeters 0-250 – 500v M.I.TYPE 4 No.

5 Ammeter 0-10 M.I type 1 No.

6 Watt meter 0-400 watt 1 No.

7 Variac 1 –Φ , 10a, 260 volts variable 1 No.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 PROCEDURE:
 As shown in the circuit diagram, connect different equipments and
meters.
 Then, keeping all the lamps OFF, give the supply to the circuit. You
will notice that the ammeter does not show any reading meaning
that the circuit is open because of the OFF position of lamps.
 Now, connect the Resistance of the circuit by switching ON any one switch of the
lamp bank. You will notice that the current is flowing through this circuit. Note
down different meter readings into the observation table.
 Again, switch ON one more switch of the Lamp bank. You will observe that the
current has increased. Note down this second set Of headings. Repeat this process
for five times & note down five different sets of observations.
 Switch OFF supply after completion of the experiment.

 OBSERVATION:

r - Internal Resistance of Coil =-----ohm.

SR SUPPLY CIRCUIT VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE WATTMETE
VOLTAGE CURRENT ACROSS R ACROSS ACROSS C R READING
NO. VL VOLTS
VS VOLTS I AMP. VR VOLTS Vc VOLTS P WATTS

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 CALCULATION:
Draw the vector diagram for each reading & calculation.

 SAMPLE CALCULATION :
(a) R=VR/I =_________________ ohm.

(b) XL=VL/I= ohm.

(c) XC=VC / I = ohm.

(d) Z, impedance = Vs / I= ohm.

(e) Power factor cosΦ =R / Z = .

(f) Inductance of coil, L = XL/2πf = .Henry. (Where f=50Hz)

(g) C =1 / 2πf Xc = farad (Where f=50Hz).

(h) TOTAL POWER P=VSI COSФ = watt.

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 COMPUTATION TABLE:

SR TOTAL
R=VR/I XL=VL / I XC=VC / I Z=VS/I L=XL/2πf C=1/2πf Xc
COSΦ=R/Z POWER
ohm ohm ohm ohm Henry farad
NO. W=VSI COSФ

 CONCLUSION:
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………..

 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:

1. What is the importance of “R” in the series circuit?

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2. Draw phasor diagram for R-L-C series circuit for XL > XC

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020

EXPERIMENT NO.: 7 Date:

 AIM: Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RL

Parallel circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram.
 OBJECTIVES :
After completing this you will be able to

1. Calculate the branch currents and total currents in a.c. parallel circuit,

2. Compare the measured values of the branch currents and total current with

the calculated values.

 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE :
An alternating current circuit comprises of resistance, inductance and capacitance. It
may be a series circuit or parallel circuit. As alternating system is widely used, you must be
able to solve the parallel circuit comprising of R, L, C and their combinations.

 THEORY :
An a.c. parallel circuit comprises of two or more than two branches in parallel. Each
branch comprises of resistance inductance or capacitance or their combination. Each
branch takes current which depends upon the components. An a.c. parallel circuit can be
solved by :

1. Vector or phasor method.

2. Admittance method.

3. Complex algebra method.

In vector method, vector diagram is drawn. Then horizontal and vertical components are
taken and the total current is found. For example in the vector diagram shown in Figure;
horizontal component, X = I cosΦ = I1 cos¢1 + I2 cos¢2 and vertical component,

Y = I sin¢ = I1 sin¢1 + I2 sin¢2

I=√X+Y , ¢ = tan-

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In this experiment we will use this vector method to solve the circuit.

 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :

Sr. No. Equipment Specifications Quality

1. Resistors Tubular 26Ω , 5.2 A 1 No.

52 Ω, 5.2 A 1 No.

2. Inductor 0.3 H, 10 A 1 No.

3. Capacitor 40 μF, 400 V 1 No.

4. Ammeter M.I. 0 - 5 A 2 No.

M.I. 0 - 10 A 1 No.

