MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI.

A MICRO-PROJECT PROPOSAL ON

IP Address Identifier
UNDER THE SUBJECT

Data Communication and Networking

SEMESTER–4
COMPUTER ENGINEERING ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-
2024

SUBMITTED BY–22316,2233

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr . R.Y.Gungundi
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
(I–SCHEME)

Branch - COMPUTER

MICRO-PROJECT

IP Address Identifier

SUBMITTED BY
22316 Aditi Sugandh Jadhav
22333 Pratiksha Satish Khatal

ADVISOR
Mr . R.Y.Gungundi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take it is an opportunity to thank all those who have directly and

indirectlyinspired, directed and assisted us towards successful completion of this
projectreport. We express our sincere thanks to the Prof. Nitin Sonje & the Head
of Department, Prof. V.Falmari for having us allowed to submit this report as
part of our academics learning. We express our sincere thanks to
Mr.R.Y.Gungundi sir, Lecturer in Computer Department, Government
Polytechnic, Miraj for encouragement throughout the project report and
guideline in designing & working out this project. We are also grateful to team of
“Computer Languages Evolution’’ for their highly encouraging and co-operative
attitude. We express our sense of gratitude towards our friend and parents for
their constant moral support during project report.

Place: Govt. Polytechnic, Miraj

Date: / / 2024

Yours Sincerely
Aditi Sugandh Jadhav
Pratiksha Sunil Khtala
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Roll no. of SYCO 22316,22333 are of Fourth Semester of Diploma
in Computer Engineering of Institute Government Polytechnic, Miraj (Inst. Code: 0131) has
completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily in the Subject “Data communication and
Networking (22414)” under the guidance of Mr.R.Y. Gungundi for the academic year 2023-
2024 as prescribed in the curriculum by MSBTE Mumbai.

Mr.R.Y. Gungundi Dr. V. R. Falmari sir

(GUIDE) (HOD)

Date: / /2024

Place: Government Polytechnic, Miraj

Part-A
Annexure-I
Micro-project Proposal

Title of Micro-Project: IP Address Identifier

1.0 Brief introduction:

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a numerical label assigned to each device
connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IP
addresses can be either IPv4 or IPv6, with IPv4 being the most common and recognizable
format consisting of four sets of numbers separated by periods. IPv6 addresses are longer and
are gradually being adopted to accommodate the growing number of devices connected to the
internet.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

This Micro-Project aims at: -
 Establish synchronized and reliable connection.
 Synchronize initial sequence numbers.
 Confirm readiness to communicate.
 Ensure security through acknowledgment of packets.

3.0 Intended course outcome:

1. Understanding the concept of an IP address

2. Identifying the types of IP addresses
3. Recognizing IPv4 classes
4.0 Literature review:

a) Student should take guidance from teacher.

a) Students should collect the data from Internet, Magazines, Books, and
Journals etc.
b) Students may visit the concerned shop, Industry as pre requirement.
5.0 Proposed methodology:
1. Teacher should form group of students.
2. Students decided their Micro-project topics.
3. Students should collect the data from Internet.
4. Students prepare their Micro-projects.
5. Then last teacher checks the Micro-project.

6.0 Resource required:

Sr. Resource material Specifications Qty Remark

no

1. Internet Website 3

2. Computer Ryzen 5 (8GB RAM) 1

3. Software Wireshark 1

7.0 Action plan.

Sr. Details of activity Planned Planned Responsible

no start date end date team members

1 Selection of topic

2 Making of proposal

3 Literature review

4 Collection of information All team

& making report members

6 Checking of Micro-

Project with the help of

 teacher.

Index
Sr. No Topic Name Page No.

1 Introduction to IP Address

2 Introduction IPV4

3 Introduction IPV6

4 Advantages of IPv4 and IPv6

5 Disadvantages of IPv4 and IPv6

Introduction to IP address:
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique numerical identifier assigned
to each device connected to a computer network. It serves two primary
purposes: identifying the host or network interface, and providing the
location of the device within the network.

