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M.SC - BotanyBotany

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KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

BOTANY DEPARTMENT

M.Sc. BOTANY Scheme of Examination (CBCS) w.e.f. 2020-21in Phased Manner

Semester I
Paper code Title of paper Type of Hours Credits Marks + Internal Total Duration
paper /week Assessment of Exam
BOT-101 Algae & Fungi Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
BOT-102 Bryophytes & Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
Pteridophytes
BOT-103 Cytogenetics & plant Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3hrs
breeding
BOT-104 Ecology Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
BOT-105 Practical based on 101 + Core 8 4 80 + 20 100 6 hrs
102
BOT-106 Practical based on 103 + Core 8 4 80 + 20 100 6 hrs
104
Total 24 600

Semester-II

Paper code Title of paper Type of Hours/ Credits Marks + Internal Total Duration
paper week Assessment of Exam
BOT-201 Microbiology and Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
Biostatistics
BOT-202 Natural Resources & Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
Biodiversity
BOT-203 Gymnosperms & Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
Ethnobotany
BOT-204 Molecular genetics Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
BOT-205 Seminar Core 1 1 25 25 1 hr
BOT-206 *Plants for human Open 2 2 40 + 10 50 3 hrs
welfare Elective
BOT-207 Practical based on Core 8 4 80 + 20 100 6 hrs
201 + 202
BOT-208 Practical based on Core 8 4 80 + 20 100 6 hrs
203 + 204
Total 27 675

1
Semester III

Paper Title of paper Type of paper Hours/ Credits Marks + Total Duration
code week Internal of Exam
Assessment
BOT-301 Plant physiology & Plant Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
biochemistry
BOT-302 Plant Taxonomy & Economic botany Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
BOT-303 Plant Biotechnology & Genetic Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
engineering
BOT-304 a) Advanced Phycology-I (elective) Elective 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
b) Applied Mycology (elective) }
c) Restoration Ecology (elective)
d) Advanced Plant Physiology
(elective)
e) Biophysical & biochemical
techniques (elective)
BOT-305 Seminar Core 1 1 25 25 1 hr
BOT-306 *Biodiversity and its conservation Open Elective 2 2 40 + 10 50 3 hrs
BOT-307 Practical based on 301 Core 6 3 60 + 15 75 6 hrs
BOT-308 Practical based on 302 + 303 Core 6 3 60 + 15 75 6 hrs
BOT-309 Practical based on 304 Core 4 2 40 + 10 50 6 hrs
Total 27 675

Semester IV

Paper code Title of paper Type of Hours/ Credits Marks + Total Duration
paper week Internal of Exam
Assessment
BOT-401 Physiology of Plant growth & Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
development
BOT-402 Biology of Reproduction and Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
Anatomy
BOT-403 Plant Tissue Culture Core 4 4 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
BOT-404 a) Advanced Phycology-II (elective) Elective 4 4 } 80 + 20 100 3 hrs
b) Principles of Plant Pathology
(elective)
c) Conservation Biology (elective) } 65 + 15 80
d)Plant Growth Regulators
(elective) }
e) Genomics (elective)
BOT-405 Practical based on 401 Core 6 3 60 + 15 75 6 hrs
BOT-406 Practical based on 402 + 403 Core 6 3 60 + 15 75 6 hrs
BOT-407 Practical based on 404 Core 4 2 40 + 10 50 6 hrs
BOT-408 **Project Work/Field Training Core 4 4 100 100
Report
Total 28 700

* Students can choose two open elective courses from the courses available in any department of
Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra/Mooc courses available on Swayam portal- Two credits each

2
**Candidates shall be allotted to teachers at the beginning of II semester to facilitate the students to carry
project work during semester break in house or in other institutes. Project report would be prepared and
submitted under guidance of the concerned teacher.

Total Credits = 106 Total Marks = 2650

Programme Outcomes for PG courses of Faculty of Life Sciences:

1. To acquaint students with recent knowledge and techniques in basic and applied biological
sciences.
2. To develop understanding of organismal, cellular, biochemical and environmental basis of life
3. To provide insight into ethical implications of biological research for environmental protection
and good laboratory practices and biosafety.
4. To develop problem solving innovative thinking with robust communication and writing skills in
youth with reference to biological, environmental and nutritional sciences.
5. To understand the applications of biotic material in health, medicine and food security for human
well being and sustainable development.
6. To impart practical and project based vocational training for preparing youth for a career in
research and entrepreneurship in fields of life sciences for self reliance.

3
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

1. Biodiversity of lower and higher plants along with their taxonomic status. The students will have
in-depth knowledge about physiology and metabolism of plants.
2. Students will be able to gain in-depth knowledge regarding ethnobotany, conservation status and
strategies of economically important plants.
3. This program aims to critically engage students with concepts of ecological principles,
biodiversity, population, community, ecosystem structure and function, importance of
environment and the problems related with it at local and global level.
4. The students will have strong base knowledge of physiological, cellular and molecular aspects of
plants biology. It will help them venture into advanced research areas.
5. This program will help students to be aware of good laboratory practices in microbial technology
and plant biotechnology.

4
SEMESTER – I

Paper – BOT-101 Algae & Fungi Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objectives: To educate and train the students for professional and research career in the field of
Algology & Mycology.

Outcomes:

CO1 The students will be inspired to become aware and comprehend the broader aspects of Algology.
CO2 The learning outcome will be aimed towards advanced academic education to broaden the
knowledge its Biodiversity, Ecological significance and Economic importance of algae.
CO3 The students will be inspired to become well versed with the fungal world in terms of recent
researches.
CO4 Economic importance of Fungi with regards to its deleterious and beneficial aspects. Modern
economic importance of Lichens. Working knowledge of biological laboratories and research centres in
India.
CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-101 (Algae & Fungi):

No. PO1 PO2 PO3 PO 4 PO5 PO6

CO 1 2 1 2 2 2 3
CO 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
CO 3 2 1 2 2 1 1
CO 4 2 2 1 2 1 1
Average 2 1.5 1.75 2 1.25 1.75

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-101 (Algae & Fungi):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2 1 2 1 2
CO2 2 2 1 2 1
CO3 1 1 2 1 2
CO4 2 2 2 2 2
Average 1.75 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.75

Unit-I
1. Criteria for algal classification (pigments, reserve food, flagella etc.) and their taxonomic
importance.
2. Comparative account of important systems of classification and recent trends.
3. Thallus organization in algae and evolutionary trends.
4. Economic importance of algae as food, feed, uses in industries etc and algal biofertilizers.

5
Unit-II
5. Biodiversity of algae in different habitats (terrestrial, freshwater and marine).
6. Ecological diversity of algae in unusual habitats (thermal, psychrophilic, subaerial, symbioticetc.).

7. Dynamics and consequences of algal blooms and red tides (Freshwater and Marine). Algae as
major components of phytoplankton.
8. Morphological features and life cycle patterns of major divisions with suitable examples
(Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta).

Unit- III
9. General characters of fungi: Thallus organization, nutrition and reproduction.
10. Classification of fungi by Ainsworth & Bisby (1983), Alexopoulus et. Al (1996).- phylogeny of
fungi- characters used in classification.
11. General account of Myxomycota, mastigomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
and Mitosporic gungi. Different kinds of spores and their dispersal.
12. Concept of Homothallism, Heterothallism, alternation of generations and parasexualuality.
Unit – IV
13. Economic importance of fungi in nutrient cycling, decomposition, humus formation, decay and
deterioration of wood & timber.
14. Causal organisms, sysptoms and management of : late and early blight of potato, downy mildew
of grapes, green ear disease of Bazra (Sorghum), apple scab, karnal bunt of wheat, rust of wheat,
tikka disease of ground nut
15. Lichens: structure, reproduction and economic importance

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-102 (BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 2 2 2 2 2
CO2 2 2 2 2 1 2
CO3 2 2 2 2 2.5 2
CO4 2 2 2 2 2 2
Average 2 2 2 2 1.875 2

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-102 (BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2.5 2.5 2 2.5 2.5
CO2 2 2 2.5 2 2.5
CO3 2 2.5 2.5 2 2
CO4 2 2 2 3 3
Average 2.125 2.25 2.25 2.375 2.5

Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus.
The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate will be
required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I
1. General characteristics features of Bryophytes. Classification of Bryophytes upto classes,
General account of structure and development of gametophyte, sporophyte of Marchantiales,
Jungermanniales and Anthcerotales.
2. General account of structure and development of gametophyte and sporophyte of Sphagnales,
Funariales and Polytrichales.

Unit -II

3. Regulation of protonemal differentiation and bud formation.

4. Biology of reproduction- In Vitro regulation of gametangia formation: effect of
physical and chemical factors, Cytology of Bryophytes, Apogamy and Apospory.

8
5. Ecological importance of bryophytes: Bryophytes as indicators of pollution and minerals; role of
Bryophytes in succession

Unit-III
6. General characteristics of Pteridophytes and their classification
7. Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following:
Psilophytales (Rhynia, Zosterophyllum), Psilotales (Psilotum), Lycopodiales (Lycopodium,
Selaginella), Lepidodendrales (Lepidodendron),
Sphenophyllales (Equisetum)

Unit- IV
8. Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following :
Ophioglossales (Ophioglossum, Botrychium), Marattiales (Marattia, Angiopteris),
Osmundales, Filicales (Pteris, Dryopteris),Marsileales and Salviniales
9. Economic and Ecological significance of Pteridophyte in succession.

1. Parihar, N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryohpyta, Central Book

Depot, Allahabad, India.
2. Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology, Macmillan, New York.
3. Chopra, R.N. and Kumra, P.K. 1988. Biology of Bryophytes. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.
4. Chopra, R.N. & Bhatla, S.C. 1990. Bryophyte Development: Physiology and
Biochemistry.CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
5. Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
6. Watson, E.V. 1967. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications, New
Delhi.
7. Glime, J.M and Saxena D. 1991. Uses of Bryophytes. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and
Publishers, New Delhi.

8. Richardson, D.H.S. 1981. The Biology of Mosses. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,
London.

9. Parihar, N.S. 1977. The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot.
Allahabad.
10. Rashid, A. 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta (Diversity and Differentiation). Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Sporne, K.R. 1985 (reprint) The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd.,
Delhi.

9
Paper – BOT-103 - CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the students about structure and functions of a
chromosome in detail. The course also explains the chromosomal variations and their effects on
biological system. Further, it aims to draw attention to methods used for crop improvement.

Outcomes:
CO1 The students get acquainted about the different cytogenetic and molecular techniques used for
genome analysis.
CO2 This course will enable the students to use linkage and recombination frequencies in gene mapping.
CO3 The students get familiarised about role of chromosomes in sex determination and generation of
variations.
CO4 The students will know about the methods that can be used to create the desired
genotype/phenotype.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-103 (CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT

BREEDING):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 1 2 3 3
CO2 3 3 1 2 2 3
CO3 3 3 1 2 3 3
CO4 3 2 2 2 3 3
Average 3 2.75 1.25 2 2.75 3

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-103 (CYTOGENETICS AND PLANT

BREEDING):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 2 2 3 1
CO2 2 2 1 2 1
CO3 2 1 3 3 1
CO4 3 3 1 3 1
Average 2.5 1.5 1.75 2.75 1

Unit-I
1. Chromatin structure and organization: Chromosome structure and DNA packaging; euchromatin
and heterochromatin.
2. Organization of plastid and mitochondrial genomes.
3. Special Chromosomes: Structure, occurrence and behaviour of polytene, lampbrush, B and sex
chromosomes.
4. Karyotype: Karyotype analysis and its evolution; FISH, GISH and flow cytometery.

Unit-II
5. Cell cycle: Cell cycle phases, checkpoints and regulation.
10
6. Chromosome banding techniques and their applications.
7. Linkage and crossing over: Molecular mechanism of crossing over and role of different enzymes;
linkage groups.
8. Chromosome mapping- Two point and three point test crosses.

Unit-III
9. Sex determination: Chromosomal and gene determining sex in plants, animals, Drosophila and
humans; Gene dosage compensation.
10. Structural alterations in chromosomes – Origin, meiosis and breeding behaviour of duplication,
deficiency, inversion and translocation heterozygotes.
11. Variation in chromosome number: Haploids, aneuploids and euploids- origin, production, effects
and uses; polyploidy and crop improvement.

Unit-IV
12. Principles of plant breeding: Principles and objectives; methods of breeding self and cross
pollinated crops, heterosis and hybrid vigour; utility of hybrids in genetics and plant breeding.
13. Asexual breeding systems: Methods of breeding of vegetatively propagated crops; Non-
conventional methods; gene variability.
14. Male sterility: Concept; classification; genetic control; inheritance pattern and breeding utility.

Suggested Readings:
1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J. Raff M, Roberts K and Walter P (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell (5 th
Ed.). Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
2. Gustafron JP (2002) Genomes, Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA.
3. Karp G (1999) Cell and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, USA.
4. Krebs JE, Goldstein ES and Kalpatrick ST (2010) Lewin’s Essential Genes (2 nd Ed.), Jones and Barlett
Publishers.
5. Lewin B (2010) Gene X, Jones and Barlett Publishers.
6. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser, CA, Krieger M, Scott MP Bretscher A Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2008)
Molecular Cell Biology (6th Ed), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.
7. Pierce BA (2012) Genetics- A Conceptual Approach (4th Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York,
USA.
8. Poehlman JM and Sleper DA (1995) Breeding Field Crops, AVI. Publ., U.S.A.
9. Russell PJ (2006) Genetics (5th Ed.), Addison Wesley Longman, California, USA.
10. Snustad P and Simmons MJ (2011) Principles of Genetics. (6th Ed.), John Wiley, New York.
11. Weaver RF (2005) Molecular Biology, McGraw Hill International Edition.
12. Watson, JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of the Gene
(6th Ed.), CSHLP, New York.

11
Paper – BOT-104 – ECOLOGY Credit -4 MM- 80+20 T: 3hrs

Objectives: Critically engage with concepts of Ecological principles and importance of environment
and the problems related with it at global and local level.

Outcomes:
CO1 Students will be able to understand about limiting factors controlling distribution and growth of
organisms.
CO2 Students will be able to develop insights about the concepts of populations, community and
ecosystems and can use in management of natural resources for sustainable development.
CO3 Students will be able to comprehend interactions among components of ecosystems for better
stability.
CO4 By understanding the concept of ecological principles and environmental issues, the students
will be able to develop attitude, value system and ethics towards environmental related issues.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-104 (ECOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 3 1 1 1 1
CO2 2 3 3 1 2 2
CO3 3 2 3 2 2 1
CO4 3 3 2 2 3 2
Average 2.5 2.75 2.25 1.5 1.5 1.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-104 (ECOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 3 3 1 1
CO2 2 3 3 2 1
CO3 1 3 3 2 1
CO4 2 3 3 2 2
Average 1.5 3 3 1.75 1.25

Unit-I
1. The Environment: Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic and abiotic interactions;
Tolerance range and limiting factors, ecotypes
2. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and
realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.
3. Population ecology: Concept, characteristics, population growth and regulation, species
interactions—mutualism, competition, allelopathy, predation, parasitism, Life-history strategies
and r-and K selection, concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions,
age structured populations
Unit-II

12
4. Community structure and organization; Nature of communities, community structure and its
attributes; species diversity, Edges and ecotones, vegetation characteristics (analytical and
synthetic characters, methods of analysis.
5. Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.
Unit-III
6. Ecosystem organization: structure and functions; primary production (global pattern and
controlling factors); energy dynamics—trophic levels, energy flow pathways and ecological
efficiencies.
7. Decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality and climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles
of C, N, P, & S, ecosystem stability (resistance and resilience).
Unit-IV
8. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of
India, speciation and extinction, endemism.
9. Global atmosphere changes: Environmental pollution, global environmental change and its
consequences (CO2 fertilization, global warming sea level rise and UV radiation).

Suggested Readings :
1. Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., New York.
2. Miller (Jr.) and G. Tyler (1994) : Living in the Environment. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont,
California.
3. Odum, E.P. (1983), Basic Ecology, Sanders, Philadelphia.
4. Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5 th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York.
5. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 2000. Ecology and Sustainable Development. National Book Trust, India
6. Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company.
7. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya
Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Smith, R.L. (1996), Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Collins, New York.
9. Steffen, W., A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. Jager, P. M. Matson, B. Moore, III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H.
J. Schnellnhuber, B. L. Turner, II, and R. J. Wasson. 2004. Global change and the Earth system: a Planet
under Pressure. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USAReference books.
10. Townsend, C.R., Begon, M. And Harper, J.L. 2003. Essentials of Ecology. Second Edition. Blackwell
Publishing, Oxford.

13
Paper – BOT-201 – Microbiology and Biostatistics Credit -4 MM- 80+20 T: 3hrs

Objectives: The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various
microbial pathogens and their effect on human affairs. In addition, the course also deals with growth,
collection and maintenance of microbes, their interactions and control different therapeutic methods.

Outcomes:

CO1 To acquaint the students with the knowledge of various microbes (viruses, bacteriophages, and
Cyanobacteria their impacts Biological Importance.
CO2 The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various laboratory
conditions for their culture and maintenance of microorganisms in terms of their control through
physical and chemical methods.
CO3 It is aimed to impart knowledge about microbial interactions in the wider context of
Environmental Microbiology biological laboratories and research centres in India.
CO4 Working knowledge of biostatistics and there importance in the plant sciences while
discussing the results & findings in terms of correlations, regressions and other details.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-201 (Microbiology and Biostatistics):

PO 1 PO 2 PO3 PO 4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 1 1 2 2 2
CO2 1 2 1 2 2 2
CO3 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO4 1 1 2 2 2 1
Average 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.75 1.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-201 (Microbiology and Biostatistics):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 2 1 1 1
CO2 1 1 2 2 1
CO3 2 1 1 2 1
CO4 1 2 1 2 2
Average 1.25 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.25

Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire
syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate
will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit-I
1. Structure & replication of viruses and bacteriophage; transmission & control of viruses;
Isolation & purification of Plant Viruses.
Diseases caused by Viruses: TMV, Tristeza of citrus
2. Cyanobacteria: Salient features and Biological Importance.

Unit-II

3. Growth, culture and maintenance of microorganisms

Microbial growth and measurement, environmental factors influencing growth.

14
4. Control of micro organisms: Physical methods(High temperature, dry hot or hot air
sterilization, moist air sterilization, low temperature, filtration, lycophilisation,
Radiation), Chemical methods (Disinfectants and antiseptics)

Unit-III

5. Microbial interaction: Functions of symbiotic relationships, types of symbiosis,

commensalism, synergism, mutualism-(Lichens, Bacterial endosymbionts of protozoa,
Nitrogen fixing symbiosis,mycorrhizae), parasitism.
6. Environmental Microbiology: Microbiology of fresh, marine and extreme environment,
Biofilms, Bioremediation of polluted environment, Bioleaching.

Unit-IV

7. Biostatistics: Brief description and tabulation of data and its graphical representation.

8. Measures of central tendency and dispersion.

9. Mean, mode, median, range standard deviation, variance idea of two types of errors and level
of significance, tests of significance (F & t test); chi-square test.

10. Simple Linear Regression and Correlation.

Suggested Readings:
1. Gupta R & Mukherji K G (2001). Microbial technology, APH Publ. co., New Delhi.
2. Pelezar, MJ, Chaing, ECS & Krieg, NR (1993). Microbiology, Tata McGrawHill Publ. New Delhi.
3. Prescott, LM., Harley, JP & Klein, DA (1996). Microbiology Wm. C. Brown Publ. USA.
4. Ronald, M Atlas (1995). Principles of microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
5. Singh R.P. (1990): Introductory Biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India.
6. Sumbali, G. 2005: The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
7. Statistics for Biologists (1974) Campbell R.C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
8. Statistics in Biology, Vol. 1 (1967) Bliss, C.I.K, McGraw Hill, New York

15
Paper-BOT-202: Natural Resources and Biodiversity Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objectives: This course aims to develop knowledge regarding natural resources and their utilization.
This also aims to critically engage students with biodiversity-its status, monitoring and conservation.

