Seti I (Menmaatre)

Monuments

Cenotaph of Sety I (Osireion)

Dummy tombs
Solar boats found here -- 400 years older than those in Giza
Cenotaph of Seti I - half buried and flooded
A moat, symbolizing the first land arising from the sea at creation
Build earlier than the main temple -- the only remaining visible tomb, but it is
unaccessable.

Temple at Abydos
Exquisite reliefs of the New Kingdom, an artistic style revived under Seti I to
consolidate the dynasty.
Reigned 1318-1304 BCE, "Era of Repating Births"
Father of Ramses II, 1304-1237 BCE
Essentially political, to confer legitimacy of the Rammessid Dynasty
Best visited from Sohag, no Quenya
Fine white marble, as an offering
Convex reliefs are some of the finest in the new Kingdom
Unusual l-shaped, with 7 separate chapels. There are lots of things in multiple of 7
here.

KV 17 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Found in 1817
Longest tomb, at 100. Finest in the vally. Currently closed to visitors due to damage
Sarcophagus now in Sir John Soane Museum, London
Pictures of Osiris in the pillared hall
Longest (120m) deepest, and most complletey finished of the tombs in the valley.
Fully developed offset royal tomb
Discovered in Oct 1817 by Belzoni, only a few days after the discovery of Ramesses
I. It made international headlines.
Seti had a high level of achievement in building and art, and this tomb is a good
representation of both. First time decorations cover every passage and chamber. The
style is followed by every tomb through the rest of the valley’s history. The tomb is
very complex.
Stairway to a first corridor, then a second stairway and second corridor, and for the
firsr timt eht Litany of Re is shown. This leads to the ritual shaft. After it is a four-
pilared room with scenes ofrom the book of the Gates and an Osiris shrine An annex
atatched contains sketched decorations.
A third corridor leads to a final stairway, a small antechamber, and the burial
chamber.
The burial chamber is divided into two parts, a six pillard room and a crypt. One pillar
is destroyed, and others have had their decorations removed.
The ceiling is avulated (a first) and the astronomical ceiling shows specific
constellations of the night sky with various calendar units. The right annex has the
entire text of the Book of the Celestial Cow.
The crypt contiained an emtpy alabaster sarcophagus, almost translucent. The Books
of Gates and Book of th eDead were engraved upon it. The sarcophagus is in the
London Museum.
Further annexes include additional decorations, and the lower parts of the walls show
items in the tomb, although they are destroyed.
The burial chamber is not at the tne dof the tomb, for it is connected to the underworld
by a cirrodr that leads from the back of the crypt down to the water level.

TT 51 Tomb of Userhat (Tomb of the Nobles)

A commoner, with the title “Firt Prophet of th Royal Ka of Thuthmosis I”, probaly
serving in the cult temple of Thuthmosis I. He served during the rule of Ramesses I
and Seti I. Has a wife Shepset with two others, whose names were obliterated from
the tomb.
Not to be confused with the Userhat in tomb 56.
Discovered by Mond on 1/10/1903. He never cleared the whole tomb. It was done in
1909.
Was called one of the most beauitful tombs in Thebes, but in 1941, vandals stole five
large pieces of the walls and chiselled the eyes out of most of the figures. Some has
been restored, and we have drawings of the missing/destroyed pieces.
Tomb is typical t-shape with a courtyard, followed bya short corridor and vestibule.
Only this part is open to the public. The tomb continues to a further four-pillard hall
with a ritual shaft It then leads to a third short corridor to the burial chamber.
Not much funerary equipment ws found, although a large shawabty figure was found
and a few of terracotta.

Ramesses II (Usermaatresetepenre)

Monuments

Temple at Abu Simbel

Hours: 6am -5pm, LE36
First reported by Burckhardt in 1813 when he came over the mountain and saw the
façade of the temple as he was preparing to leave. They were covered deeply in sand.
Epitomized monumentalism
Built to impress the Nubians
Precisely oriented to allow the sun into the back of the temple on Ramses II birthday
and coronation day.
Found by Swiss explorer Burckhardt
Purposefully reburied in the 19th century to protect it
Northern statue was discolored by plaster and redyed with coffee
Movede by hand-sawing into 1050 blocks and reassembling it 210m behind and 61m
higher thani ts original position for $40million because of the building of the Aswan
Dam and subsequent flooding of Lake Nassar. The entire stone mountain is "hollow"
280km south of Aswan
4 colossi of Ramses II, seated, 20m high
In a false mountain, the door is just beyond the north side of the temple.
The facade of the Temple of Rameses II is dominated by four colossal seated statues
carved out of the cliff face, each 20m high and depicting the king, with Nubians
carved in the base at his feet. The faces of the statues appear to show Rameses in
different stages of his life, although it is thought that the temple was built quite early
in his reign. The figures are immense when you are standing at their base looking up
at them. Rameses the Great obviously did not want to be forgotten when he built this
Nubian Temple. His mother Tuya, his Chief Wife Nefertari and some of his
many children can be seen in smaller scale at his feet. The monument is dedicated to
the gods Re-Horakhty, Amun and Ptah, as well as the divine Rameses himself. There
are later inscriptions carved on the statues. A Greek inscription by the soldiers of
Psamtek II of Dynasty XXVI is carved on the most ruined of the colossi.
Great Wife Nefertari Colossi of Rameses II Colossi of Rameses II
Above the entrance door the king worships the figure of the falcon-headed sun god
Re-Horakhty who is also greeted by carved baboons on top of the wall. Inside, the
temple is conventional in its design, with the floor level rising noticeably towards the
sanctuary at the rear and in the first pillared hall there are eight Osiris pillars in two
rows. On the left, the colossal statues depict Rameses wearing the white crown of
Upper Egypt and on the right the king wears the double crown of the Two Lands. On
the walls of this first hypostyle hall are scenes showing the king's victories over his
enemies, usually Libyans and Nubians. The north wall is painted with scenes of the
battle of Kadesh, Rameses' greatest victory, and on the other walls are various
depictions of the king in single combat or being presented with prisoners from various
lands. The goddess Nekhbet on the 'vulture ceiling' leads us inwards towards the
Vestibule.
Rameses II in the hypostyle hall Hypostyle hall The Sanctuary
The Vestibule is a chamber with four square columns showing Rameses and
Nefertari offering to the gods, and other religious scenes. There are various magazines
and store rooms leading off to each side which would once have housed the temple's
cultic objects and treasures which may have included tribute from Nubia. Beyond the
Vestibule, 65m in from the entrance to the temple, we come to the most sacred place,
the Holy of Holies or Sanctuary. Four seated statues of Re-Horakhty, the deified
Rameses II, Amun-re and Ptah are carved from the rock of the back wall. A pedestal
still remains in the sanctuary on which the sacred barque would have stood. The
temple was aligned so that twice a year, on February 22 and October 22, the sun's rays
penetrate the length of the temple and flood the sanctuary with light (which may or
may not be significant!). The decoration of the Great Temple of Rameses II at Abu
Simbel serves to glorify the divine pharaoh Rameses, who is seen adoring and making
offerings to his deified image. Perhaps it was also a monument intended to keep the
wayward Nubian population in line by showing them the might of their great
Egyptian ruler.