5. Voltmeter M.I. 0 - 300 V 1 No.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 PRECAUTIONS :

1. Ensure that the main switch is off while making connections and disconnecting the
circuit.

2. Discharge the capacitor before disconnecting the circuit.

3. See that the deflection of meters do not exceed.

 PROCEDURE :

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram of connection.

2. Switch on the supply and take the readings of supply voltage, branch currents I1 and I2,
total current and note down.

3. Switch off the mains. Discharge the capacitor and disconnect the circuit.

4. Make necessary calculations and draw the vector diagram.

 OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. Supply Total Branch Branch Power Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
No. voltage current current current W across across across across
V volt I amp I1 amp I2 amp watt R1 VR1 L VL R2 VR2 C Vc
volt volt volt volt

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 CALCULATION:

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 CONCLUTION :
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
....................................................

 QUESTIONS :
1. Draw the vector diagram of a.c. parallel circuit in which one branch contains pure
resistance and second branch contains pure inductance.

2. Is the power factor leading or lagging in above question?

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3. What will happen to the value of power factor in the above case 1,

when the inductance is increased?

……………………

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 7 Date:

 AIM: Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC
parallel circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram by using
Admittance methods.
 OBJECTIVES :
After completing this you will be able to

1. Calculate the branch currents and total currents in a.c. parallel circuit,

2. Compare the measured values of the branch currents and total current with the calculated
values.

 PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE :

An alternating current circuit comprises of resistance, inductance and capacitance. It

may be a series circuit or parallel circuit. As alternating system is widely used, you must be
able to solve the parallel circuit comprising of R, L, C and their combinations.

 THEORY :
An a.c. parallel circuit comprises of two or more than two branches in parallel. Each
branch comprises of resistance inductance or capacitance or their combination. Each
branch takes current which depends upon the components. An a.c. parallel circuit can be
solved by :

1. Vector or phasor method.

2. Admittance method.

3. Complex algebra method.

In vector method, vector diagram is drawn. Then horizontal and vertical components are
taken and the total current is found. For example in the vector diagram shown in Figure;
horizontal component, X = I cosΦ = I1 cos¢1 + I2 cos¢2 and vertical component,

Y = I sin¢ = I1 sin¢1 + I2 sin¢2

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I=√X+Y , ¢ = tan-

In this experiment we will use this Admittance method to solve the circuit.

 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED :

Sr. No. Equipment Specifications Quality

1. Resistors Tubular 26Ω , 5.2 A 1 No.

52 Ω, 5.2 A 1 No.

2. Inductor 0.3 H, 10 A 1 No.

3. Capacitor 40 μF, 400 V 1 No.

4. Ammeter M.I. 0 - 5 A 2 No.

M.I. 0 - 10 A 1 No.

5. Voltmeter M.I. 0 - 300 V 1 No.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 PRECAUTIONS :

1. Ensure that the main switch is off while making connections and disconnecting the
circuit.

2. Discharge the capacitor before disconnecting the circuit.

3. See that the deflection of meters do not exceed.

 PROCEDURE :

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram of connection.

2. Switch on the supply and take the readings of supply voltage, branch currents I1 and I2,
total current and note down.

3. Switch off the mains. Discharge the capacitor and disconnect the circuit.

4. Make necessary calculations and draw the vector diagram.

 OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. Supply Total Branch Branch Power Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
No. voltage current current current W across across across across
V volt I amp I1 amp I2 amp watt R1 VR1 L VL R2 VR2 C Vc
volt volt volt volt

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 CALCULATION:

 CONCLUTION :
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
....................................................

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 QUESTIONS :
1. Draw the vector diagram of a.c. parallel circuit in which one branch contains pure
resistance and second branch contains pure inductance.

2. Is the power factor leading or lagging in above question?

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 8 Date:

 AIM:- Measure voltage, current, power and power factor for RLC
parallel circuit to draw relevant phasor diagram by using
vector methods.
 OBJECTIVE:-


After performing this experiment one should be able to:

 Parallel operation of RLC parallel Circuit
 Power and Power factor of RLC parallel Circuit
 Draw the vector diagram of R-L-C parallel circuit.