IP addresses play a crucial role in enabling communication between

devices over the internet or local networks. They come in two main
versions: IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol
version 6). IPv4 addresses are the most commonly used and are
represented as four sets of numbers separated by periods (e.g.,
192.168.1.1), while IPv6 addresses are longer and hexadecimal-based to
accommodate the increasing number of connected devices..

Features of IP Address
o Unique Identification

Each device connected to a network is assigned a unique IP address, allowing it to be identified

and distinguished from other devices.

o Location Identification

IP addresses provide information about the location of a device within a network, enabling
data packets to be routed to the correct destination
o Internet Connectivity:
IP addresses facilitate communication between devices over the internet, enabling the
exchange of data and information across global networks.
Introduction to IPV4:
Internet Protocol version 4, is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the
most widely used protocol for sending data packets over the Internet. It provides the foundation
for communication between devices by assigning unique numerical addresses to each device
connected to a network.
IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical addresses written in a dotted-decimal notation, consisting
of four sets of numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1). Each set of numbers, called an
octet, ranges from 0 to 255.
IPv4 addresses are divided into two parts: the network portion and the host portion. The network
portion identifies the network to which a device belongs, while the host portion identifies the
specific device within that network. IPv4 supports approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses,
which are becoming increasingly scarce due to the rapid growth of internet-connected devices.
IPv4 addresses were historically divided into five classes (Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D,
and Class E) based on their range and characteristics. However, this classification system is less
relevant today due to the adoption of CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing).
Despite its widespread adoption, IPv4 has limitations, most notably its limited address space.
To address this issue, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) was developed, offering a much larger
address space to accommodate the growing number of internet-connected devices. However, IPv4
continues to be used extensively, and transition mechanisms have been developed to facilitate the
coexistence of both IPv4 and IPv6 in modern networks.

o Classes of IP Address:
IPv4 addresses were historically divided into five classes (Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
D, and Class E) based on their range and characteristics. However, with the advent of CIDR
(Classless Inter-Domain Routing), this classification system is less relevant today.
Nevertheless, here's an overview of the classes:
1. Class A:
- Range: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
- First octet starts with 0 in binary (0xxxxxxx)
- Allows for a large number of networks with a small number of hosts per network
- Default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0
 2. Class B:
- Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
- First octet starts with 10 in binary (10xxxxxx)
- Supports a moderate number of networks with a moderate number of hosts per network
- Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0

3. Class C:
- Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
- First octet starts with 110 in binary (110xxxxx)
- Allows for a large number of networks with a small number of hosts per network
- Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

4. Class D:
- Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
- Reserved for multicast addresses, used for one-to-many communication
- First octet starts with 1110 in binary (1110xxxx)

5. Class E:
- Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
- Reserved for experimental or research purposes
- First octet starts with 1111 in binary (1111xxxx)

Advantages of IPV4:
Reliability: TCP handshaking ensures reliable data transmission by establishing a synchronized
connection and confirming the readiness of both parties before exchanging data.

1. Error Detection: Through the acknowledgment mechanism, TCP handshaking enables the
early detection of errors or issues in communication, allowing for prompt corrective actions
and ensuring data integrity.

2. Flow Control: TCP handshaking facilitates the negotiation of parameters for flow control,
allowing the sender to regulate the rate of data transmission based on the receiver's capacity,
thus preventing data loss due to congestion.
3. Security: The handshaking process can incorporate security mechanisms, such as
authentication and encryption, to verify the identities of communicating parties and ensure
secure connections, enhancing overall network security.

Introduction of IPV6:

IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6, is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP)
designed to replace the older IPv4 protocol. IPv6 was developed to address the limitations of
IPv4, primarily the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses due to the exponential growth of internet-
connected devices. Here's an introduction to IPv6:
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal addresses, represented as eight groups of four
hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6
provides a significantly larger address space compared to IPv4, allowing for approximately 340
undecillion (3.4 × 10^38) unique addresses.
IPv6 defines several types of addresses, including unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses.
Unicast addresses identify a single interface, multicast addresses identify multiple interfaces, and
anycast addresses identify the nearest interface among a group of interfaces.
Overall, IPv6 represents the next generation of the Internet Protocol, offering a vast address
space and numerous enhancements to address the evolving needs of modern networking,