Hathor Temple of Queen Nefertari

Also knowns as "King's Wife's Temple"
Imititates a receding pylon
6 statues of Nefertari and Ramses II, 9m high, each acompanied by children
door is protected by cobras
Predominance of yellow may allude to Hathor's title of "The Golden One"
Best reliefs are in the hall with the square columns.
The second rock-cut temple at Abu Simbel lies close by to the north of the Great
Temple and is similar in plan but on a smaller scale. It was built in honour of
Rameses' Great Wife and most favoured of his consorts, Nefertari. This smaller
monument is dedicated to the goddess Hathor. The facade of the temple shows
Nefertari on each side of the entrance standing between two colossal 10m statues of
Rameses, again with smaller images of royal children at their feet. Never before had a
queen been depicted alongside her husband and on the same scale, on the facade of a
temple.
The temple interior is very simple and built on a much more human scale than the
Great Temple. Scenes on the walls of the pillared hall depict Nefertari taking part in
divine rituals with her husband before Hathor and Mut and in the same role as the
king. They also show the consecration of Nefertari as divine queen. There are
traditional scenes of the pharaoh Rameses II in his warrior role of slaying captives.
Six square pillars set in two rows and crowned with Hathor heads give a very gentle
and feminine feel to the monument.
In the sanctuary at the rear of the temple a statue in high relief seems to grow out of
the rock wall, showing Hathor as the sacred cow-goddess emerging from the Western
Mountain.
Nefertari Hathor cow in the sanctuary Side chamber of the HathorTemple
Chambers open to the north and south of the Vestibule with colourful scenes showing
Hathor on her sacred barque. The side chambers have a cave-like feel, being carved
from the mountain rock.

Temple at Abydos
300m from Osireion
Much reduced, but contains limestone, red and black granite, and alabaster stones
Fragments of scenes of the ballad of Qadesh
It is not as impressive as Seti I.
Build in 1298 BCE.
Estremely good workmanship, probably by the craftsmen of Ramses II's father.
Learly intact when Napoleon saw it, but has since fallen to ruin.

Temple of Luxor
0700-2100, LE20
Dedicated to Amun-Min, Mut, and Khonsu, the "Harem of the South"
Every spring, a flotilla escorted Amun's effigy from Karnak
Built in the New Kingdom. Founded by Amenophis III (1417-1379 BCE) of the
XVIII Dyn. Also built the 3rd pylon at Karnak and the Colossi of Memnon.
Akhenaten stopped work. Wrk resumed under Horemheb
Ramses II (1304-1237) of XIX Dyn added much of the temple.
Alexander the Great rebuilt the sanctuary
Allow 3-4 hours, especially in the evening
Begun by Amenhotep III, then Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), then Tutankhamun, the
Horemheb. Completed by Ramses II
First pylon: obelisk and statues have been removed
Peristyle Cort: contains a shrine of Tuthmosis III and a mosque, Abu-al-Haggag,
which is mostly 19th century. Two black granite staues of Ramses II also are here
Colonnade: 14 colums with papyrus capitals

Mortuary Temple (Ramesseum)

Mortuary Temple of Ramses II
Called "Memronium"
Should have been comparable to Karnak, if it had survived
Site of the statue of Ozymandias
Was ransacked and plundered for statuary
Rarely visited by busses of tourists
Required at least half an hour or more to walk thorugh
State cult teple of Seti I/Ramses II. Built on older ruins
Didn't take into account annual flooding and the first two pylons collapsed
29 of 48 columns still stand in the hypostyle hall
Astronomical room has the oldest 12-month calendar

KV 7 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

A fair consolation prize, when Seti I is closed
1198-1166 BCE, height of the XX dynasty
Built the temple of Madinet Habu
Incldues colorful scenes of everyday life, called the "Tomb of the Harpers"
Ten side chambers, some of the tomb is closed due to collapse and it is only partiall lit
Not open to tourists
Bad place for a tomb – it has been flooded at least 7 time and most of the decorations
are gone and buried in different layers of flood silt.
It has been excavated and investigated many times (1817, 1913-4, 1917-21 by carter,
for example. Most left thinking nothing was to be found. Currnt excavation has
cleraed most of the flood debris.
Probably the largest tomb, but not the longest.
Reverts to an older plan for tombs with a bent-axis, but that is probably to avoid a
hard rock formation encountered when digging the shaft. Down a shoert descending
corridor and stairway and then to the left.
Decorations similar to Seti I, but with some new additions. The last royal tomb to
feature decorations entirely done in true relief.
For the first time, we find a lintel with the solar disk flanked by Isis and Nephthys.
A split stairway with a ramp leads to the first corridor, decorated with the Litany of
Re. The second corridor contains scenes ofrm the Amduat. Then the ritual shaft,
which has the twelve divisions of the Book of Amduat – a feature not repeated in any
other tomb in the falley of the king. The shaft is 20m deep
The first pilared hall – the Chariot Room – has an osiris shrine scene and escenees
from the Book fo Gates. There are four pilalrs with a central stairway to the third
corridor decorated with the Opening of trhe Mouth ceremony.
The antechamber is decored with chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead, a new
innovation that most kinds would follow. There are scences of weighing the heart.
The entrance to the burial chmber is on the right side, with eight pillars and the Book
fo the Dead and Amduat. The crypt is in the center of the room. The front annex is
decorated with scenes from the Book of the Divine Cow.
Two 2-pillared annexes are at the rear. The left is decorated with Amduat scenes, the
other Amduat and Book of Gates scenes.The right annex leads toa chamber for the
anopic chests and to the final annex, which is decorated with chapter 110 from the
Book of the Dead.
Little funerary items found – it had been looted thoroughly in antiquity. The robbery
was well documentedin the Strike Manuscript, which dates from the 28th year of
Ramesses III’s reign
168.05m long

Tomb of Nefertari (Valley of the Queens)

LE100 0730-0830 winter
Years of restoration work, only 150 visitors a day, for ten minute apiece
Tickets on sale at 0600
Open 1995, currently closed
Vivid, colorful murals, with a preference for green colors
Principal wife of Ramses II, almost equal in status
- shown beside the kin on the pylon at Karnak
- Dedication in the Ramasseum
- temple at Abu Simbel
Disappeared when Ramses II died, may have gone to Fayoum,or may have died as
well
430 square meters of reliefs
Downstairs reliefs badly damaged

Tomb of Prince Khaemweset (Valley of the Queens)

Rarely visited
One of several sons of Ramses II, died of smallpox
Murals give precendence to Ramses
Four sons of Horus on the lotus blossoms in the 2nd chamber are displayed

TT3 Tomb of Peshedu (Deir el-Medina)

Open only recently
“Servant of the Place of Truth on the West of Thebes”.
Dates from Ramesses II
Son of Menna and worked for temple of Amun. Probably the stonemason who cleared
the passage throught he cliffs when the tombs were built. Possibly promoted to
foreman of the left side.
Married to Nejdembehdet, had several sons and daughters.
Rediscovered in 1834 by Egyptian soldiers hunting for treasure.
Simple tombwith an antechamber and short corridor to burial chamber. Only the
corridor and burial chamber are decorated.
As we enter the burial chamber, just above the doorway on the front left wall is a
small image of the deceased worshipping the goddess Nut in a tree. She emerges from
the tree trunk and pours a libation over the kneeling pashedu, whose hand are raised to
catch the water. In three registers, the rest of the lower wall is a scene depicting rows
of the deceased's family in adoration. In the arch above the doorway, we find
Pashedu worshipping Sokar-Osiris in the form of a winged falcon on a boat. Above
the god is an udjat-eye.
Turning the corner, on the long left wall we first encounter a scene showing Pashedu
and his wife with their hands raised in worship of Horus. By there feet are a son and
granddaughter. Note the wax perfume on his wife's head. Here, passages from the
Book of the Dead surround the images of Pashedu and Nedjembehdet. Further down
the wall is a fragmentary image of Horus as a falcon, also surrounded by the text from
the Book of the Dead.
Images no longer adorn the lower part of the back wall of the burial chamber, but
within the upper arch we find a scene depicting Osiris in full regalia. A deity raises a
burning brazier (candles) before him. Behind him are the mountains of the west over
which is shown a udjat-eye holding a second burning brazier. On the very left is
another falcon (Horus?). We find Pashedu kneeling at the foot of the scene in
adoration.
The first scene at the rear of the right wall that we find is of Pashedu and his wife on a
boat. The child with them is perhaps a granddaughter or may be an unknown
daughter. We are told that they are making their way west to the land of the dead.
Before them on the boat is a table of offerings. Next, there is a larger scene showing
the deceased and a girl worshipping the gods Re-Harakhty, Atum, Knepri and Ptah,
who are seated.
The final scene on the right wall towards the front is of Pashedu worshipping Ptah-
Sokar-Osiris, while on the front right wall next to the entrance door we find probably
the best known scene in this tomb. Here, Pashedy crouches by a stream in the shade
of a palm tree laden with clusters of dates. Chapter 12 of the Book of the Dead
describes how the water will quench the fires of the underworld and so preserve the
deceased from harm.

Tomb of Amun-Hir-Khphef (Valley of the Queens)

Brother to Khaemweset
Died in infancy, even if shown with the corded braid of a prince
lustrous murals of Ramses II
Unfinished burial chamber witha granite sarcophagus
Glass case contains a shrivelled fetus which his mother supposedly aborted through
grief
THe most visited tomb in the Valley of the Queens

KV 5 Tomb of Sons of Ramesses II

Investigated by Kent Weeks.
The tomb has been known for many years, but the owner was unknown. Front section
was investigated in 1935, Carter investigatedin 1922. The debris from other tombs
was stored here.
In 1989, Kent Weeks rediscovered the tomb using sonar and ground peentrating radar.
He began excavation in 1990, although the significance of the find was not known.
Nine years later, he had cleared ten of the 150 rooms (100 of them decorated) or more
chambers in the tomb. Most tombs have 6-8 chambers
It could be the largest tomb in Egypt.
Built for Ramesses II sons. In the first eight chambers where were two dozen
representations despicting sons. Most of the names were destroyed by flooding or salt.
Egyptologiests know the names of 52 of his sons and there were perhaps as many
daughters.
The sons currently identified in the tomb are Mery-atum, mane-kher-khepsehf (oldest
son), Ramessu, Sethy. Two sons not associated with this tomb are Khaemwese and
merenptah, as they have their own tombs
Probably not begun by Ramesses II, but taken over for his family. Rooms 1 and 2
were probably dog 50-100 years before the rule of Ramesses II. Kent Weeks
identified five phases of the tomb – the first phase (prior to Ramesses II) had no
burials.
Location in the middle of tombs KV62 (Tut-ankh-anum), KV46 (Yuya/Tuya), and
KV55 (possibly Akhenaten. The first few chambers imply an earlier style.
Architectural detailsimply the earloy style – door size (avg 150 cm in royal tombs of
18th dynasty, 200 cm in 19th)
Phase II is during Ramesses II life – being prepared for his children
Phase III after his date until phase IV when it was robbed extensively
Phase IV from the late Christian period whe it was closed
Phase V from beginning o 19th century,usually choked off with debris
Phase VI: late 19th century – investigated by Carater
Phase VII: WWII to present –h eavy damage from a leaking sewer line and vibration
of tourist busses near the tomb
Decorated in raised reliefs cutinto a lime plaster applied to prepared rock surfaces.
Some plaster rmeains but marks remain where the artists cut through the plaster to the
rock. Every wall – at least so far – was decorated.

TT 1 Tomb of Sennedjem
Found intact by the Italians in 1886. Notthing had been disturbed. Most of the
funerary equipment was found and all the decorations of the tomb (painted on yellow)
are intact.
“Servant in the Place of Truth”, lived in the reign of Seti I and Ramesses II in the 19 th
dynasty.
Very simnple – a narrow stairway leading to a small room followed by the burial
chamber. The burial chamber has a vaulted ceiling. There was originally a wooden
door opening into the first room, with a scene of Sennedjem and his wife, Lyneferti
playhing Senet.
The decorations are Ramessid in style – fresha nd lively, even though they represent
conventional funereary themes.
Burial chamber: left wall, a scene of the mummy in the sarcophagus. Turning the
corner are Sennedjema nd his wife worshiping the gods of the dead and on the back
wall they are entereing the underworld, introduced and prepared by Anubs.
Around the corner are fieldds of Laru in the afterworld, and on the right wall are
Sennedjem and his wife facing the guards of the gates of the kingdom of Osiris. The
roof is also decorated with text running down th emiddle.

Colossus (Memphis)
0730-1600 LE14 camera LE10
Pair to the one at Midan Ramses rail station
Alabaster Sphinx neary
Temple here built on the site of Temple of Ptah and remains of alabaster embalming
tables withing 50 tons
Limestone, 10m (33.8 feet) long, even without feet.
Found near the south gate of the Temple of Ptah in Memphis, about 30m from where
it now lies.
Some of the original colors are preserved.
Found in 1820 by an Italian traveller, Giovanni Caviglia. It was donated to the British
Museum, but moving it was too hard.
The piece is unfinished

Statue of Meryut-Amun (Sohag)

found in 1981
May have been daughter or wife or Ramses II
Very vividly rouged liips

Serapeum
Burial place of the sacred bulls of Apis, incarnations of Ptah
Discovered in 1850 by Mariette
Buried in a single block of granite, between 60-80 tons each. There were 24
sarcophagi in three galleries
Mummy of Khaemwese found here – son of Ramesses. He was in charge of restoring
thepyramid of Unas nearby. Governor of Memphis and high priest of Ptah, and had
requested to be buried with he sacred bulls.

Beit el-Wali
Near Kalabsha
One of the monuments moved during the construction of the High Dam.
Oldest temple in the complex (which includes the Kalabsha Temple, birth house, and
Kiosk of Qertassi)
One of Ramesses II’s Nubian monuments, dediecated to Amun.
Built for show, rather than worship
Once used as a home for a hermit. Called “The House of the Holy Man”
Internal reliefs are still brightly colored
Hewn from the surrounding rock (like Abu Simbel)

Merenptah (Baenrehotephirmaat)

Monuments

KV 8 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

1236-1223 BCE , Son of Ramses II.
Pharoah in his 50s.
his "Israel Stele" at Karnak names in Pharaoh of the Exodus although this is disputed
XIX Dyn
80m long
Out lid of sarcophagus in the last chamber, as well as the mummified remains of a
monkey
Carving of the sky goddess Nut inside the sarcophagus
Son of Ramesses II and Isis-Nofret
In a small lateral valley and sicovered by Carter in 1903. Near KV7, tomb of
Ramesses II.
Full of debris and had stood open since antiquity – greek and roman graffiti prove it
was open to at least the first pillard hall.
Marks a distincition between the 19th and 20th dynasty tombs – there is a decrease in
the number of lateral rooms and a dramatic increase in the height of the rooms. The
jogged axis is no longer used and the entrance is considerably wider.
Traditional decorations.
Three initial corridors to the ritual shaft. First corridor has passsages from the Litanies
of Re. The second and third have passages from the Book of Amduat.
A two-pillared annex is decidated to Ramesses II. The lid of the sarcophagus was
found here. The decoration son the walls are from Book of Gates and the fourth
corridor has Bookof the Dead.
Burial chamber has four annexes, two on each side and a complex of them in the rear.
Astronomical ceiling supported by eight pillars in two rows. The decorations are the
Book fo Gates, although on the right wall there is a scene from Book of Caverns.
The sarcophagus is pink granite and cartouche shaped. There were four original
sarcophagi – three outer containers of pink granite and an innermost layer of white
calcite. The outer one was 13.5 feet long
Merne-ptah was probably around 70 when he became ruler of Egypt,and ruled for
about 10 years.
The tomb is of higher quality architecturally and decoratively than many others,
echoing his father’s (Ramesses II) tomb into the first half of the strucgture. Then, the
simpler and less sophisticated it becomes further in, as if Menre-ptah was rushed.
25.44 N 32.36 E
164m long

Amenmesse (Menmire)

Monuments

Tomb KV10 Valley of the Kings

Currently cannot be visited, under excavation
Known since antiquity, and visited from classical times.
Noted on the map of Pococke in 1743 and examined in the beginning of the 19th
century by Burton, Hays, Champollion, Lepsius, and Wilkinson.
Decoration mostly recorded and published by Lefebure in 1883.
The corridor was used as a dining room during 1907 by Edward Ayrton
Part of the tomb was redocedored for Takhat and Baketwrerl.
Unfinished
Three descending corridors, but no burial shaft. Scenes of Amenmesses before re-
horakhte
Pillared hall leads to a burial chamber “corridor”
Three mummies found within the tomb, two women and a man. They have never been
identified. It is probably that Takhat was buried here and one of the mummies may be
hers.

Seti II (Userkheperuresetepenre

Monuments

KV 15 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Seldom visited, open sinc antiquity
Rules 1216-1210 BCE
Used as storage and restoration area during excavation of Tut
Only few incicsed scenes, the rest painted or outlined only
King's mummy hidden in #35
A number of innovations used in later tombs
Burial chamber is an unfinished corridor.
59 greek and latin grafitti inside
Cleared by Howard Carter between 1903 and 1904, although the tirual well was never
excavated.
May have been curied with his wife, Tausret in her tomb – this tomb hasitly finished
by Sekhnakht.
Seti II name cared, erased, then carved again in the tomb. Probably restored by wife
Tausret.
75.38 meters into the cliff face, very little descent. No lateral rooms.
Most of the painted decoration is intackt and plaster is sstable. None of the well-
preseved reliefs were painted. Breaks in the surface have been recently repaired.
Two forms of decoration – initial part is sunk and raised reliefs, later they are replace
by less accomplished work executed in paint. In the very depth of the tomb, reliefs are
again found. It is very obvious that this tomb was finished by several different groups
of people.
Known since antiquity and open during most of the alssical period. 59 greek and latin
graffiti found on the walls.
Investigated by Pococke, although Carter cleared out the tomb bewteen 1903 and
1904. The ritual well was never excavated.
The entrance is directly quarried into the cliff face. It has been temporarily closed.
Likely that Seti II was buried in his wife’s tomb and later moved here – the tomb is
incompletelu ahd hastily finished.
Short corridor followd by three long corridors and a well room. Then a four-pilared
hall and a mskeshift burial chamber that was originally intended as another corridor.
It is nearly perfectly straight, with only a mild descent. There are no high trapezoidal
niches at the beginning of the third corridor.
None of the well-reserved relief was ever painted. Breaks in the surface of the walls
have been filled by restoreres.
Decorations take two forms – the initial part of the tomb are sunk and raised reliev,
giving way to less accomplished work in paint only. In the four-pillared hall, they
again revert to reliefs, although these were painted.
Different styles imply different craftsmen.
The entrance walls were carefully smoothed and plastered. No decorations were
applied to the entrance and entrance corridor walls.
The pillared hall has fourth and fifth scenes from the Book of Gates. Registers in the
makeshift burial chamber contain images of Anubis on a shrine and mummified
figures on snake stype beds
Not much funerary equipment was found, and the body of Seti II was rmeoved to the
cache in KV35. Fragment sof the red sarcophagus lid remain, but the box wasn’t
found. Nut stretches across the inside of the lid. It is the smallest of the sarcophagi
found, it is assumed to be an “inner” sarcophagus meant to nest inside another, larger
one.

Siptah (Akhenresetepenre

Monuments

KV 47 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

East valley of the Valley of the Kings, Wadi Bribam el-Muluk
Tomb discovered by Edward Ayrton in 1905
Sarcophagus has jackals and demon figures
Cartouche seems to be reworked, possibly during the 21st dyn
Cache of mummies found here in 1898
Tyie
Discvoered by Edward Ayrton 12/18/1905 while working for Theodroe Davis. He
noted that it had been partially dug out and fillede back in.
Only partically excavated dwon to the antechamber.
Harry Burton excavated in 1912. Never completely cleared until 1994.
Howard Carter claeared the area around the tomb in 1922.
1994, the Antiquities Insepctorate cleared and repaired the tomb and opened it for
tourists., laid down floors and put glass panels over decorations.
Possibly originally contained Sipta and his mother Tiaa
Broke into nearby KV32, so side corridors were abnadoned.
Flooding destroyed everything beyond the first four-pillared chamber, and few remain
beyond the second corrdiar at all.
Contains a red-granite sarcophagus, shaped like a caqrtouche and set into a toughly
rectangular inset in the floor.
Bones found in the sarcophagus are an intrusive burial, probably from the third
intermediate period.
Spitah’s mummy moved to the cache in tomb KV35.
Tomb was entered shortly after it was built and his name erased, possibly by
Chancellor Bay.
Discovered by Ayrton on Dec 18, 1905. At that time the debris had been partically
cleared out. He only excavated partially, down to the antechamber.
It was excavated in 1912, but it was not fully cleared until 1994. when the Qntituities
Inspectorate did repari work and prepared the tomb for tourists.
Possilbe that Spitah and his mother, Tiaa,may have been buried in the tomb.
Front section mimics that of his fathers’, but the back is unusual.Three corridors lead
to a shaft, and then the well room (no shaft) and a pillared hall. The tomb continues
through with a d escnding passage to two more corridors to the antechamber. A wider
corridor leads past two abandoned lateral corridros before reaching the transverse
burial chamber. The granite sarcophagus is set into a niche in the floor. The side
corridors were abandoned after the tomb broke into the nearby tomb of KV32. The
openings were sealed with limestone slabs.
Flooding ruined the decorations beyond the first pillard chamber and little exist
beyond the second corridor. The cartouches of the tomb owner were removed and
recarved.
A few guildelines in the lower chambers identify doorways that were never but. There
are four paris of vertical lines that mark out the location for additoinal columns within
the burial chamber.
The only funerary item was the cartouche-shaped red-granite sarcophagus. Is it
decorared with the image of the king and Isis and Nephthys and a crocodile and
snake. The box is decorated with alternating khekher-ornaments and recumbent
jackals. Spitah’s name was not destroyed on his sarcophagus. Bones were found
inside, but this was probably an intrusive burial from the third intermediate period.
Spitah’s mummy has been indentified in the cache in KV35.
The inner calcite sarcophagus was found, decorated with passages from the Book of
Gates