 EQUIPMET/MATERIALS REQUIRED:-

DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
SR. NO.
REQUIRED
1. Single phase variac 1 no.
2. Ammeter 3 no.
3. Voltmeter 3 no.
4. Wattmeter 1 no.
5. Connecting wires As required
6. Inductive load 1 no.
7. resistive load 1 no.
8. capacitive load 1 no.

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 THEORY:-
The series combination of resistor & inductor is connected in parallel with
capacitor as shown in the circuit diagram. The a.c. voltage of r.m.s. value v is
applied to this parallel circuit. This applied voltage can be varied by the single phase
dimmer stat. The source current I will get divided into two branched as I1 & I2. But
voltage across the two branches will be same.
Let I1 be current passing through branches consisting of R&L in
series while I2 be current passing through the capacitance branch.
I = I1 + I2 (phasor sum)
Also VR +VL = Vc = V (applied voltage)

Here we assume that our capacitance is pure, hence I2 passing through C will lead
V by 90, while the inductance is impure, therefore I1 passing through L will lag V by
an angle less than 90
Note that-
VR = I1R (drop across resistance)
VL = I1XL (drop across inductance)
Vc = I2Xc (drop across capacitance)
Depending upon the impedance of the two branches the source
current I will lag or lead the supply voltage by some angle which is called
as the phase angle.

 Parallel RLC Circuit:-

In a parallel RLC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor the

circuit current IS is the phasor sum made up of three components, IR, IL and IC
with the supply voltage common to all three.
Since the supply voltage is common to all three components it is used as the
horizontal reference when constructing a current triangle.
Parallel RLC networks can be analyzed using vector diagrams just the same as
with series RLC circuits.

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However, the analysis of parallel RLC circuits is a little more mathematically

difficult than for series RLC circuits when it contains two or more current
branches.
So an AC parallel circuit can be easily analyzed using the reciprocal of impedance
called Admittance.
Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance given the symbol, Y. Like impedance,
it is a complex quantity consisting of a real part and an imaginary part.
The real part is the reciprocal of resistance and is called Conductance, symbol Y
while the imaginary part is the reciprocal of reactance and is called Susceptance,

 PROCEDURE:-

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set the Dimmer- stat (Variac) to zero output.
3. Set the rheostat to maximum.
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Adjust the Variac to give a suitable voltage to the circuit.
6. Note down the voltage across R, L, C, & R-L with a.c. voltmeter. Note down
the reading of all the meters.
7. Take different readings for different values of applied voltage.

Note: - Draw phasor diagram for each reading.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE:-

SR. VS I I1 I2 Power Vr Vl Vc Vrl P.F.

NO. (VOLT)
(Amp) (Amp) (Amp) (Watt) (Volt) (Volt) (Volt) (Volt) Cosø

1 `

 CALCULATIONS:-
Z eq =Z1| | Z2

Sr. Z1= R+ j X L ø from calculations

ø from
VR V Vc
No R = XL = L XC = Req phasor
I1 I1 I2 Z2= - j Xc =cos-1 ( )
Z eq diagram
Z eq=R eq + jX eq

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 CONCLUSION:-
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..

 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is RMS value, Average value?

2. Is KVL & KCL applicable to a .c. circuit?

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 09 Date:

 AIM: Test voltage and current relation for 3-phase star & delta
connections.

 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
After completing this experiment, you will be able to:

 Understand 3-phase star connection & delta connection

 Establish the relationship between line voltage to phase voltage & line current
to phase current in star & delta connections.

 EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS REQUIRED :

Sr. No. Equipments / Specifications Quantity
Apparatus Required
1 Lamp Load 9 lamps of 40w 3 Nos.

2 Ammeter 0 – 5 M.I. Type 2Nos.

3 Voltmeter 0 – 250 / 500v M.I. Type 2 Nos.

 RATIONALE:-
Before Performing This Experiment, You Should Have An Idea Of Poly Phase
Generation And Its Advantages. Also You Should Know The Relation Between Line
Voltage And Phase Voltage And Line Current And Phase Current In Star And Delta
Connections. In Star Connection Line Current Il Is Equal, The Phase Current Iph And
Line Voltage Vl Is Equal To 1.7321 Vph.

Where As In Case Of Delta Connection Line Current Il Is Equal To 1.7321.

Phase Current Iph and Line Voltage VL Is Equal to Phase Voltage Vph. The Total
Power Consumed In Load Is Given By P = 1.7321 VL IL Cosø In Both The Cases.

 THEORY:

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There are two possible ways of interconnecting the phases of an a.c. system.
The methods are:
 Star or Wye connection
 Delta or Mesh connection.

 SOME TERM RELATED TO 3 PH SYSTEM:-

1. Line Voltage - The voltage between any two line of 3 ph load is called as line
voltage e.g. VRY,VYB & VBR.. For balance system all are equal in magnitude.
2. Line Current – The current in each line is called as line current e.g. IR, IY, & IB.
They are equal in magnitude for balance system.
3. Phase Voltage – The voltage across any branch of three phase load is called as
phase voltage.
VRN, VYN, & VBN are phase voltage
4. Phase Current – current passing through any phase of load is called as phase
current.
 STAR CONNECTION:
In star connection, three similar ends are joined together to form a neutral
point. If a conductor from a neutral point is taken out, the system will have four wires.
From the phasor diagram

VL = VRY = VR – VY

= 2 VPh Cos 30° ( VR = VY = Vph)

VL = √3 Vph. . . . (1)

Equation (1) indicates the relationship between line & phase voltage.

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It is evident from the connection that each line is in series with its individual phase
winding. Hence the line current is the same as the current in the phase winding to which
the line is connected.

Therefore IL = Iph

 DELTA CONNECTION:
In delta connection, the dissimilar ends of the three phase windings are joined.
Three leads are taken out from the three junctions. It is seen from the diagram
that the current in each line is the vector difference of the two phase currents
flowing through the windings. Consider the current in the line R.

From phases diagram,

IL1 = I R - I B

= 2 IPh Cos 30° ( IR = IB = IPh)

= √3 Iph…… (2)

Equation (2) indicate the relationship between line & phase current

It is obvious from the diagram that the line voltage is equal to the phase voltages
because each phase is directly connected across the lines.

Therefore, VL = VPh

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 For star connection of load-

Line voltage (VL) = √3 phase voltage (Vph)

Line current (IL) = Phase current (Iph)

 For delta connection of load-

Line voltage (VL)= phase voltage (Vph)

Line current (IL)= √3 phase current(Iph)

 The three phase power is given by,

P= power consumed by the load = √3VL IL cosΦ

Where f is phase angle & it depends on type of load i.e. inductive, capacitive or resistive.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. FOR STAR CONNECTION:

2. FOR STAR CONNECTION:

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 PRECAUTIONS :
 Care should be taken to see that the resistive load is balanced.
 Care should be taken to see that two phase are not short-circuited.
 Check that all connection is properly tight.
 If lamp load is used with 415V, 3 phase supply, two lamps must be connected in
series.
 PROCEDURE:

 For star connection:

 Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram for star connection.
 Switch ON the supply and be sure that the resistance in each phase is same.
 Adjust the three phase variac position
 Take the readings of Ammeter & voltmeter & recorded them in the
observation table.
 Change the equal resistance in each phase and take various
Readings.

 For delta connection:

 Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram for delta connection
 Repeat the procedure as per steps explain above & tabulate them in the
observation table.
 Switch OFF the supply.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE :
(A) STAR CONNECTION:

Sr. VL in IL in Vph in Iph in amps VL / IL / Iph

No. volts amps volts Vph

(B) DELTA CONNECTION:

Sr. VL in IL in Vph in Iph in VL / Vph IL /

No. volts amps volts amps Iph

 CALCULATION:

For Star connection, VL = √3 Vph = ______________

= ______________volt
IL = Iph = _________________________

= ________________________ amp

For Delta connection IL = √3Iph = _________________

=__________________amp
VL = Vph = __________________

=__________________volt

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 RESULT:

 For star connection

VL = ----------- Vph, IL = ------------ Iph
 For delta connection
VL = ----------- Vph, IL = ------------ Iph

 CONCLUSION:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………..

 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:

1. Give the definition of Phase voltage and Phase.

2. Write the relationship between voltage and current for Star and Delta.

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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EXPERIMENT NO.: 10 Date:

 AIM: TO STUDY ABOUT THE POWER FACTOR IN A.C.CIRCUIT.

 INTRODUCTION:-
The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of
alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of
the loads are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power factor. The low lagging power
factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting additional losses of active
power in all the elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilization
devices.

 DEFINITION :-

“The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an A.C. circuit is known as Power
Factor”.
It means Power Factor = CosΦ
Where Φ is angle between voltage and current in an A.C. circuit

 POWER FACTOR TRIANGLE :-

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In an A.C circuit, there is a generally, a phase difference  between voltage and current. The
term cos is called the power factor of the circuit. If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind
the voltage and power factor is referred to as lagging. However, in a capacitive circuit, current leads
the voltage and p.f. is said to leading.
Most of the arc furnaces loads are inductive in nature possessing power factors less than
unity(lagging). This results in higher transmission line losses (I2R losses, as I is more to transmit
the same amount of power) and poor voltage regulation. Further the KVA load on the power plant
is also increased. Thus there is a vital need to improve the power factor to an optimum value.

 CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR:-

 Most of the a.c. appliances have induction motor as their main drive, which works at lagging
power factor.
 The transformers at substation have lagging power factor because they draw magnetizing
current which causes the total current to lag behind the voltage.
 The industrial heating furnaces have very low lagging power factor.
 Arc lamps which operated low power factor.
 The synchronous motor, rotary converter and other commutator motor may work at leading
power factor.

 DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR : -

As we know that for given power P the load current depends on following equation.

POWER P = √3 V.IL COS Ф

P
IL =
√3 x V x COS Ф

Where,
P = Power In Watt,
V = Applied Voltage in Volt,
CosФ = Power Factor,
IL = Load Current in Amp.
From the above equation we can understand that for given Power P in watts if the Power Factor is
low then the load current is higher, which affects our system as under.

 Large KVA rating of Equipment :-

The Rating of the generators, transformers and switchgears are to be kept higher than the
actual load means higher capital investment.
KVA = KW / COS Ф

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 Greater Conductor size :-

With low P.F. and for same power transmitted the transmission line or cable have to
carry more current and hence the size of the conductor is to be kept higher.

 Large Cupper Losses :-

As copper losses are proportional to the square of the load current and hence inversely
proportional to the square of the P.F. This means more copper losses occur in the system at
low P.F. and its result into low power factor of the system.

 Poor Voltage Regulation :-

Low P.F. causes poor voltage regulation means bad quality of power.

 Reduced Handling capacity of system :-

Reactive Component of current prevents the full utilization capacity. So the lagging
power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system.

 Over heating :-
Undue heating of the cable due to higher current.
“ To Utilize Electricity In An Efficient manner and to increase the life of electric
installation, it is very essential to Improve The Power Factor Of The System”.

 HOW TO IMPROVE POWER FACTOR ?

In a unique system power factor should be unity. So in case of low power factor we have to
supply capacitive KVAr (leading) which equalize the inductive KVAr (lagging).