Outcomes: After completion of course the students will be able to understand

CO1 Resources and their sustainable uses.

CO2 Environmental issues at global and local level.
CO3 Ecosystem Restoration
CO4 Conservation status and strategies, sustainable indicators

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-202 (Natural Resources and Biodiversity):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 2 3 1.5 3 2
CO2 3 2 2 1.5 2 3
CO3 2 2 3 1 3 2
CO4 2 2 3 1 2 3
Average 2.25 2 2.75 1.25 2.5 2.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-202 (Natural Resources and Biodiversity):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 3 3 1 1.5
CO2 2 3 3 2 1
CO3 1 3 3 2 2
CO4 2 3 3 1 1.5
Average 1.5 3 3 1.5 1.5

Note:-
1. Nine questions will be set in all.
2. Question No. 1, which will be objective/short –answer type covering the entire syllabus, will
be compulsory. The remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions
from each unit I, II, III & IV. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No. 1 and four
more selecting one question from each section.

Unit-I

1) Resources: Types, Renewable and non-renewable resources; resources degradation and

conservation.
2) Land resources: Land degradation and desertification; management of waste lands in India.
3) Water resources: Pools of water and Hydrological cycles, surface water and ground water;
water-use and management.
4) Environmental pollution of air, water and soil-types, sources and effects.

Unit-II

16
5) Forest resources: Forests and their importance, Non timber forest produce, forest resources
of India and forest management.
6) Types of energy resources, renewable sources of energy-wine energy, wave energy, Energy
from biomass, bioconversion technologies, energy plantation and petrocrops.
7) Ecosystem restoration and Environment impact assessment- Brief account.

Unit- III

8) Principals of resources conservation and conservation strategies.

9) Biological diversity: importance, concept and levels biodiversity, threats to biodiversity-
habitat loss and fragmentation, exotic species, pollution, species extinctions; IUCN
categories of threat.
10) Distribution and global patterns of biodiversity.
11) Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity; Hotspots of biodiversity in India.

Unit- IV

12) In situ conservation of biodiversity: Protected area in India wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks, biosphere reserves.
13) Conservation of biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs.
14) Ex situ biodiversity conservation: principles and practices, field gene banks, seed banks and
cryopreservation.
15) Sustainable development: concept, principles and strategies; sustainability indicators.

CO1 Classify and distinguish gymnosperms from other groups of plants.

CO2 Trace evolutionary trends in development of male and female gametophytes
CO3 Learn about economic importance of gymnosperms and modern methods of their propagation.
CO4 Explain the ethnobotany, its history, significance , methods and techniques used in
ethnobotanical study and research.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 203 (Gymnosperms &Ethnobotany):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 2 1 2 2 1
CO2 2 2 1 1 1 1
CO3 3 2 1 2 3 2
CO4 2 2 1 1 3 2
Average 2.25 2 1 1.5 2.25 1.25

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-203 (Gymnosperms & Ethnobotany):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 2 1 1
CO2 3 3 2 1 1
CO3 2 2 1 1 1
CO4 3 2 2 1 1
Average 2.75 2.5 1.75 1 1

Unit-I

1. Classification of gymnosperms and their distribution in India.

2. Brief account of the following families:
Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Glossopteridaceae, Caytoniaceae.

Unit – II

3. General account of the following orders:

Cycadeoidales(Cycadeoidea), Pentoxylales, Cordiatales
4. Comparative account of Structure and reproduction in the following orders:
Cycadales (Cycas), Ginkgoales (Ginkgo).

19
Unit- III

5. Coniferales (Pinus, Cedrus), Ephedrales (Ephedra), Welwitschiales, Gnetales

6. Economic importance of gymnosperms, Role of Gymnosperms in Biodiversity.
7. Modern methods of propagation of gymnosperms: somatic embryogenesis, haploids and
protoplast culture

Unit-IV

8. Ethnobotany: History and importance of ethnobotany, ethnomedicobotany, ethnozoology,

ethnoveterinary, ethnomusicology and ethnoagriculture

9 Wild edible plants used as emergency food by triblals in India, methods and techniques in
ethnobotanical study and research.
10. Traditional plants: Cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices and mushrooms, wild edible fruits and
seeds. Plants in folk songs and proverbs. Sacred grooves, Impact of moderenization.
Suggested Readings:

1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
2. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Bierhorst, D. W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmillan. New York.
4 . Cotton, C.M. 1996. Ethnobotany- Principles and Appliations, Centruy School Book by service
Film setting Ltd.
5. Dahlgren. R.H., Clifford, T and P.F Yeo 1985.The families of the monocotyledons; structure,
Evolution and Taxonomy. SpingeVerag, NY.
6. Gary J, Martin, 2004. Ethnobotany- A Methods Manual, Chapman and Hall. U.K.
7. Jain S.K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
8. Jain S.K. 1987. A manual of ethnobotany. Scientific publisher Jodhpur.
9. Jain S.K. and Mundgal, 1999. Handbook of ethnobotany, London.
10. Pursrglove, J.W. 1972. Tropical Crops-Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons of ethnobotany,
ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic communities.
11. Rao, P.C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethanobotanical Approach, Agribios, India.
12. Trivedi, P.C. 2006. Medicinal plants: Ethanobotanical Approach, Agribios, India.
13. Yoganarasimhan, S.N. Medicinal Plants of India-Vol-I- Karnataka, Interline Publishing Pvt. Ltd.

20
Paper – BOT-204 – MOLECULAR GENETICS Credit -4 MM- 80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: This course is intended to provide the basic understanding of biological processes such as
DNA replication, transposition and mutations. A key thrust of this paper is towards the molecular
mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression and regulation.

Outcome:
CO1 The students will have enhanced understanding of genome structure, evolution and its replication.
CO2 This course will impart the knowledge of basics of mutations and their importance; DNA repair
mechanisms.
CO3 The students will learn about the methods of genetic recombination in bacteria
CO4 The students will gain insight into the principle mechanisms of genome expression and its
regulation.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 204 (MOLECULAR GENETICS ):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 1 2 2 3
CO2 2 3 3 2 3 2
CO3 2 1 1 2 3 1
CO4 3 3 2 1 3 1
Average 2.5 2.5 1.75 1.75 2.75 1.75

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-204 (MOLECULAR GENETICS ):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 2 3 3 1
CO2 2 2 2 3 2
CO3 1 2 2 1 1
CO4 1 2 1 3 2
Average 1.75 2 2 2.5 1.5

21
UNIT- III
8. Transcription: Initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, RNA
polymerases.
9. RNA Processing: Processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.
10. Genetic code: Deciphering the genetic code, characteristics.
11. Translation: Initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

UNIT-IV
12. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Operon concept, lac operon regulation by positive
and negative mechanism, trp operon, regulation by negative and attenuation.
13. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes:
a) Transcriptional level – Regulatory sequences, nucleosome positioning, chromatin remodelling,
histone modifications.
b) Post-transcriptional level – RNA splicing, RNA stability.
c) Translational level and post-translational level.

Suggested Readings:
1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J. Raff M, Roberts K and Walter P (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell (5 th Ed.).
Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
2. Brown TA (1999) Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
3. Burns GW and Bottino PJ (1989) The Science of Genetics, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York.
4. Clark D (2005) Molecular abiology, Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Inc. C. California.
5. Gustafron JP (2002) Genomes.Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA.
6. Hartl DL (1999) Genetics Principles and analysis. (4th Ed.) Jones and Bartle, Boston.
7. Henry RJ (1997) Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
8. Klug WS and Cunning MR (1996) Essentials of Genetics. Prentice Hall London.
9. Krebs JE, Goldstein ES and Kalpatrick ST (2010) Lewin’s Essential Genes (2 nd Ed.), Jones and Barlett
Publishers.
10. Lewin B (2005) Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser, CA, Krieger M, Scott MP Bretscher A Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2008) Molecular
Cell Biology (6th Ed), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.
12. Pierce BA (2012) Genetics- A Conceptual Approach (4th Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.
13. Russell PJ (2006) Genetics (6th Ed.), Addison Wesley Longman, California, USA.
14 Snustad P and Simmons MJ (2011), Principles of Genetics. (6 th Ed.), John Wiley, New York.
15. Swanson CP, Mertz T and Young WJ (1981) Cytogenetics- The Chromosome in Division, Inheritance and
Evolution (2nd Ed.), Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
16. Weaver RF and Hedrick PW (1997). Genetics (3rd Ed.) WMC Brown, Chicago.
17. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of the Gene (6 th
Ed.), CSHLP, New York.

22
OPEN ELECTIVE

PAPER – BOT-206 – PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE CREDIT -2 MM- 40+10 T: 3hrs

Objective: This course is intended to provide the basic understanding the origin, morphology,
cultivation of major crops. It also deals with the traditional knowledge and utility of some
common spices, condiments, medicinal plants and horticulture crops.

Outcomes:

CO1 Explain the origin of agriculture and centres of origin of various crops
CO2 Identify the plant sources of foods, modern and traditional medicines, spices, oil, fibres, dyes, gum
and timbers.
CO3 Learn about plant sources of psychoactive compounds, ornamental plants and identification of
common food adulterants

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 206 (PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 1.5 2 3 1.5
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO3 3 2 3 2 3 3

Average 3 2.66 2.5 2 3 2.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-206 (PLANTS FOR HUMAN WELFARE):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 2 2 2
CO2 3 3 2.5 2.5 3
CO3 3 3 3 2.5 3
Average 3 3 2.5 2.33 2.66

Unit-I
Plants and Civilization: Origin of agriculture
Origin crop plants: Idea about centre of origin of common crop plants
Minor Cereals, Major cereals Pseudocereals and pulses
Spices and condiments (Saffron, Clove, Cardamom, Ginger, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Capsicums,
Asafetida, Coriander, Fennel, Fenugreek)

Unit –II
Medicinal plants: Importance of medicinal plants – role in human health care
23
Traditional knowledge and utility of some common medicinal plants-Sarpgandha, Isabgol,Vasaka,
Neem, Bhiringraj, Amla, Harrad, Bahera, Arjun ,Punarnava , Brahmi, Kasondi, Ghritkumari, Quinine
and Eucalyptus

Psychoactive plants – general account and classification

Unit –III

Nutritive and medicinal value of some fruits and vegetables (Guava, Sapota, Orange,
Mango, Banana, Lemon, Pomegranate, Moringa, Cabbage)
Beverages (Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, Cola)
Common ornamental plants
Common food adultrants

Unit-IV
Common timber yielding plants and minor forest products
General account of Fibers, dyes, tannins, gums and resins
Insecticides from plants Pyrethrum and Rotenone

Suggested Readings:
Kochar, S.L. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.
Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany (2nd Ed.) McGraw Hill, New York.
Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops (2 nd Ed.)
Longmans, London.
Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants Longman, London, New York.
SambaMurthy, AVS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern
Ltd.,Delhi
Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. USA
Simpson B. B. M. C. Ogorzaly 2001. Economic botany: plants of our world, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New
York, New York, USA.

24
SEMESTER – III
Paper – BOT-301-Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3 hrs

Objective: The course would deal with the study of plant physiology especially the water
transport, absorption, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism.

Outcome:

CO1 The students will be able to understand the physiology and basic metabolism of plants.
CO2 The students will be learning about the concepts of water potential, transpiration and mechanisms
of water absorption in plants.
CO3 During the course students will gain in depth knowledge about mineral nutrition, photosynthesis
and respiration in plants.
CO4 The students will be able to increase the understanding about enzymes, lipid metabolism and
nitrogen metabolism.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 301 (Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 1 1 2 2
CO2 3 3 1 1 1 1
CO3 3 3 1 2 2 1
CO4 3 3 1 2 3 1
Average 3 3 1 1.5 2 1.25

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-301 (Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 1 1 3 2
CO2 3 1 1 3 2
CO3 3 1 2 3 2
CO4 3 1 1 3 2
Average 3 1 1.25 3 2

Suggested Readings:
Bonner, J. And Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry, IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London.
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. And Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants.
American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.
Davies, Peter J. (1995). Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd
Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia
Pvt. Ltd.
Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Hopkins, W.G. (1995) Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi.
Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt Ltd. New
Delhi.
Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India (Indian edition).
Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and Co MM 1993Principles of Biochemistry Second edition, CBS Publishers.
Moore, Thomas. C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994),
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi..
Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993.
Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont,
California, USA.
Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology:
Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published
by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,
Massachusetts, USA
Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Plant Molecular Physiology: Current Scenario and Future Projections. Aavishkar
Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.
Weil, J.H. (1990). General Biochemistry. Sixth edition. Wiley-Eastern, New Age International Publishers,
New Delhi.
Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology, ELBS, Longman, England. Zubay, Geoffrey. (1989).
Biochemistry. Mc.Millan Publishing Co. New York.

26
Paper – BOT-302- Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with the study of the basic concepts of plant taxonomy and
botanical nomenclature. The course is also designed to know about the origin of agriculture and
economic importance of major crop plants.

Outcomes:

CO1 Understand the significance, basic concepts, tools of plant taxonomy

CO2 Learn about the different systems of classification of angiosperms and relevance of plant taxonomy
to other branches.
CO3 Acquire knowledge about the plant sources of foods, modern and traditional medicines, spices, oil,
fibres, dyes, gum and timbers.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 302 (Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 2.5 2 3 3
CO2 3 2 2 2 2 3
CO3 3 3 3 2 3 3

Average 3 2.66 2.5 2 2.66 3

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-302 (Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 3 2 3
CO2 3 2.5 2 2 3
CO3 3 3 3 2.5 3
Average 3 2.8 2.6 2.1 3

Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus.
The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be
required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.
Unit-I
The Species concept, Taxonomic hierarchy, Species, Genus and Family
Taxonomic evidence: Morphology, anatomy, palynology.
Taxonomic Tools: Herbarium and Floras.
Botanical Gardens and herbaria in India; Botanical Survey of India its organization and role.
Unit-II
Salient Features of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN).
Systems of angiosperm classifications of Benthom and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Hutchinson,
Cronquist, Takhtajan, Dahlgren and Thorne,
Relative merits and demerits of these systems.
Unit-III
Origin of agriculture: World centers of primary diversity of domesticated plants.
27
Origin, botany, cultivation and uses of cereals (wheat, rice), Sugarcane, Potato
Oil yielding plants (groundnut, mustard, sunflower)
Unit-IV
Botany, origin, uses of important fibres (Cotton, Jute),
General account of important spices (Ginger, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Clove, Cardamom, Chilies, Pepper,
Fennel, Coriander, Cumin, Asafetida, Nutmeg, Mace, and Saffron),
General account of important medicinal plants (Aconite, Cinchona, Belladonna, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza,
Rauvolfia, Papaver, Vasaka, Aloe and Ginseng). A brief account of major Indian Medicinal plants(Amla,
Neem, Arjun, Harad, Bahera, Isabgol, Ashwagandha, Bhringraj and Senna)
General account of important timber, dye, gums and tannin yielding plants
Suggested Readings:
Radford, A.E. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers Inc.
Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Macmillan C., New York.
Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. 1965. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. D Van Nostrand Co. , New York.
Sivarajan, V.V. 1984. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.
Kochar, S.L. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.
Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany (2nd Ed.) McGraw Hill, New York.
Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops (2nd Ed.) Longmans,
London.
Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants Longman, London, New York.
SambaMurthy, AVS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,Delhi
Judd, W.S.; Campbell. C.S., Kellogg, E.A. and Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach.
Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Schery, R.W. 1972. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. USA
Simpson B. B. M. C. Ogorzaly 2001. Economic botany: plants of our world, 3 rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, New
York, USA.
Hancock. J. F. 2004. Plant evolution and the origin of crop species. 2 nd edition. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA
USA.
Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickison, J. R. Massey, C. R. Bell. 1976. Vascular Plant Systematics Harper and
Row, New York.

28
Paper-BOT-303 Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: This course is intended to provide knowledge about Recombinant DNA Technology,
DNA cloning, gene amplification, genetic transformation methods and transgenic plants.

Outcome:
CO1 The students will have better understanding of various tools and techniques of genetic
engineering.
CO2 During the course students will gain in depth knowledge about different methods for genetic
transformation of plants.
CO3 The students will acquire understanding of production of transgenic plants for biotic and
abiotic stress resistance, male sterility and edible vaccines.
CO4 During the course students will gain in depth knowledge about gene cloning methods, PCR
and fermentation technology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 303 (Biotechnology and Genetic
Engineering):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 2 2 1 3 3
CO2 3 2 2 1 3 2
CO3 3 1 2 2 3 1
CO4 3 1 1 1 2 2
Average 3 1.5 1.75 1.25 2.5 2

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-303 (Biotechnology and Genetic

Engineering):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 1 1 3 3
CO2 3 1 1 3 3
CO3 3 1 1 3 2
CO4 3 2 1 3 2
Average 3 1.25 1 3 2.5

Unit-II

29
DNA cloning methods, using vectors (Plasmids, phages, cosmids, phagemids, transposons, artificial
chromosomes, BAC, YAC, MAC), cloning in bacteria and eukaryotes, genomic and C-DNA
Libraries.
Gene amplification by PCR: different types, DNA finger printing, molecular probes: General
features and applications.
Unit-III
Gene transfer methods in plants: plasmid mediated, electroporation, cation precipitation, liposomes,
microinjection and particles gun technology, expression of transgenes.
Transgenic plants: production of transgenic plants with respect to insect resistance, herbicide
resistance, resistance against biotic and abiotic factors, transgenics for male sterility and edible
vaccines
Unit-IV
Yeast and algal biomass as source of single cell protein, oils and vitamins, microbial fermentation
technology in food industry.
Plant and microbial biopesticides, bioremediation and phytoremediation.
Suggested readings
Bajaj, Y.P.S. 2000. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry-44- Transgenenic Trees, Springer Pub., New York, USA
Bajaj, Y.P.S. 2000. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry-46-Transgenic Trees, Springer Pub., New York, USA
Brown, T.A. 1999 Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore
Dawson, M.T. Powell, R, and L. Gannon, F.1996. Gene Technology, BIOS Sci. Pub. Ltd., Oxford, UK.
Erlich, H.A.(Ed.) 1989, PCR Technology – Principles and applications for DNA Amplification, Stockton Press, New
York, USA
Glazer, A.N. and Nikaido, H. 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, USA
Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D.(Eds.) 1995. DNA Clonning 1 – A Practical Approach, OIRL Press, Oxford, UK
Gupta, P.K. 1996. Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi & Co., Pub., New Pub., Meerut, India.
Hammond, J., McGarvey, P. And Yusibov, V. (Eds.) 1999. Plant Biotechnology – New Products and Applications,
Springer Pub., New York, USA.
Henry, R.J. 1998. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology, Chapman & Hall, London, UK
Keller, G.H. and Manak, M.M. 1993. DNA Probes, Mac Millan Pub. Ltd. UK.
Lea, P. And Leegood, R.C. 1999. Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (2nd Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., England.
Lewin, B. 2005. Genes VIII,Osford University Press, Oxford, UK
Lindsey, K. And Jones, M.G.K. 1990. Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture, Prentice Hall Int. Pub., London, UK
Malaacinski, G.M. and Freifilder, D. 1998. Essentials of Molecular Biology 3 rd Ed.), Jones & Bartlett Pub., London, UK
Miesfield, R.L. 1999. Applied Molecular Genetics, Wiely Liss, New York, USA.
Nicklin,J., Graeme-Cook, K.Paget, T. And Killington, R. 1999. Instant Notes in Mircobiology, VIVA Books Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, India
Purohit, S.S., Kothari, P.R. and Mathur, S.K. 1993. Basic and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agro Botanical Pub. Bikaner,
India.
Rehm;, H.I. and Reed, S.G. (Eds.) 1995. Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering, Pallicut, London, UK.
Scragg, A. 1999. Environmental Biotechnology, Pearson Education Ltd., England, UK
Shantharam, S. And Montogomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety and Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Pub. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, India.
Sheehan, D. (Ed.) 1997. Bioremediation Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa, USA
Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics (2 nd Ed.) John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York, USA
Trehan, K. 1990. Biotechnology, New Age Int. Pvt. Ltrd. New Delhi India.
Twyman, R.M. 1999. Advanced Molecular Biology, VIVA Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.

30
Paper – BOT-304(a) ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-I (ELECTIVE) Credit -4 MM-80+20
T: 3hrs

Objectives: To acquaint the PG students with importance of Phycology (Algology) towards its
contribution to the famous ‘Green Revolution’ of the nation, thereby making India self-reliant in
food grain production.

Outcome:

CO1 To acquaint the PG students with importance of Phycology (Algology) towards its contribution
to the famous ‘Green Revolution’ of the nation, thereby making India self-reliant in food grain
production.

CO2 To come out with the trained professionals having the knowledge of nutritional
requirements of algae for their mass/ large scale cultivation with particular reference to ecological
biodiversity of algae & algal bio-fertilizers in Haryana.

CO3 The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various laboratory
conditions for their culture and maintenance of algae in terms of their control in water supplies, on
ancient monuments and Paddy field algal flora as the N2-economy builders of the nation.

CO4 The Course has been conceived to equip the students with the knowledge of various
physiological and biochemical aspects on algal flora exposed to pesticides, toxicants and heavy
metals to comprehend the mechanisms of adaptation against them in terms of their uptake kinetics.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 304 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 1 2 2 2 1
CO2 1 2 1 2 1 2
CO3 2 1 2 1 1 1
CO4 2 2 1 2 1 2
Average 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2 1 2 1 1
CO2 1 2 2 1 2
CO3 1 1 1 2 1
CO4 2 1 2 1 1
Average 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.25

31
3) A brief account of phycological researches in India.
Unit-II
4) Mineral nutrition in algae with emphasis on Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Iron, Molybdenum, &
Silica.
5) Synchronous & continuous cultures and their uses; Physiology of nutrient regulated algal growth.
6) A brief account of culture techniques, media for algal growth and measurement techniques.
Unit-III
7) Algae in water supplies, on ancient monuments and bio-fouling of ships.
8) Ecological biodiversity of algae in unusual habitats with suitable examples.
9) Paddy field algal flora as N2-economy builders of the nation.
Unit-IV
10) Physiological and biochemical aspects on algal flora exposed to heavy metals.
11) Kinetics of heavy metal uptake and its bioaccumulation.
12) Mechanisms of adaptation against tolerance to toxicants, pesticides and salt.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ahluwalia, A.S. ( Ed. ). Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications. Daya Publishing
House, New Delhi. 2003.
2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae – Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U.K.
3. Carr, N.G. & Whitton , B.A. (1982): The biology of Cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific
Publ., Oxford, U.K.
4. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi.
5. Dubey, R.C. (2014): Advanced Biotechnology, S Chand & Cmpany Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental
Biotechnology, Narosa Publihers.
7. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.
Amsterdam, Netherlands.
8. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA.
9. Gupta, R.K. & Pandey, V.D. (2007): Advaces in Applied Phycology, Daya Publishing

32
Paper – BOT-304(b) APPLIED MYCOLOGY (ELECTIVE) Credit -4 MM-80+20
T: 3hrs
Objectives: The course has been envisaged to make the students aware about the role of
fungi in Industry, as biofertilizer, as biocontrol agents, and biodeteriorating agents. Besides
this, the course will be helpful in acquainting the students with the various techniques of
culturing and isolation of fungi from various sources, culture media and preservation of
fungi.

Outcomes:
CO1 Production of Valuable microbial products.
CO2 Role of Fungi as biofertilisers and biocontrol agents.
CO3 Techniques used for maintenance of fungal cultures.
CO4 Commercial production of mushrooms.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (b) (APPLIED MYCOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 1 3 2 3 3
CO2 2 1 3 2 2 3
CO3 1 1 1 1 3 1
CO4 2 2 1 1 2 3
Average 2 1.25 2 1.5 2.5 2.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (b) (APPLIED MYCOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 1 1 3 3
CO2 2 2 2 2 3
CO3 2 1 1 3 3
CO4 3 2 2 2 2
Average 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.75

Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire
syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate
will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.
Unit-I
Primary metabolites production by fungi: industrial alcohol, organic acid, beer.
Secondary metabolites production by fungi: Antibiotics, steroid transformation,. Enzymes, amino
acids, growth regulators, vitamins
Unit-II
Fungi as biofertilizers : Endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae.
Fungi as biocontrol of plant pathogens and weeds.
Biodeterioration of materials: Paper, painted surface, wood.
Unit-III
Food processing by fungi: Bread, cheese, oriental food and baker’s yeast.
Fungal sources of health food: Single cell protein, edible mushrooms.
Spoilage of food and fungal toxicity.
Unit-IV
Culturing and preservation of fungi: isolation of fungi, culturing of fungi, establishing a pure culture,
aseptic technique, maintenance of culture collection, culture collection and identification centres.
Common culture media and sterilization techniques.
33
Suggested Readings:
Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. (1995): Introductory Mycology, John Willy and
Sons. Inc.
Bilgrami, K.SA. & Verma R.N. (1981): Physiology of fungi, Vikas Publ. Ltd., New Delhi.
Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. (1984): An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi.
Butler, E.J. & Jones, S.G. (1976): Plant Pathology, Periodical Expert Book Agency, New Delhi.
Clifton, A. (1958): Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York.
Dubey, R.C. (2005): A Text Book of Biotechnology, S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Bilgrami, K.S. & Dubey H.C. (1986): A text book of Modern Plant Pathology, Vikas, Publ. Ltd.,
N.Delhi.
Gupta, R. & Mukerji, K.G. (2001): Microbial Technology, APH Publ. Co., New Delhi.
Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. (1990): An introduction of Mycology, New Age
International Press, N. Delhi.
Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Chaing & N.R. Krieg, 1993: Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. N.
Delhi.
Mundukur, B.B. (1967): Fungi & Plant Diseases, Pochillion Co. Ltd., USA.
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3 rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Publ.,
USA.
Ronald M. Atlas (1995): Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri,
USA.
Moore-landeckar, E.J. (1972): Fundamentals of the fungi, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, U.K.
Sumbali, G. (2005): The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.

34
Paper – BOT-304(c) – RESTORATION ECOLOGY (ELECTIVE) Credit-4 MM-80+20
T: 3 hrs
Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire syllabus.
The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate will be
required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Objectives: To develop the abilities of students to critically engage with concepts and theory in
Restoration ecology from interdisciplinary perspectives and at an advanced level.

Outcomes: Student will be able to embrace the implications of the basic principles of restoration ecology
for the future of restoration of degraded ecosystems and their management.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (c) (RESTORATION ECOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 2 3 2 1 1
CO2 3 2 3 2 2 2
CO3 3 2 2 3 2 2
CO4 3 3 2 3 3 2
Average 3 2.25 2.5 2.5 2 1.75

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (c) (RESTORATION ECOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2 3 3 1 1
CO2 2 3 3 2 1
CO3 2 3 3 1 2
CO4 2 3 3 2 3
Average 2 3 3 1.5 1.75

Unit-I
1) Restoration-Terms and definitions, Importance of ecological restoration: strategies of Restoration-
Natural recovery, active restoration, rehabilitation.
2) Restoration plan and rehabilitation measures.
3) Natural and anthropogenic disturbances: Characteristics and sources, effects on structural and
functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Unit-II
4) Rehabilitation of salt affected soils.
5) Prevention and mitigation of invasive species; Habitant fragmentation.
6) Ecosystem stability: Structural and functional stability.
7) Climate change mitigation and Biological carbon sequestration.
Unit-III
8) Sustainable forestry management and agroforestry.
9) Biotechnological Tools of Restoration.
10) Environmental impact and risk assessment.
Unit-IV
11) Degradation and Restoration of forest and grassland ecosystems.
12) Degradation and restoration of aquatic resources: River corridors, wetlands and lakes. Adaptive
restoration of wetlands; Waste water recycling and waste management.
13) Reclamation of mining sites, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation.

35
Suggested Readings :
1. Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley &
Sons Inc., New York.
2. Carson, Rachel . 1962. Silent spring. Boston, Houghton Mifflin
3. Manahan, S.E. 2000. Environmental Chemistry. Seventh Edition. Lewis Publishers, New York
4. Mitsch, W.J. and Jorgensen, S.E. (eds.) 1989. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to
Ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
5. Morgan, R.K. Environmental Impact Assessment; A methodological Perspective. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, London.
6. Pierzynski, G.M., Sims, J.T. and Vance, G.F. 2000. Soils and Environmental Quality. Second Edition.
CRC press, New York.
7. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation,
Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Bradshaw, A.D. and Chadwick, M.J. (1980). The Restoration of Land Ecology and Reclamation f
Derelict and Degraded Land Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, England. 9. Pace, M.L. and
Groffman, P.M. (Eds.) (1998). Success, limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science, Springer Verlag,
New York.
10. Packard, S. And Mutel C.F. eds. (1997). The Tall Grass Restoration Handbook, Island Press,
Washington, DC.
11. Petts, G. And Calow P. Larsen, P. (1996). River Restoration a Blackwell Science, Oxford, England.
12. Urbanska, K.M. Webb, N.R. and Edwards, P.J. (1998). Restoration Ecology and Sustainable
Development. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
13. USEPA (2000). Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources. EPA 841-F-00-003.
Office of Water (4501F), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 4pp.

36
Paper – BOT-304(d) – ADVANCED PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTIVE) Credit-4 MM-80+20
T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with advances in plant physiology especially photosynthesis,
respiration and responses of the plants to abiotic stresses.

Outcomes:
CO1 The students will be able to understand the physiological and biochemical basis of drought
stress and its manifestation in plant productivity.
CO2 The students will be well acquainted with the mechanisms of salt and temperature stresses.
CO3 The learners will acquire the indepth knowledge of process of photosynthesis and the
translocations of photosynthates from source to sinks.
CO4 The students will enhance their knowledge regarding mechanism of respiratory cycle in
plants and the methods of estimation of respiration.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (d) (ADVANCED PLANT PHYSIOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 1 2 2 2 3 1
CO2 1 2 2 2 3 1
CO3 1 2 2 1 2 1
CO4 1 1 2 1 2 1
Average 1 1.75 2 1.5 2.5 1

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (d) (ADVANCED PLANT

PHYSIOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 1 1 3 2
CO2 3 1 1 3 2
CO3 2 2 1 2 2
CO4 3 2 2 3 1
Average 2.75 1.5 1.25 2.75 1.75

Unit-IV
Respiration:
Cyanide insensitive respiration: Mechanism and significance.
Comparison between normal electron transport chain and alternate oxidase pathway of respiration.
Glycolic acid metabolism and photorespiration.
Glyoxylate cycle.
Respiration in intact plants and tissues.

Suggested Readings:
Bonner, J. And Varner, J.E. (1976) Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York and London
(Third Edition).
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, w. And Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants.
American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.
Cooper, T.G. (1977). Electrophoresis. In : The Tools of Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons., New York.
Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian edition, 2000). Plant Biochemistry. Academic
Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd.
Noggle, G.r. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2nd edition (Seventh reprint, 1992).
Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, G.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition, Wadsworth Publishing
Co. Belmont, California, USA.
Sawhney, S.K. and Singh, Randhir. (2000). Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi.
Solmos, T. (1977). Cyanide resistant respiration in higher plants. In : Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 28: 279-297.

38
Paper – BOT-304(e) – Biophysical and Biochemical Techniques (ELECTIVE) Credit -4
MM-80 +20 T: 3hrs

Objective: This paper aims to provide an introduction to various tools and techniques used to gain
insight into cell structure and biological processes. The focus is on studying the techniques used for
isolation, purification and characterization of biomolecules.

Outcomes:
CO1 This course will provide the students in-depth knowledge of microscopic technology.
CO2 The students will understand the various methods used in separation, purification and
quantification of biomolecules.
CO3 It will provide the students a basic understanding of the techniques used for the
identification of various macromolecules.
CO4 The students will know about the tools used for tracing the metabolic pathways.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304(e) (Biophysical and Biochemical

Techniques):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 2 2 3 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO3 3 3 2 2 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 2 3 3
Average 3 3 2.5 2 3 3

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-304 (e) (Biophysical and Biochemical
Techniques):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2 2 3 3 1
CO2 2 3 3 3 1
CO3 3 3 3 3 2
CO4 1 2 2 3 2
Average 2 1.5 2 3 1.5

Unit-I
1. Microscopic techniques: Introduction; Light microscope; Phase contrast microscope;
Fluorescent microscope; Electron microscope (EM) – SEM, TEM and STEHM; Scanning probe
microscopes- scanning 39itrogeni microscope and atomic force microscope; Different fixation
and staining techniques.
2. Centrifugation: Principles of sedimentation; Types, care and safety aspects of centrifuges;
Differential centrifugation; Density gradient centrifugation and their applications.
Unit-II

39
3. Chromatographic techniques: Theory of chromatography; Types of chromatography- Paper
chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, Adsorption chromatography, Partition
chromatography, Affinity chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, HPLC and Size-
exclusion chromatography.
4. Spectrophotometery: Colorimetery; UV and Visible spectrophotometery.
Unit-III
5. Electrophoresis: Principle; Agarose gel electrophoresis; Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 2-
Dimensional gel electrophoresis; Capillary electrophoresis; Microchip electrophoresis and
Isoelectric focusing.
6. Mass spectrometry: Introduction; Theory; Mass spectrometer; Ionization of molecules; Mass
analysers- MALDI; Detectors and Applications.
Unit-IV
7. Immunotechniques: Antibody generation; Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA,
Immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence microscopy; Detection of molecules in living
cells.
8. Radioisotope techniques: Radioactive isotopes; Nature of radioactivity; Detection and
measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology; Incorporation of
radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells; Molecular imaging of radioactive material;
Disposable of radioactive wastes and safety guidelines.

Suggested Readings:
1. Hegyi G, Kardos J, Kovacs M, Csizmadia AM, Nyitray L, Pal G, Radnai L, Remenyi A
Venekei I (2013) Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Hungary.
2. Plummer DT (1990) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Prescott L and Harley J Klein D (2005) Microbiology (6th Ed) Mc Graw-Hill.
4. Ranade R and Deshmukh S (2013) Handbook of Techniques in Biotechnology, Studium Press
(India) Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
5. Sawhney SK and Singh R (2000) Introductory Practical Biochemistry (Ed.), Narosa Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Wilson K and Walker J (2010) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology (7th Ed.), Cambridge University Press, New Delhi.

40
OPEN ELECTIVE

Paper – BOT-306 – Biodiversity and its conservation Credit -2 MM-40+10 T: 3hrs

Objectives: This paper is meant for students to gain in-depth knowledge of different levels, threats and
distribution of Biodiversity and focus on the different approaches for biodiversity conservation.

Outcomes:

CO1 Define and appreciate the value of biodiversity

CO2 Learn about the distribution patterns and threats to biodiversity
CO3 Acquire knowledge about hotspots of biodiversity
CO4 Learn about the various methods to conserve biodiversity

CO to PO MAPPING MATRIX OF PAPER BOT -306 (Biodiversity and its conservation):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 3 2 2 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO3 3 3 3 2 3 3

Average 3 3 3 2 2.66 3

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-306 (Biodiversity and its conservation):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 3 2 3
CO2 3 3 3 1.5 3
CO3 3 3 3 1 3
CO4 3 3 3 2 3
Average 3 3 3 1.6 3

Unit-I

1. Biodiversity: importance, levels of biodiversity- species, genetic and ecosystem

diversity, threats to biodiversity- habitat loss and fragmentation, exotic species, pollution,
overexploitation, IUCN categories of threat
2. Distribution and global patterns of biodiversity
3. Biodiversity and ecosystem services
4. Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity; hotspots of biodiversity in India.
41
Unit-II

5. Principles and importance of conservation biology; In- situ conservation of biodiversity-

Sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves.
6. Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity: Principles and practices, field gene banks, seed
banks and cryopreservation
7. Approaches for biodiversity conservation: tropical forests, wetlands and aquatic
ecosystems
8. Major approaches to Management, Indian case studies on conservation/management
strategy (Project tiger, biosphere reserves)

Suggested Readings :
Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. and Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas.
IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge
Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian
Subcontinent. W. Junk bv. The Hague.
Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment
Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hunter (Jr.) M.L. (1996); Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, Blackwell Science. Meffe
G.K. and C. Ronals Corroll (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates, Inc.,
Sunderland. Massachusetts.
Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5 th Edition. John Wiley
& Sons Inc., New York.
Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation,
Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.
Soule, M.E. (ed.) (1986) : Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinaur
Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.

42
SEMESTER – IV

Paper – BOT-401 PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Credit-4

MM- 80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with different aspects of plant growth and development
especially germination and dormancy of seeds, plant growth regulators, senescence and
abscission, photomorphogenesis and response of plant to different abiotic stresses.

Outcomes:
CO1 The students will be able to understand the basic concepts of plant growth and development.
CO2 The students will be learning about abiotic stress tolerance/adaptive physiological changes
affecting plant productivity.
CO3 During the course students will gain in depth knowledge about various plant growth regulators and
their role in physiology of growth and development.
CO4 Students will be acquainted with the knowledge of physiology of flowering and sensory biology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 401 (PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 1 2 1 1 2 2
CO2 1 2 1 1 3 2
CO3 2 2 1 1 3 2
CO4 1 1 1 1 2 2
Average 1.25 1.75 1 1 2.5 2

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-401 (PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENT):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 1 1 3 1
CO2 3 2 2 3 1
CO3 3 2 1 3 3
CO4 2 1 1 3 1
Average 2.75 1.5 1.25 3 1.5

Unit-I
Plant Growth: Growth concepts, Growth curves, Growth analysis.
Germination and Dormancy of seeds ; factors affecting dormancy and its regulation by plant growth
regulators and environmental factors.
Stress Physiology: Response of plants to abiotic stresses: abiotic stress affecting plant productivity. Basic
principles of crop improvement programme under stress.

43
Unit-II
Plant Growth Regulators: Discovery, biosynthetic pathways, transport, influence on plant growth and
mechanism of action of: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid.
Unit-III
Senescence and Abscission:
Physiological and biochemical changes associated with senescence and abcission .
Tropism: Phototropism, nature of receptors, role of hormones, Geotropism and nastism.
Unit-IV
Sensory Photobiology:
Phytochromes: mechanism of phytochrome action, photomorphogenesis and
cryptochromes .
The Flowering Process:
Photoperiodism and its significance, importance of dark periods, role of vernalization.
Nature and events during flowering, florigen concept, chemical control of flowering.
Suggested Readings:
Audus, L.J. (1972). Plant Growth Substances. Vol.I Chemistry and Physiology. Leonard Hill, London.
Bonner, J. And Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry,IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London.
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. And Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemstry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American
Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.
Davies, Peter J. (1995). Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia
Pvt.Ltd.
Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Hopkins, W.G. 1995 Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons.
Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi.
Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East- West Press Pvt Ltd. New
Delhi.
Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India
Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and Co MM 1993 Principles of Biochemistry Second edition, CBS Publishers.
Moore, Thomas. C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994),
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi..
Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993.
Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont,
California, USA.
Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology:
Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published
by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,
Massachusetts, USA
Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Trivedi, P.C. (2005). Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.
Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Plant Molecular Physiology: Current Scenario and Future Projections. Aavishkar Publishers,
Distributors, Jaipur.
Weil, J.H. (1990). General Biochemistry. Sixth edition. Wiley-Eastern, New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi.
Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology, ELBS, Longman, England.
Zubay, Geoffrey. (1989). Biochemistry. Mc.Millan Publishing Co. New York.

44
Paper – BOT-402 Biology of Reproduction and Anatomy Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with history of Embryology. It also describe the technique
and applications of in vitro culture of reproductive organs.

Outcomes:
CO1 Describe the structure and development of reproductive structures and the process of reproduction
in angiosperms
CO2 Acquire knowledge about in vitro culturing techniques and their applications in human welfare.
CO3 Learn about the role of anatomy in taxonomy and anomalous secondary structures in plants

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT- 402 (Biology of Reproduction and Anatomy
):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 3 2 2 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 3
CO3 3 3 3 2 3 3

Average 3 3 3 2 2.66 3

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-402 (Biology of Reproduction and Anatomy):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 2 2 1.5 3 3
CO2 3 2 2 3 3
CO3 3 3 2 2 3
Average 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.6 3

46
Paper – BOT-403 Plant Tissue Culture Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: This course seeks to impart detailed knowledge of micropropagation, somatic

embryogenesis, haploid production, somatic hybridization, cryopreservation and secondary
metabolite production.

Outcomes:
CO1 This course will impart knowledge to students for non-conventional multiplication of plants.
CO2 Students will learn about regeneration of complete plants from plant organs/cell other than
seeds.
CO3 Students will be able to apply knowledge regarding in vitro techniques in Agriculture and
forestry.
CO4 Students will attain practical knowledge of preparing artificial seeds.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-403 (Plant Tissue Culture):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 1 2 1 3 2
CO2 2 2 2 1 2 2
CO3 3 2 2 1 3 2
CO4 3 2 1 1 2 3
Average 2.75 1.75 1.75 1 2.5 2.25

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-403 (Plant Tissue Culture):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 2 1 1
CO2 2 3 1 1 1
CO3 3 3 2 2 1
CO4 3 3 2 2 1
Average 2.75 3 1.75 1.5 1

Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire
syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each unit. The candidate
will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Unit I
1. History of Plant Tissue Culture, Basic concept, principles and scope of plant cell and tissue
culture, concepts of cellular differentiation; Totipotency; basic techniques of plant tissue
culture; callus formation, organogenesis and embryogenesis.
2. Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, somatic hybridization, hybrid selection and
regeneration. Cybrids and their application.

Unit-II
3. In vitro haploid production and its significance, Anther/Pollen culture and ovary culture;
Embryo and ovule culture Production of triploids through endosperm culture.
4. Micropropagation: meristem culture and virus-free plants; Cryopreservation of plant cell and
tissue cultures and establishment of gene banks.

47
Unit-III
5. Somaclonal variations and isolation of useful mutants; mechanisms and applications in
genotype improvement.
6. Role of plant cell cultures in Bioreactor types and application in cell culture and secondary
metabolite production.

Unit-IV
7. Somatic embryogenesis, production of synthetic seeds, importance, limitation and their
utilization.
8. Application of tissue culture in forestry and agriculture; status of tissue and cell culture
technology in India edible vaccines, and their prospects

Suggested Readings
1. Ammirato, P.V., D.A. Evans, N.D. Sharp and Y.P.S. Bajaj (1990). Hand Book of Plant Cell
Culture, Vols. 1-5. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razadan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice ( A
revised Edition), Elsevier Science Pub., New York, USA
3. Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998, Plant Cell Culture, Bios Scientific Pub., Oxford, U.K.
4. Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, U.S.A.
5. Razadan, M.K. 1993. An introduction to Plant Culture. Oxford & IBH Pub., Co., New Delhi,
India

Paper – BOT-404(a) ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II (ELECTIVE) Credit -4 MM-80+20

T: 3hrs

Objectives: To impart knowledge about the wider perspectives of the ‘Nitrogen economy builders of
the nation’ in the context of fast changing industrializing Haryana as well as which has been
traditionally an agricultural economy.

Outcome:
CO1 Student will be able to understand the fundamental principles and philosophy of restoration
ecology.
CO2 Students will be able to understand the significance of disturbances affecting structure and
functions of different types of ecosystems.
CO3 Students will develop insights into degradation of ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic) and their
restoration by application of ecological principles.
CO4 This course emphasizes critical analysis of restoration approaches used in case studies.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 1 2 1 2 1
CO2 1 2 1 2 1 2
CO3 1 2 1 1 2 1
CO4 2 2 2 2 1 1
Average 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.25

48
CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (a) (ADVANCED PHYCOLOGY-II):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 2 1 1 1
CO2 2 1 1 1 1
CO3 2 1 2 2 1
CO4 1 2 1 2 1
Average 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.5 1

Unit-III
8) Algal immobilization: methods and applications.
9) Technologies for the reclamation, restoration & maintenance of usar soils and its fertility.
10) Restoration of degraded ecosystems through algae. Importance of algal flora for the treatment of
wastewaters (activated sludge system) for the production of useful biomass & energy-rich fuel.

Unit-IV
11) Concept of algalization and biofertilizers.
12) Strain improvement for the production of nitrogenous compounds. Biological & technical aspects
of outdoor mass culture of algae.
13) A brief account of commercial potentials of algae, algal products & their uses.

Suggested Readings:
1. Ahluwalia, A.S. ( Ed. ). Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications. Daya
Publishing House, New Delhi. 2003.
2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae – Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U.K.
3. Carr, N.G. & Whitton , B.A. (1982): The biology of Cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific
Publ., Oxford, U.K.
4. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi.
5. Dubey, R.C. (2014): Advanced Biotechnology, S Chand & Cmpany Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental
Biotechnology, Narosa Publihers.
7.Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.
Amsterdam, Netherlands.
8.Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA.

49
Paper – BOT-404(b) PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY (ELECTIVE) Credit -4
MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objectives: The course has been conceived to equip the students with mechanism of
infection of fungi, various defence mechanism employed by the plants to protect themselves
against plant pathogens. Besides, the course deals with epidemiology, role of environmental
factors for disease development, disease forecasting, applications of biotechnology in plant
pathology and methods adopted for disease management.

Outcomes:
CO1: Various mechanisms involved during pathogenesis.
CO2: Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and management
CO3: Applications of biotechnology in plant pathology
CO4: Host-pathogen interactions and mycotoxins

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404(b) (PRINCIPLES OF PLANT

PATHOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 2 2 1 3 2
CO2 3 2 2 1 3 2
CO3 3 2 2 2 3 2
CO4 2 2 2 1 2 3
Average 2.5 2 2 1.25 2.75 2.10

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404(b) (PRINCIPLES OF PLANT

PATHOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 1 2 1 1 3
CO2 2 2 1 2 3
CO3 2 1 2 2 3
CO4 2 1 1 3 3
Average 1.75 1.50 1.25 2.25 3

Suggested Readings:
Agrios, G.N. (2005): Plant Pathology, Acad. Press, Inc. California.
Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. (1995): Introductory Mycology, John Willy and
Sons. Inc.
Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. (1984): An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi.
Clifton, A. (1958): Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York.
Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. (1990): An introduction of Mycology, New Age International Press,
New Delhi.
Mehrotra, R.S. and Ashok Aggarwal (2003): Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. Ltd., New
Delhi.
Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Shan & N.R. Krieg (1993): Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. New
Delhi.
Ronald M. Atlas (1995): Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri,
USA.
Singh, R.S. (1990): Plant Disease, 6th Edition, Oxford, IBH Publ., New Delhi.
Sumbali, G. (2005): The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
Webster, J. (1985): Introduction of Fungi. Cambridge University, Press.

51
Paper – BOT-404(c) CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (ELECTIVE) Credit-4 MM-80+20
T: 3hrs
Note: Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be compulsory covering the entire
syllabus. The remaining eight questions will be set with two questions from each Unit. The candidate
will be required to attempt one question from each unit. All questions will be of equal marks.

Objectives: The student will be able to appreciate the value of Biodiversity and focus on the
relationship between living organisms and the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments,
coupled with the interactions that results from natural and anthropogenic processes.

Outcomes:
CO1 Students will become aware and understand the concept and significance of different
conventions and Protected Area Networks in relation to conservation of Biodiversity.
CO2 Students will be able to develop own conservation values and ethics and appreciate the
importance of biodiversity services.
CO3 Student will be able to develop the skills necessary to work efficiently in areas like
conservation, EIA, environment management and monitoring.
CO4 After completion of the course, the student be able to formulate one’s own scientific and
realistic approach towards Conservation Biology.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404(c) (CONSERVATION BIOLOGY):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 2 2 1 2 1
CO2 2 2 2 1 2 2
CO3 2 2 3 2 2 3
CO4 2 2 2 2 2 3
Average 2 2 2.25 1.5 2 2.25

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404(c) (CONSERVATION BIOLOGY):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 3 1 2
CO2 3 3 3 2 1
CO3 3 3 3 2 1
CO4 2 2 2 2 2
Average 2.75 2.75 2.75 1.75 1.5

Unit-1
1) Principles, characteristics and importance of conservation biology
2) Conservation values and ethics, Role of species in conservation

Unit-II
3) Global biodiversity I: Patterns and Processes
4) Global biodiversity II: Losses, Pattern of species vulnerability, Habitat fragmentation and
degradation, Synergistic interactions
5) Biodiversity and ecosystem services
52
Unit-III
6) Biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs- A general account
7) Biosphere reserves and RAMSAR sites in India, The Design of Conservation Reserves
8) Major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy
(Project Tiger, Biosphere Reserves)
Unit-IV
9) Importance of genetic resources and conservation of crop genetic resources
10) International and National efforts to conserve biodiversity: Convention on biological
diversity, CITES, Ramsar convention; National Biodiversity strategy
11) Role of remote sensing and GIS and biodiversity conservation

Suggested Readings :
Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. And Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas.
IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge
Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian Subcontinent.
W. Junk bv. The Hague.
Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment
Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hunter (Jr.) M.L. (1996); Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, Blackwell Science. Meffe G.K.
and C. Ronals Corroll (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates, Inc.,
Sunderland. Massachusetts.
Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5 th Edition. John Wiley
& Sons Inc., New York.
Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation,
Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.
Soule, M.E. (ed.) (1986) : Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinaur
Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Turner, M.G., Gadner,R.H. and O,Neill, R.V. 2001. Landscape Ecology: In theory and Practice,
Pattern and Processes. Spinger Verlag, New York.

53
Paper – BOT-404(d) PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (ELECTIVE) Credit -4 MM-80+20
T: 3hrs

Objective: The course would deal with the study of regulation of different growth regulators to fruit and
seed physiology. The advances in senescence, abscission and mechanism of action of various
phytohormones will also be studied.

Outcomes: The students will be well acquainted with:

CO1 Biosynthesis, regulation and mechanism of actions of various plant growth regulators.
CO2 The metabolism of seed viability and dormancy and their control.
CO3 Metabolic changes associated with the senescence and abscission and their hormonal control.
CO4 Physiological and biochemical changes of fruit ripening and post harvest storage of fruits.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (d) (PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 2 1 1 2 2 2
CO2 2 1 1 2 2 2
CO3 1 2 2 1 2 1
CO4 1 2 2 2 2 1
Average 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 2 1.5

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (d) (PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 2 1 3 2
CO2 2 1 1 2 1
CO3 3 2 2 3 2
CO4 2 1 2 2 1
Average 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.5

Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, fruit ripening.

Post-harvest storage of fruits – quality maintenance, physiological and biochemical studies under
different kinds of storage conditions.

Suggested Readings:
Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons,
Delhi.
Khan, A.A (1977). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and germination. North-Holland
Publishing Co., Amsterdam, New Oxford.
Moore. T.C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994),
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Saymour, G.B., Taylor, J.E. and Tucker, G.A. (1993). Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening. Chapman and
Hall, London.
Stahl, E. (1965). Thin Layer Chromatography, a laboratory handbook. Academic Press, London.
Taiz, L. And Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,
Massachusetts, USA.
Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology. ELBS-Longman, England.
Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press.
Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Trivedi, P.C. (2005). Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.

55
Paper – BOT-404(e) GENOMICS (ELECTIVE) Credit -4 MM-80+20 T: 3hrs

Objective: This course seeks to impart detailed knowledge of basic methods involved in genome
studies, their organization and function.

Outcomes:
CO1 The students get acquainted about the basic principles of DNA sequencing and evolution of
DNA sequencing techniques.
CO2 Help the students to understand methods/techniques employed in proteome and genome
analysis.
CO3 This course will enable the students to learn about the various databases utilize for the storage
and analysis of proteome/genome information.
CO4 The students will learn about the various computational tools used for analysis of genome
sequence data.

CO-PO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (e) (GENOMICS):

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6

CO1 3 3 2 1 3 2
CO2 3 3 2 1 3 3
CO3 3 2 2 1 2 2
CO4 3 3 1 1 3 2
Average 3 2.75 1.75 1 2.75 2.25

CO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR PAPER BOT-404 (e) (GENOMICS):

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5

CO1 3 3 2 3 1
CO2 3 3 3 3 2
CO3 3 3 2 3 1
CO4 2 2 2 3 1
Average 2.75 2.75 2.25 3 1.25

Unit-I
1. Genome: Completely sequenced prokaryotic (T4, and λ phages; E. coli) and eukaryotic genomes
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana,
Oryza sativa, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens); Mitochondrial and Chloroplast genomes.
2. Mapping of Genome: Genetic mapping- using DNA markers and Linkage analysis; Physical mapping-
restriction mapping, Fluorescent in-situ hybridization and Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs) mapping.
Unit-II
3. Genome sequencing: Chain termination and chemical degradation methods; Next generation
sequencing (NGS)- Pyrosequencing, SOLiD sequencing, Bridge amplification sequencing, Assembly
of a contiguous DNA sequence- shotgun and clone contig methods, Human Genome Project.

56
4. Understanding a Genome Sequence: Gene location using 1.) ORF scanning, Automatic annotation,
Homology searches and comparative genomics. 2.) Experimental techniques- northern hybridization,
cDNA sequencing and RACE.
Unit-III
5. Identification of a Gene Function: Using computer analysis; Experimental analysis- gene inactivation
and overexpression; Directed mutagenePsis; Reporter genes and Immunocytochemistry.
6. Analysis of the Transcriptome: Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs); Serial analysis of gene expression
(SAGE); Differential Display (DD); Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) and DNA
Microarrays.
7. Proteome Analysis: Using 2-D; Protein identification; Protein-DNA and Protein- Protein interactions
and Biochips.
Unit-IV
8. Biological Databases: Introduction; Primary and Specialized Databases; Database Scheme; Database
Annotation; Retrieval System; Nucleotide Databases; Protein Databases; Genomic Databases and
Resources; Gene Databases and Resources; Transcriptome Databases; Mutation Databases;
Mitochondrial Databases and Resources.
9. Computational Methods for Analysis of Genome Sequence Data: Introduction; Dot-Plot Matrix;
Sequence pairwise alignment; Database searching; Multiple alignment; Alignment profiles to recognize
distantly related protein or protein modules; Methods for sequence assembly; Linguistic analysis of
biosequences; Prediction of RNA secondary structures; Protein sequence analysis; Evolutionary and
phylogenetic analysis.
Suggested Readings:
1. Birren B, Green ED, Klapholz S, Myers RM and Roskams J (1997) Genome Analysis, CSHL Press.
2. Brown TA (1999) Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
3. Brown TA (2002) Genomes 2, Wiley-Liss, New York
4. Brown TA (2007) Genomes 3, Garland Science Publishing New York, London.
5. Chawla HS (2009) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (3rd Ed.). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Dale JW, Schantz MV and Plant N (2012) From Genes to Genomes (3rd Ed.), John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd. UK.
7. Dawson, MT, Powell R and L Gannon F (1996) Gene Technology, BIOS Sci. Pub. Ltd., Oxford, UK.
DNA Amplification, Stockton Press, New York, USA.
8. Glick B and Pasternak JJ (2003), Molecular Biotechnology (3rd Ed), ASM Press, Washington.
9. Hartl DL and Ruvolo M (2011) Genetics- Analysis of Genes and Genomes (8th Ed.), Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Inc., USA.
10. Hunt SP and Livesey FJ (2000) Functional Genomics, Oxford University Press, New York. London.
11. Lewin B (2005) Genes VIII, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
12. Li WH (1997) Molecular Evolution, Sinauer Associates, Inc., USA.
13. Saccone C and Pesole G (2003), Handbook of Comparative Genomics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, New Jersey.
14. Sambamurty AVSS (2007) Molecular Genetics, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
15. Singer M and Berg P (1991) Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective; University Science Books,
CA, USA.

57
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING MATRIX FOR ALL THE COURSES OF BOTANY:

Course PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4 PSO5
Code
BOT- 2 1.5 1.75 2 1.25 1.75 1.75 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.75
101
BOT- 2 2 2 2 1.875 2 2.125 2.25 2.25 2.375 2.5
102
BOT- 3 2.75 1.25 2 2.75 3 2.5 1.5 1.75 2.75 1
103
BOT- 2.5 2.75 2.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 3 1.75 1.25
104
BOT- 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.25
201
BOT- 2.25 2 2.75 1.25 2.5 2.5 1.5 3 3 1.5 1.5
202
BOT- 2.25 2 1 1.5 2.25 1.25 2.75 2.5 1.75 1 1
203
BOT- 2.5 2.5 1.75 1.75 2.75 1.75 1.75 2 2 2.5 1.5
204
BOT- 3 2.66 2.5 2 3 2.5 3 3 2.5 2.33 2.66
206
BOT- 3 3 1 1.5 2 1.25 3 1 1.25 3 2
301
BOT- 3 2.66 2.5 2 2.66 3 3 2.8 2.6 2.1 3
302
BOT- 3 1.5 1.75 1.25 2.5 2 3 1.25 1 3 2.5
303
BOT- 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.25
304 (a)
BOT- 2 1.25 2 1.5 2.5 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.75
304 (b)
BOT- 3 2.25 2.5 2.5 2 1.75 2 3 3 1.5 1.75
304 ( c)
BOT- 1 1.75 2 1.5 2.5 1 2.75 1.5 1.25 2.75 1.75
304 (d)
BOT- 3 3 2.5 2 3 3 2 1.5 2 3 1.5
304 ( e)
BOT- 3 3 3 2 2.66 3 3 3 3 1.6 3
306
BOT- 1.25 1.75 1 1 2.5 2 2.75 1.5 1.25 3 1.5
401
BOT- 3 3 3 2 2.66 3 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.6 3
402
BOT- 2.75 1.75 1.75 1 2.5 2.25 2.75 3 1.75 1.5 1
403
BOT- 1.5 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.5 1
404 (a)
BOT- 2.5 2 2 1.25 2.75 2.10 1.75 1.50 1.25 2.25 3
404 (b)
58
BOT- 2 2 2.25 1.5 2 2.25 2.75 2.75 2.75 1.75 1.5
404 ( c)
BOT- 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 2 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.5
404 (d)
BOT- 3 2.75 1.75 1 2.75 2.25 2.75 2.75 2.25 3 1.25
404 ( e)

Discrepancy, if any noted by stakeholders may please be brought to the notice of Department
of Botany for necessary action.

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