Tawosret

Monuments

KV 14 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

One of the largest tombs in the valley, with two compmlete burial chambers.
Open and known since antiquity. Sstudied in detail between 1983 and 1987,
Originally built by Tausert, queen and wife of Seti II. Four distinct phases of
constructoin. First phase was done while she was queen, under the auspices of Seti II.
Second phase after his daeth and the reign of Siptah and the burial chamber was
designed at this time.l The third phase occurred when Tausert becamse co-regent with
Spitah and began work on the second, king’s burial chamber. When Tausert ascended
the throne on her own, she modicied the tomb to reflect her royal status.
Set-nakhte (father of Ramesses III) had his own tomb (KV11) in the king. It was
unfinished at the time of his death, but his son interred him in the tomb as Tausert
instaed of his own, and took his father’s tomb as his own.
Entrance and three corridors lead to a ritual shaft, then a small hall with no pillars. A
fourth corridor leads to an antechamber and then the first burial chamber with sevearl
annexes. Just past this, two more corridors lead to the second curial chamber with
more annnexes. Both the first and second have eight pillars.

Chancellor Bay

20th Dynasty
piccione 1185—1070

Setnakht (Userkhauremeryamun)

Monuments

Tomb of Tausert/Setnakht
Originally helf wife (Tausert), usurped by Sethnakht, who rules 1200-1085 BCE
Sethnakht original tomb is now Ramses III
112m long
Wife of Seti I, 19th Dyn. She may be in KV35.
Male deities bear female names, showing that the tomb was usurped by Sethnakht
Burial chamber has a barrel-domed ceiling
granit sarcophagus is shattered

Ramesses III (Usermaatremeryamun)

Monuments

Medinet Habu
"Habu's Town", the Mortuary Temple of Ramses III
Second only to Karnak in size, modelled after the Ramesseum
XX Dyn.
Usually the last stop, but deserves more time
"House of the Million Years"
Once enclosed the entire population of Thebes during the Libyan invations in the late
XX Dynasty., then protected the coptic town of Djeme, which is built within the
temple
Go up te mound of earth in the SE corner for a view over the Luxor sites
Small temple built by Hatshepsut, but altered by Tuthmosis III
The line of acacia trees once ran to the Colossi of Memnon
Built entirely by Ramses III, it is not added to
Built like a fortified syrian pavillion
Severely damaged in 27 BCE
Close to the stairs is a Nilometer

KV 11 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

A complex system of chambers, known since antiquity
First explored in modern times by Bruce in 1768. Burial chamber was reached in
1792 by Browne, and Belzoni removed the sarcophagus and lid
“Tomb of the Harpists” due to two blind harpist scenes Beautifully colored.
125m long and is a typocal 19th dynasty tomb, although it has an unusual number of
annexes.Stiarway to the first corridor (with two annexes) to a second corridor with
four annexes, to a dead end room, but a third corridor leads from the side. Workmen
came across Amenemesses’ tomb and had to change the angle to avoid it. Upt to this
point, the tomb was built for Setnakht. Ramesses ofset the tomb and continued the
work.
Third corridor leads to the ritual shaft an a four-pillared hall. A fourth corridor leads
to a tw-room vestibule and the burial chamber. The burial chamber has one annex off
each corner and one in the rear.
At the entrance are two hathor-headed coloumns, unique to the tombs. First corridors
are decorated for Setnakht, and his name remains in some places. The side chambers
were added by Ramesses III and dedcorated with unique secular scenes.
Most antechambers are decorated with scenes of deities and the book of Gates and
book of Earth in the burial chamber.
Little funerary equipment was found.
188 m long

QV55 Tomb of Amen-her-khepshef

Son of Ramesses III by Great Royal Wife Tyti who is listed in her tomb (QV52) as
God’s Wife and God’s Mother.
Probably died in the 30th year of Ramesses reign, when he was about 15 years old
From Medinet Habu and Karnak we know he was fan bearer to the Right of the King,
which probably saw hi I nvovled in administrative matters.
Discovered in 1903 already looted, probably during the 19th dynasty. It was in
excellent condition.
Short flight of steps lead to a descending entrance ramp and an antechamber, followed
by the burial chamber with side annexes. Beyond the sarcophagus chamber is another
chamber to Osiris
Decorations feather only Amen-her-khepsehf and his father Ramesses III, with
various gods. Inscriptions mention “great royal children”, but no other burials here
have been found. Meets Ptah, Ptah-Tatenen, Duamutef, and Imset (sons or Horus, the
protectoprs of the Canopic jars)
In the antechamber, Ramesses if seen wearing a three-part costume: a tunic of fine
fabric, a corselet with embroidered falcons, and a loincloth with apron.
TheBook of the Dead are on the inside lintels of the burial chamber door.
He was never buried in the tomb. His sarcophagus (altered from one designed for
Queen Tausert) was found in the tomb of chancellor Bay (KV13).
A small wooden casket contianing a fetus was found.

TT359 Tomb of Inher-khau (Deir-el-Medina

“Foreman of the Lord of thee Two Lands in the Place of Truth
Worked during the 20th dynasty, during the reigns of Ramesses III and Ramesses IV
Some of the best artistic work of the dynasty and is the only tomb from the 20th
dynasty.
Upper chamber and curial chamber are well decorated on a background of yello.
Work in the tom was supervised by two foremen, one responsible for the right side,
one responsible for the left. They were appointed by the viszier (later hereditary).
They supervised the work and also distributed materials and payment. Usually
assisted by a deputy, also a relative. Inher-khau’s great grandfather was foreman
during the reigns of Ramsesses II and the family held ont ot heposition. Inher-khau
was promoted at 17 to foreman.
Upper chamber has scenes from the Book of Gates, Book of the Dead, and an image
of Inher-khau and his wife with the king. The ceiling has a pattern of rosettes and
spirals intertwinied with the name of Inher-khau and his wife Wabet.
In the deep burial chamber are seventeen scenes on the left and 14 on th right of the
afterworld and mythological creatures.
No funerary items were found in the tomb, it is assumed they were robbed. 19th
century visitors removed many scenes.

QV44 Tomb of Khaem-Waset (Valley of the Queens)

One of the sons of Ramesses III
Discovered in Feb 1903 with many sarcophagi piled up in the entrance corridor. It had
been used for a common burial
Probably did not die during the reing of Ramesses III, but later during the reign of his
uncle, Ramesses IV.
Walls are painted bas-relief in excellend condition.
A straight corridor leads to the first room, a vestibule, with annexes. The vestibule
leads directdl to the burial chamber.
In the vesztibule, on the left, an image of Ptah followed by a scene of Ramessees III
and khaem-waset in front of Anubis and Re-Harakhty. ON the right, the king brings
offerings to Ptah-Sokar and Geb and Shu.
In the left annex, the prince is alone before Anubis, Horus-Inmuteff, Selkis, and
Neith, and a scene of Isis and Nephthys and Osiris. Both Isis and Nephthys are
painted yellow.
The burial chamber has chapters 145-146 of the Book of the Dead, and scenes of the
enies garding the gates of Osiris. On the rear of the chamber, the king presents his son
to Sekhenur (The Great Tightener), My (The cat) Saupen (The protector) and Dikesu-
uden-bega-per-em-mut (He who Imposes Absement, Who provokes Weakness
andEmerges as Death).
In the rear annex is a scene of Anubis, a lion, and the king offering to Thoth and
Harsiesis (shown with a falcon head)
On the rear wall is a escene of Osiris (with green skin) facing Neith and Nephthys.
From a blue flower at the the feet of Osiris are the sons of horus (known from canopic
jars) – Imsety, Duamutef, Qeghsenuef, and Hapy

Ramesses IV (Hekamaatresetepenamun)

Monuments

KV 2 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Much of the appeal of Ramses VI, and less crowded
Cheerful colors, but poor carving
Abundant Greek and Coptic graffiti
Pink granite sarcophagus
Stashed the mummy in the tomb of Amenophis II
Rules 1166-1160 BCE
original plans, drawn on papyrus, are in the Turin Museum
Differetn from most royal tombs, as Ramesses IV tooki the throne after his father’s
assassination, in a period economic decline.
Large tomb, but very simple.
Was known early one, and used as a sort of “hotel” by early explorers. It was also a
Coptic Christian dwelling and was visited frequently in qntiquity. Lots of greek and
coptic graffiti
Two sketched plans of the toms are known, the most ciomplete and famous are in the
Turin papyrii.
Very little slope from the first part of the tomb to the rear. Entrance has split
staircases on either side of a ramp, opening to a first, second, and third corridors. The
final corridor leads to a small antechamber and then to the burial chamber. There are
some small annexes off the burial chamber, but other than that, no lateral annesxes in
the tomb. The corridors are huge – some 10ft wide and 15 feet high, much larger than
normal.
The façade has the kings coronation scenes and the corridors contain the Litany of Re.
The ceiling is vultures, falcons, and winged scarabs.
Third corridor has scenes fraom the Book of Caverns with stars on the ceiling, which
later becomes vaulted.
The small burial chamber is nearly filled wiith the sarcophagus – it is unusually large.
The chamber is decorated with the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours of the Book fo Gates. The
ceiling is decorated with two large paintings of Nut instead of the constellations, and
scenes from the book of the Night.
No pillars in the tomb. No scenes from the Amduat.
Little funerary equipment found, althoug the sarcophagus was broken in and left ajar.
Nine foundation deposits

Ramesses V (Usermaatresekheperenre)

Attributions
Stele at Gebel Silsilh

Burial place:
Rock cut tomb in Thebes (Valley of the Kings tomb 9; usurped by Ramesses VI)
Mummy in royal cache in KV35 and now in museum.

Ramesses VI (Nebmaatremeryamun)

Monuments

KV 9 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Beneath the rubble of this tomb was Tutankhamuns tomb
Ruled 1156-1148 BCE
Called the "Tomb of Memnon"
years of graffiti
Ceiling fell in 1992, glued back up
Begun by Ramses V, but usurped by VI
Sarcophagus is smashed
Ullustrations depict some unknown books -- signs of reincarnation
One of the longest tombs in the vally
presently closed
One of the most interesting tombs in the valley. The decorations are
theologicaljourney of night and day. It is the most sophisticaged plan of decoration in
the valley.
Originally built for Ramesses V and only enlarged by ramesses VI. The inscriptions to
Ramesses V were not usurped, so it is clear that they shared a common theology.
Known of since antiquity and has numerous graffiti. Known to the romans as the
Tomb of Memnon, and to the Napoleonic exepedition as La Tombe de le
Metempsychose.
Cleared by Daressy in 1888
Simple, no true stairways. Three corridors to a ritual shaft, then to a four—pillard hall,
and then two more corridors, a vestibule, and the burial chamber with a single annex.
Last corridor (5) is unique, as the floor slopes while the roof is level, which was done
to avoid part of KV12.
Astronomical ceilings in each passage. The Litany or Re is not shown, although it is
found in earlier tombs. The Book of Gates, Book of Caverns, Book of Amduat and
Book of the Daed are represented in the corridors, and the Book of the Earth are in the
burial chamber.
Mummy was not found in this tomb, but instead in KV35. Papyrus Mayer B records
the robbery of the tomb before year 9 of Ramesses IX.
116.84 m long

Ramesses VII (Usermaatresetepenre)

Monuments

Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Open for centuries, lots of Greek and Roman graffiti
Vivid colors are due to restoration.
Reopened in 1995
Contains an odd figure entombed by cartouches
Isn't visited much
later style, horizontal tomb
Lined with scenes from the "Book of Gates"
Sky and constellations on ceiling, and calendar of feasts

Ramesses VIII (Usermaatreakhenamun)

Monuments

KV 1 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

Open since antiquity – at least Greek and Roman times.
Mentioned in the last 19th century, but no infomration about the clearing earlier than
1906. It was also excavated iafter 1952 by the Egyptian Antiquities dept.
Worked by Edwin brock since 1984, and restoration by the SCA in 1994 (which
covered up some ancient graffiti with plaster to fill cracks, etc) No foundation
deposits were found.
First corridor has many cracks, but the plaster seems intact.
Much smaller tomb than his predecessors, with only one corridor and a burial
chamber, with an unfinishe droom beyond. The fine quality of the reliefs indicate that
a small tomb was planned, since it was undrstood that Ramesses VII might not have a
lot of time to complete it.
Decorations simliar to KV9 (Ramesses VI), tehre are some variations: Osiris is much
featured here.
Dsome of the blue pigments have faded/fallen away, but the outer lintel was decorated
with the sun disk and contaiins a scarab, flanked by Isis and Nephthys.l On the lef tof
the corridor, the king offers Re-Horakhty-Atyn-Kkhepri, on the right to Ptah-Sokar-
Osiris. Further in are chapters from the Book of Gates and Book of Caverns.
There is no well-room or antechamber – the corridor leads stright to the sarcophagus
room. The sarciophagus is decorated with scenes from the Book of Aker (the double
headed lion representing the horizon) Nut spans the ceilingof the chamber.
A small unfinished chamber with a niche is beyond, with the lintel showing the
barque of the sun with baboon from the Book of Gates.
Sarcophagus cut directly nto the foor of the tom and a stone covering was placed over
the hole. It is shaped like a cartouche and decorated with figures of Nephthys, Selkis
and the four sons of Horus in green paint.
The tomb was used/reused by Copts.
Mummy has not yet been found. He may be one of the unidenfitied bodies from the
DB320 cache.

Ramesses IX (Neferkaresetepenre)

Monuments

Tomb of Prince Menthuher-Khepshef

Son of Ramses IX
Discovered in 1817
Originally intended for Ramses VIII but ocupied by one of the princes instead
Very wide opening with mock door, over 3.6m
Among the most technically excellend in the Valley of the Kings

KV 6 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

One of trhe last rulers of the XX dyn.
Initial scenes of sunken relief become flat paintings
Stepped corridor
burial chamer is well known for "Book of Night" in yellow on the dark background
Sarcophagus is missing
First tomb encountered with the vally.
Simple tomb, although the artwork is interesting.
Open since antquitiy and visited by many ancietn tourists – 46 of which left
inscriptions in the tomb. It was explored by Henry Salt , and was cleared in 1888 by
George Daressy
Corridor with steps on etiher side to a true corridor with two annexes (one never
completed), followed by a second and third corridot and bestibule. There is no ritual
shaft A four-pillard hall leads ato a short corridot and the burial chamber, which has
no annexes.
It is possible the curial chamber was meant to be another corridor, and only convered
when the king died. There is a two-teired pit in the floor, but no sarcophagus.
Lintels have the standard sun-disk-Isis-Nephthys. The art is similar to Ramesses VI
although the corridors have the Litany or Re instead of the Book of Gates. The first
corridors artwork were done while hw as alive, and the lesser quality work was done
afterwards.
Burial chamber has a vulated ceiling with Nut and passasges from the Book of the
Day and the Book of the Night.
Body of Ramesses IX was found in the 1881 Dier-el-Bahri cache, in a coffin
originally prepared for Neskhons, wife of Pinudjem II

Ramesses X (Khepermaatresetepenre)

Monuments

KV 18 Tomb (Valley of the Kings)

In the southwest wadi
Unfinished and only recently cleared. Visited by Pococke in 1700s, but no funerary
material has been discovered and the foundation deposits found by Carter were not
inscribed. The MISR project cleared the tomb in 1998 and continues work.
An entranceway and two corridors. It was open during antiquity before being filled
with mud and rubble.
The façade is very large, some 10cm widers than the previous king. It is simple, with
little slope. A divided stairway and an initial corridor. The kings name is on the
doorjambs and reveals.
First corridor was blocked by the electric lighting instalaltions for the Vally, which
were installed in 1904. He had the walls witewashed and a level base built for the
generating equipment. He added retaining walls and roofing some of which remain
today. The corridor was originally fully cut and decorated.
He second corridor was blocked by a modern wall tha has been stripped away. There
re rough steps to the abandoned workface. The ceiling has collapsed.
Little decoration remains. Due to flooding the entrance mofie of the king kneeling on
either sid eof the sun disk is lost. Most of the plaster and paint have fallen away. Only
a small portion of the left-hand wall remains, along with modern european grafitti
dating from 1623—1905. Other badly damaged scenes have left traces. No decoration
sin the second corridor.
Mummy has never been found.

KV 19 Tomb of Prince Ramesses-Mentuherkhepshef

Between KV20 and KV42 on the eastern branch of the valley.
Discovered by Belzoni in 1817. Carter trenched the entrance into the tomb in 1904
and the tomb was cleared by Ayrton in 1906.
Unfinished, but in good condition, with painted plaster decorations. However, a flood
in 1994 damaged the walls but did not damage the decorations.
The only tomb of a prince open in the valleyy of the kings
Begun for prince Ramesses Setherkhepsehf, as noted on the entrance hambs.
However, he became Ramesses VIII and so has a larger tomb somewhere else (never
found). Taken over by Ramesses-Mentuherkhepsehf, who was interred in the reign of
Ramesses X
The entryway, when cut, hit athe steps of KV60 a non-royal tomb of the 18th dynasty.
Passages are plastserd but undecorated. Large passages (exceeding all other toms
except Ramesses VII and Ramesses IX.
Only decorations are found in the doorway of the first cooridor, and the wall of the
first corridot itself. They are like those of other royal prince burials (KV5) The
entrance jamb is adorned with red dedication text, but otherwise undecorated.
A door leaf was painted at the beginning ot eh first corridor and overlaid with hieratic
text of the Book of the Dead, part sof a speech made by Thoth. Seven other scenes
show him worshiping other gods, including Osiris, Ptah Ta-Tjenen, Khonsu, Bastet,
Imsety, Qebesenuef and Amon-Re on the northeasat wall, and Ptah, Thoth, Ba-
Nebdjed, Hapy, Duamuref, Meretsegaer and Sekhmet on the southwest.
We assume that he was a son of Ramesses IX because of that kings inscription on a
belt buckle of the figure of Thoth.
Though limited, this is some of the best decorative work in the valley
His name – Mentuherkhepsehf – is shown in not more than nine variations in the
tomb.
Not much funerary equipment – a few fragments of vessels and plaques. Intrusive
burials, hoever – found by Belzoni, who did not document how many or who. The
bodies probably date from the 22nd dynasty in the Third Intermediate Period, based on
the style of cartonnage covering them.

Ramesses XI (Menmaatresetepenptah)

Monunents

KV 4 Tomb (Valley of the kings)

Open since anqituity (although not now) and contains Demotic, Egyptian, Greek,
Latin, Coptic and French and English graffiti on the walls. Used as a workshop during
the 21st dynasty by Pinudjesm to strip the funerarey equipment from KV20, KV34 and
VK38. when moving the mummies.
Residence and stable in the christian period. It was used as storeroom by Carter and
dining hall while he worked on Tut-ankh-amun’s tomb.
Cleared in 1979 by John Romber
No evidenc of flooding, there is a crack between the columns and roof – probably a
result of the dessication ofo the limestone. An ancient repair was made ot the entry,
with several beams in place to support the ceiling. There are large cracks in the upper
walls of the corridor and the plaster has fallen.
Last royal tomb to be built in the valley of the kings. Otherwise, not so exciting.
Corridor followed by a steep descending passage with a second and third corridor
before the ritual well (undecorated and unfinished). Followed by a pillared hall and a
ramp to the unfinished burial chamber. The pillars within the burial chamber are
rectangular, not square and the ceiling is vaulted.
No barriers in the tomb, but many pivot holes for doors
Shaft within the burial chamber (14 x 10 ft) straight down instead of the usual
sarcophagus.
Only decorations are on the door between the entrance and first corridor.
The first corridor, plasterd in yelloew, has outlines only (in red, so no even the
“corrected” ones)
Pinudjem repaired the tomb, and it was assumed he intended to be buried here.
Intrusive items from his restoration and caching were found. ITems include a blue
faience vessel with the horus name of Tuthmosis and Ramesses II, gilded gesso from
the coffin of Thuthmosis III, funerary statues from Tuthmosis III, fragments of the
coffin of Hatshepsut, and shabtis os Ramesses IV.
Intrusive burials, as well, evindenced by the rmains of a 22nd dynasty coffin and bones
of three bodies. They were found in the shaft of the buiral chamber. Copts also
occurpied the tomb
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

21st Dynasty - Tanis

Psusennes I

Burial place:
Tanis (Montet 1951: 91-158)
Intact tomb, mummy of old mane found
Second burial chamber for his sister/wife
Later, Amunemope’s mummy was placed here. May have been a cache of mummies
from the 21st dyn.

History
King of the Twenty-first Dynasty. In his reign began the vast enterprise of transferring
monuments from the old Ramesside capital Per-Ramses to the new Residence of the
kings at Tanis: the king is also known today from his undisturbed burial found at
Tanis.

22nd Dynasty
Libyan kings ruling in Tanis and Buabastic were recognied in all egypt until 828,
whena reival Libyan dynasty arose in Thebes.
In 814, another rival dynasty arose in Leontopolis in the Delta.
Dynast XXII was still recognized in Memphis and parts of the Delta until 735, and
intermittently in Thebes unil 787
Piccione 946—712

Shoshenq I

Burial place:
Tanis (?)
Possibly buried in Bubastis
Mummy encasedin cartonnage and a silver coffin.

History
Not the first libyan to rule Egypt
Commander in chief of all the armes and advisor to Psusennes II.
Strong ruler, once again brought together divided egyptl

Osorkon II

Attributions
Built at Bubastis and temple to Bast and a jubilee temple
Built at Memphis, Tanis, Thebes, Leontopolis

Burial place:
Tanis (NRT 1)
Robbed in antiquity, leaving only a few canopic jars
 History
Probably quite young when he took the throne
King of the Twenty-second Dynasty. Last major ruler of the dynasty: after his reign
the country became divided into smaller kingdoms, perhaps under the nominal
overlordship of the remaining kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty at Tanis.
GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD (332 BCE - 395 CE)

Macedonian Kings - Alexandria

Alexander the Great 332-323

Titulary
Horus name: Mekkemet
Prenomen: Setepenre Meryamun
Nomen: Alexander

Burial place:
Alexandria

History
Son of Philip II of Macedon. He came to the throne in 336 BC. His principal political
and military objective was the destruction of the Achaemenid Persian empire, the
main enemy of the Greeks at this time. 334 BC he entered Asia by crossing the
Hellespont and arrived in Egypt 332 BC. According to Greek historical sources, the
Egyptians welcomed him. In the same year he was crowned as Pharaoh in Memphis
and visited in the following year the oracle of Amun at the oasis of Siwa. The 7th
April 331 BC is the official date of the founding of Alexandria. In April 331 BC he
left Egypt. In 323 BC he died in Babylon after he had conquered the whole Persian
empire including westernmost India. He had divided Egypt into two parts for
administration each, governed by an Egyptian (Doloaspis and Pietesis). After his
death he was worshipped as a god. His body was mummified and placed in a tomb in
Alexandria, where it was still visible in the Roman Period. His son became officially
ruler of the empire, while one of his generals Ptolemy (later king Ptolemy I) ruled as
satrap (governor).
The Egyptians, oppressed under the Persian rule, welcomed Alexander the Great with
open arms when he entered the country in 332 B.C. While there he visited the Oracle
of Amon, at Siwa, where he was declared "the son of Amon." Exactly how this
happened is unclear.
One story is that either upon entering or exiting the temple he was greeted by the
priest as "my son." Alexander's army and followers were not in a strategic position to
see the priest and thought the words came from the god himself.
However it happened, from that point on Alexander was instated as a son of god, like
the pharaohs of old. Alexander initiated the building of Alexandria, but never lived to
see the city.
He left Egypt in 331 B.C. and left Cleomenes of Naukratis in charge of the territory.
This position was later claimed by Ptolemy. When Alexander died, Ptolemy's generals
divided the kingdom.

Philip Arrhidaeus 323-316

Alexander IV 316-304

Titulary
Horus name: Hunu
Nebty name: Merynetjeruredinefjautenitef
Golden Falcon name: Heqaemtadjeref
Prenomen: Haaibre
Nomen: Alexander

History
The son of Alexander the Great and his Persian wife Roxana. The king never visited
Egypt.

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Ptolemy VI Philometor 180-164 & 163-145

Monuments

Temple of Kom Ombo

28 miles north of Aswan
Ptolemaic temple, started by Ptolemy VI, Ptoelmy XIII built the outer and inner
hypostyle halls. The outer enclosure wall and court were built by Augustus and are
mostly gone.
Really two temples – Tmeple of Sobek and Temple of Haroeris
Used as a church by the copts and robbed for stone
Everything is duplicated along the main entrance – two entrances, two courts, two
colonnades, two halls and two sanctuaries. Probably even two sets of priests.
Left side is Haroeris (Horus the Elder) and the right was to Sobek
Only foundations remain of the original pylon.
In the southwest corner of the Pronaos is the one column that does not echo the
daultiy of the temples.
Hypostyle hall has papyrus columns and an inventory of sacred places in Egypt
A small chapel on th enorth has a ceiling painting with Nut.

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 170-163 & 145-116

Monuments

Temple of Hathor in Dendara (begun 125 BCE)

0700-1800 LE12
An hour and a half, bring a flashlight
Greco-roman creation between 125 BCE-60 CE) Emluatews a pharaonic style to
legitimize the roman rulers
Six Hathor-headed columns, but inside Hathor is human, not bovine
THe par buit by Tiberiius has roman Emperors making offerings to the Egyptian gods
BUried in sand to the upper edge of the entrance, the top was most damaged by copts.
Signs of earlier buildings form Cheops, 4th dyn, here.
Asssociated with Aphrodite
Holes in the columns were used to tether animals by the copts

Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter II 116-107 & 88-80

Monuments

Temple of Horus Edfu (finished)

0700-1600 winter
0700-1700 summer
LE20 camera LE6
Ptolemaic, but follows pharonic canon. Ranks near Karnak as largest temple
Sandstone enclosing walls, temple was buried until 1860
Built by 6 ptolemies, finished by Ptolemy IX
netered from the back. Pylong erected by Ptoleym IX beforehe was usurped by
brother Alexander
Hypostyle hall by Ptolemy VII, known as 'Fatty'
Requires a flashlight
60 km s of luxor
Begun in Aug 237 BCE, took 25 years to complete. Opening ceremony in 176 BCE,
because of an uprising in Egypt
COvered with housees until 1860s
Images of vultures are common

Roman Emperors

Augustus 30 B.C. - 14 A.D.

Monuments

Kalabsha Temple at Aswan

Originally built at Kalabsha (Talmis) but moved to New Kalabsha (Chellal( in 1970.
Built by Roman Emperor Octavius Augustus (30-14 BCE) and dedicated to Mandulis,
the Fertility and solar deity of Nubia
Largest free-standing temple in Nubia. Classical design for the Ptolemaic period with
pylons, courtyard, hypostye hall, and three room sanctuary. The pylon is offset,
though, and makes the couryard a trapezoid.
Built on the site of an earlier temple built by Ptolemy I
Courtyard inside had columns on three sides. At either end is a staircase to the upper
stories of the pylon. On the right screened wall is an inscription from Aurelius
Besarion (249 CE) decreeing that swine woul dbe expelled form the city for religious
reasons. An a column is one of th elongest Meroitic inscriptions found. On an end
wall is thought to be an inscription of the 5th century Nubrian king Silko
Three chambers after the vestibule – the pronaos (a chamber preceding the sanctuary),
the naos (sanctuary where the statues were located) and the adyton Ithe secret shrine)