So power factor can be improved by following ways.:-

 By the use of synchronous condensers
 By the use of synchronous motors
 By the use of static capacitors
 By the use of capacitance boosters

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 By the use of phase advancers

 THERE ARE MAINLY TWO METHODS OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION :-

 P.F. CONTROLLED MANUALLY:-

In this method capacitors or capacitor banks are switched on and off manually
as per the requirement. But this method is very inefficient where the load changes continuously.
 P.F. CONTROLLED AUTOMATICALLY :-
Now in these days the technology is so advanced that the automatic control
of P.F. becomes so easy with the variation of load. These devices can switch on and off the
capacitors automatically on the basis of load. So optimum use of capacitor is possible. The other
advantage is that, we can use the max demand at optimum. It also saves in the energy bill by
reducing max demand.

 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT EQUIPMENT :-

Normally, the P.F. of the whole load on a larger generating station is an
region of 0.8 to 0.9. However, sometimes it is lower and in such cases it is generally desirable to
take special steps to improve the power factor.

This can be achieved by the following equipment.

(a) Static capacitor
(b) Synchronous condenser
(c) Phase advancer

(1) STATIC CAPACITOR:-

The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating
at lagging power factor. The capacitor drawn a leading current and partly or completely neutralizes the
lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the P.F. of the load. For three phase loads, the
capacitors can be connected in delta or star a shown in fig. Static capacitors are invariably used for P.F.
improvement in factories.

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 ADVANTAGES:-
 They have low losses.
 They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts.
 They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation
 DISADVANTAGES:-
 They have short services life ranging from 8 to 10 years.
 They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value.
 Once the capacitors are damaged , their repair is uneconomical.

(2) SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER:-

A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over- excited and, therefore behaves
as a capacitor. An over-excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous
condenser when such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply. It takes a leading current
which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive component of the load. Thus the p.f is improved.

Fig. shows the P.F. improvement by synchronous condenser method. The 3- load
takes current IL at low lagging P.F. cosL The synchronous condenser takes a current Im which leads
the voltage by an angle m. The resultant current I is the vector sum of Im and IL and lags behind the
voltages by an angle  . It is clear that  is less than L so that cos is greater than cosL .Thus the P.F.
is increased from cosL to cos . Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply
substations for P.F. improvement.

 ADVANTAGES:-
 By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be
changed by any amount. this helps in achieving step less control of p.f.
 The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents.
 The faults can be removed easily.
 DISADVANTAGES:-
 There are considerable losses in the motor .
 The maintenance cost is high .
 It produces noise

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 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020

(3) PHASE ADVANCER:-

Phase advancer are used to improve the of induction motors. The low P.F. of induction
motor is due to the fact the at its stator winding draws exciting current which lags behind the supply
voltage by 90 , If the exciting amperes turns be provided from some other A.C. source , than the stator
winding will be relieved of exciting current and the P.F. of the motor can be improved . This job is
accomplished by the phase advancers which is simply an A.C. exciter. The phase advancer is mounted on
the same shaft as the main motor and is connected in the rotor circuit at slip frequency. By providing more
amperes turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading P.F. likes an over-
excited synchronous motor.

 ADVANTAGES:-
 The exciting amperes turns are supplied at slip frequency, therefore lagging KVAR drawn by
the motor are considerably reduced The motor windings have high thermal stability to short
circuit currents.
 A phase advancer can be conveniently used where the use of synchronous motors is
unadvisable.

 DISADVANTAGES:-
 Phase Advancers are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.

 ADVANTAGE OF IMPROVED POWER FACTOR :-

 The KW capacity of the prime mover is better utilized.

 This increase the KW capacity of the alternators.
 The KW capacity of transformer and the lines are increased.
 The efficiency of every plant is increased.
 The overall cost per unit decreases.
 The regulation of the line is improved.

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 LABORATORY MANUAL 2020

 WRITE A FOLLOWING QUESTION:

1. What do you mean power factor?

2. State a methods improvement of power factor?

SIGN, OF DATE: ______________ FACULTY SIGN: _____________

MARKS: _____/ 10

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