A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) alevel.chem@hotmail.

com CHEMISTRY/9701

O LEVEL TOPIC # 5 2023

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

AN
SYLLABUS OUTLINE
5 Chemical energetics

R
5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
1 State that an exothermic reaction transfers thermal energy to the surroundings leading to an increase in

2
the temperature of the surroundings
IM
State that an endothermic reaction takes in thermal energy from the surroundings leading to a decrease in
the temperature of the surroundings
3 State that the transfer of thermal energy during a reaction is called the enthalpy change, ΔH, of the
reaction. ΔH is negative for exothermic reactions and positive for endothermic reactions
4 Define activation energy, Ea, as the minimum energy that colliding particles must have to react
5 Draw, label and interpret reaction pathway diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions using
information provided, to include:
(a) reactants
MA

(b) products
(c) enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH
(d) activation energy, Ea
6 State that bond breaking is an endothermic process and bond making is an exothermic process and explain
the enthalpy change of a reaction in terms of bond breaking and bond making
7 Calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction using bond energies
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

1 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
This topic deals with the study of those reactions during which

AN
HEAT ENERGY is either ABSORBED OR RELEASED.

R
Key definition
The transfer of thermal energy during a reaction is called
the enthalpy change, ΔH, of the reaction.
IM
EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC

__ __
MA
AS

SYSTEM : SURROUNDING:
The reaction mixture is Anything apart from reaction
the system mixture is surrounding:
container, thermometer,
test tube etc:
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)
2 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

1. EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS:
Those reactions during which heat (thermal ) energy is released / gven out to the
sorroundings from the system.

Temperature RISES during the exothermic reaction.

AN
Thermometer shows RISE in temperature during exothermic reactions.
e.g

All COMBUSTION REACTIONS

NEUTRALIZATION REACTION ( Reaction of an Acid and Alkali)

RESPIRATION
Key definition

R
An exothermic reaction transfers thermal energy to its
surroundings, leading to an increase in the temperature
of the surroundings.

IM
- Combustion reactions are also exothermic. Burning a
hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen will produce heat and
raise the temperature of the surroundings.

C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) + heat

When natural gas burns in a plentiful supply of air it

produces a large amount of energy.
methane + oxygen → carbon + water
MA

dioxide
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

- Neutralisation reactions are also exothermic. Heat is

produced when H+ ions undergo bond forming with OH– ions
to form water.

H+ (aq) + OH– (aq)  H2O (l) + heat

PHYSICAL PROCESS - Exothermic

AS

. Freezing
. Condensation

. Dissolving of acids and alkalis in water

Examples of exothermic processes would also include

condensation and freezing as heat is expelled out to the
surroundings to lower the units’ temperature.

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

3 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

Energy Profile diagram for Exothermic Reaction

Exothermic reaction

AN
EA = Activation Energy:
Energy

C2H4 (g) + EA
3 O2 (g)

ΔH
2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

Progress of reaction

R
IM
2. ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS:
Those reactions during which heat (thermal ) energy is aborbed / taken in from the
sorroundings into the system.

Temperature DROPS / FALLS during the exothermic reaction.

MA

Thermometer shows DROP / FALL in temperature during exothermic reactions.

e.g

All THERMAL DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

Photosynthesis

- Dissolving ionic salts in water is endothermic. For example,

dissolving sodium chloride in water causes the temperature of
the solution to decrease.
AS

NaCl (s) + heat  NaCl (aq)

- Thermal decomposition is an endothermic process as heat

is required for most compounds to be decomposed.

PbCO3 (s) + heat  PbO (s) + CO2 (g)

- Electrolysis is an endothermic reaction which occurs without

absorbing heat energy. Instead, electrolysis occurs by
absorbing in electrical energy for a reaction.

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

4 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

Physical Changes - Endothermic

Examples of endothermic process are melting and boiling

where heat energy is absorbed to change states.

AN
Energy Profile diagram for Exothermic Reaction

R
Endothermic reaction

Energy IM
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
EA
ΔH
2H2O (l)

Progress of reaction
MA
AS

Activation Energy , EA
The activation energy is defined as the minimum amount of
energy REQUIRED by the REACTANT particles to collide
with each other and to start a reaction.

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

5 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

REACTION PATHWAY DIAGRAMS

R AN
IM
MA
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

6 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

Enthalpy Change, ∆Η
Enthalpy change is the total amount of energy given out or
absorbed during a chemical reaction in the form of heat
energy.

AN
Enthalpy change (ΔH) would be positive for endothermic
reactions and be negative for exothermic reactions.

Enthalpy change measure the difference inenergy content of the reactants

and products.
_ Total energy of reactantsts
∆Η = Total energy of products

R
IM
ENDOTHERMIC changes have a positive enthaply change,

∆Η = +
MA

Endothermic reaction

Energy level
AS

2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

EA
ΔH
2H2O (l)
2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

ΔH = + 262 kJ (Endothermic)
Progress of reaction

This is an endothermic reaction.

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)
8 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

EXOTHERMIC changes have a negative enthaply change, ∆Η = _

AN
Exothermic reaction

R
C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
Energy

C2H4 (g) + EA
3 O2 (g)

ΔH
IM
2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
ΔH = −1411 kJ (Exothermic)

This is an exothermic reaction.

Progress of reaction
MA
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

9 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

CALCULATION OF ENTHALPY CHANGES

Bond Breaking ( in Products ) always has a positive enthalpy value.
Bond Making ( in Products ) always has a negative enthalpy value.

AN
we can , therfore calculate the overall enthalpy change of a reaction using

this formula:

OR

R
IM
ΔH, = Energy absorbed to break bonds + Energy released to form bonds

For an exothermic reaction,

Energy absorbed for bond breaking < Energy released from

MA

bond forming

For an endothermic reaction,

Energy absorbed for bond breaking > Energy released from

bond forming
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

10 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

R AN
▼ Table 6.1 Bond energy data

Bond Bond energy kJ/mol

C—H
O=O
435
497
IM
C=O 803
H—O 464
C—C 347
C—O 358
MA
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

11 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701
A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL) [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701

R AN
IM
MA

_______________________________________________________
AS

A-LEVEL ASMA IMRAN (BEACONHOUSE A-LEVEL)

12 [email protected] CHEMISTRY/9701