Advantages of IPV6:
 1. Address Space:
IPv6 provides a vastly expanded address space, allowing for an almost limitless number of
unique IP addresses compared to the limited pool available with IPv4. This supports the growing
number of devices and users connecting to the internet.
2. Efficiency:
IPv6 simplifies and streamlines packet processing, leading to more efficient routing and packet
forwarding. This can result in improved network performance and reduced overhead.
3.Enhanced Security:
IPv6 includes built-in features for security, such as IPsec, which provides encryption and
authentication for network traffic. Additionally, IPv6 has features like neighbor discovery and
Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) to mitigate certain types of attacks.
4.Auto-Configuration:
IPv6 supports auto-configuration of IP addresses, making it easier to connect devices to
networks without manual configuration or the need for DHCP servers.

Part-B Annexure-II
 Micro-project Report

Title of Micro-project: - TCP 3-Way Handshaking

(1.0) Rationale:-
A Data Communication and Computer networks has been growing with rapid technological
Progress. Computer Communication through networking become essential part of our life.
The three-way handshake is a vital process in establishing a reliable connection between two
entities in a TCP/IP network, typically a client and a server.

(2.0) Intended Course Outcomes: -

1. Understand the principles and protocols underlying TCP/IP networking.

2. Demonstrate proficiency in configuring and managing TCP/IP networks.
3. Analyze and troubleshoot common networking issues related to TCP/IP protocols .

(3.0) Literature review:

a) Student should take guidance from teacher.

b) Students should collect the data from Internet, Magazines, Books,

and Journals.

c) Students may visit the concerned shop, Industry as pre

requirement.
. 4.0 Proposed methodology:

1. Teacher should form group of 3 students.

2. Students decided their Micro-project topics.
3. Students should collect the data from Internet.
4. Student should give a seminar.
5. Students prepare their Micro-projects.

(5.0)Resources used:-

Sr. Name of Specifications Quantity

No. resources
1] Internet Wikipedia, 1
google chrome
2] Books & Library 1
Magazines
3] Computer Ryzen 5 (8Gb 1
RAM)
4] Software Wireshark 1

(6.0)Skills Developed:
1) Leadership qualities.
2) Developed Communication.
3) Teamwork.
4) Creativity.
(7.0) Application of Project:
Performance optimization, and compliance across various industries and
applications.
 Micro-project Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student:

Roll No. Name of student Enrolment No.

22316 Aditi Sugandh Jadhav 2201310185
22333 Aditi Dinesh Kadam 2201310199

Name of Programme: Computer Engineering

Semester: 4
Course Title: Data Communication and Networking
Course code: 22414
Title of Micro-project: IP Address Identifier
Course outcomes achieved:
1. Understanded the concept of an IP address
2. Identify the types of IP addresses
3. Recognizing IPv4 classes

Sr.No. Characteristics to be Poor Average Good Excellent Sub

assessed (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks (Marks 9-10) total
910)
(A)Process and Product Assessment (Convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature Review/information
collection
3. Completion of Target as per project
proposal
4. Analysis of Data and representation

5. Quality of Project

6. Report Preparation

(A) (B)
Roll No. Process and Product Individual Presentation or viva Total Marks 10
assessments (6 marks) (4 marks)
22323

22322

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication:

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Name and designation of the Teacher: -
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Dated Signature: -
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  Code of Project:

import java.net.InetAddress;

public class IPAddressType {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
InetAddress ipAddress = InetAddress.getByName("192.168.1.1");

if (ipAddress instanceof java.net.Inet4Address) {

System.out.println("Type: IPv4");

byte[] octets = ipAddress.getAddress();

int firstno = octets[0] & 0xFF;
if (firstno>=0 && firstno<=127) {
System.out.println("Class: A");
} else if (firstno>=128 && firstno<=191) {
System.out.println("Class: B");
} else if (firstno>=192 && firstno<=223) {
System.out.println("Class: C");
} else if (firstno>=224 && firstno<=239) {
System.out.println("Class: D");
} else if (firstno>=240 && firstno<=255) {
System.out.println("Class: E");
}
} else if (ipAddress instanceof java.net.Inet6Address) {
System.out.println("Type: IPv6");
} else {
System.out.println("Unknown IP address type.");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
 Output: