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abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of the family factors on scholastic achievements of students in high schools
and universities in Vietnam. The primary data is collected from the 538 students through an online questionnaire. We
apply one empirical model with the support of SPSS and STATA to test the family determinants of academic
attainments-GPA. We find that there are three factors which impact on GPA of these: Age gap, Income of the families,
Negative reactions of parents to their child’s low-performed results in academic performance. The research results show
that all three factors can explain for 8% with the changes in GPA of learners. While the age gap between parents and
their children has minor positive effects on academic performances, family income is significantly and positively
correlated to GPA. This is the reason why students from opulent families often perform better than those of more
meager families.
This study explores how family socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to the cognitive competence of very young
children (i.e., less than 3 years of age) in migrant and non-migrant Chinese families. It also investigates the mediating
role of parenting self-efficacy (PSE) and parental involvement in these associations. Based on a sample of 748 migrant
and non-migrant families residing in urban areas, the results from structural equation modelling (SEM) showed that
young Chinese children from higher-SES families exhibited stronger cognitive competence. Moreover, this connection
was partially mediated by PSE and parental involvement; in particular, higher-SES parents had higher PSE and greater
involvement in their children’s home-based activities, which explained their children’s stronger cognitive competence.
However, these direct and indirect pathways varied between migrant and non-migrant families. This paper offers
valuable insights into the parental beliefs and practises behind SES-related differences in cognitive competence between
very young children from migrant and non-migrant Chinese families.
The results showed that (1) the prevalence of depression among MC (21.0%) and LBC (14.0%) was significantly higher
than that among NLBC (10.8%); (2) the quality of parent–child attachment among MC was statistically significantly
lower than among LBC and NLBC (the proportion of children whose father–child and mother–child attachments were
both insecure was 55.4% among MC, 29.9% among LBC and 33.7% among NLBC); and (3) depression was affected by
the interaction between the group of children and parent–child attachment; compared with NLBC whose parent–child
attachments were both secure, the odds ratio of depression among MC whose parent–child attachments were both
insecure was 7.39, which was significantly higher than LBC (5.34) and NLBC (4.86) whose parent–child attachments
were both insecure.
Conclusions
The prevalence of depression among MC and LBC was significantly higher than that among NLBC in China. The
quality of parent–child attachment among MC was statistically significantly lower than that of LBC and NLBC. Secure
attachment could reduce the risk of depression and insecure parent–child attachment increased the risk of depression.
Depression was affected by the interaction between the group of children and parent–child attachment; migration was a
significant risk factor associated with child depression.
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Labor migration poses a risk to the family as a social institution. Dissolution of marriages among couples caused by
infidelity and labor migration is considered to be one of the social costs of migration, where children of migrants are
greatly affected. This study examines the response of children when they found out about their parent’s infidelity and
the ways of coping employed in dealing with the changed family situation. Nine participants aged 16–25 who are
children of overseas Filipino workers (OFW) were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to draw out recurring
themes to answer the research questions. The results showed that there are negative feelings felt upon knowing the
infidelity of their parent, either by their parent-left or the parent abroad. The relationship between the child and the
parent who committed infidelity has been significantly interrupted. Additionally, friends were considered to be an
essential source of support. The study contributed to the understanding that labor migration is one of the factors that
contributed to strained relationships between husband and wife, and the children were the most affected.
The economy's progress does not stop Filipino parents from working overseas and having to make the painful choice to
leave their kids with their relatives; as a result, these kids face emotional difficulties that some people are unaware of
their hidden feeling. This study aimed to discover the emotional challenges of Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW)’s
children, how these children overcome the difficulties and their insight. We employed a descriptive phenomenological
research design. Ten Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) children participated in the interview, and the data was analyzed
using Colaizzi's method. Results revealed the following themes: parental absence and emotional struggle with emotional
challenges; healthy well-being and nurturing guidance for coping mechanisms; and acceptance for insights. The result of
this study may become an aspiration to all their fellow Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW)’s children who now may face
different circumstances in life being far away from their parents and to the parents who work overseas to know the
situation of their children.The economy's progress does not stop Filipino parents from working overseas and having to
make the painful choice to leave their kids with their relatives; as a result, these kids face emotional difficulties that
some people are unaware of their hidden feeling. This study aimed to discover the emotional challenges of Overseas
Filipino Worker (OFW)’s children, how these children overcome the difficulties and their insight. We employed a
descriptive phenomenological research design. Ten Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) children participated in the
interview, and the data was analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results revealed the following themes: parental absence
and emotional struggle with emotional challenges; healthy well-being and nurturing guidance for coping mechanisms;
and acceptance for insights. The result of this study may become an aspiration to all their fellow Overseas Filipino
Worker (OFW)’s children who now may face different circumstances in life being far away from their parents and to the
parents who work overseas to know the situation of their children.
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Being left behind by parents is not easy. The absence of the parents can affect children in many ways especially when it
comes to decisionmaking. This gives them a burden or additional pressure on the thinking process of teenagers. This
phenomenological study described and gave relevant information about the experiences of the students with parents
working abroad. The purpose of this qualitative research is to inform the millennial regarding the life experiences of
senior high school students with Overseas Filipino Worker parents but to give them the knowledge to understand the life
struggles of these individuals. In this study, the researcher conducted a series of interviews. The researchers developed
four (4) sets of questions, one (1) central question and three (3) sub-questions or aide memoir to know the perspectives
of senior high school students with OFW parents. These questions were answered by the participants aged 16-18 which
is the average age of senior high school students enrolled in Polytechnic University of the Philippines. The data gathered
were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). After analyzing the data, master themes, and
superordinate themes were explored. Four (4) master themes were formed, namely: Factors that affect the student’s
decision-making, Coping strategies in parental absence, Factors that affect the attitude towards studies, and
Development of behavior in the absence of parental role. From the findings generated, it is indeed recommended
motivating the students to become disciplined individuals and proactive in life
The OFW’s population in the country is increasing which it implicates also the rapid number of Filipino parents to leave
their children and family behind due to economic reasons. This study gives a picture on the relationship gap exist among
children of OFWs. Various researches and studies were conducted among the overseas Filipino worker’s children,
however, it pinpoints only to a specific area of concern. This study explores on knowing what are the factors that affects
the parental relationship between the overseas parents and their children among 20 adolescents who were grade 11
student of X – University. The results of the interviews enables the researchers to formulate four themes: 1) parental
connectedness, 2) materialism, 3) gratitude, and parental rearing which was considered as factors that affects the
relationship between the OFW parents and their child. The finding of the study enables the researcher to create an
enhancement program for the OFW’s children.
View Article
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vStudents with Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) parents face a wide array of challenges that affect their
well-being. The consequences of parent’s absence directly affect their child’s psychological state which can
result to poor academic performance. This study aimed to determine the academic challenges and coping
mechanisms of the Senior High School students with Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) parents through
analysis of their lived experience. This study employed a phenomenological research design. In this study a
purposive sampling technique was employed to select the six (6) respondents with OFW parents in Senior
High School. These students were selected using the following criteria: (1) a senior high school student at
Tairan National High School; (2) whose mother is working abroad; and (3) willingness of the respondents to
participate in the study. The data collected from the interview were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three
(3) subthemes emerged in the senior high school students’ academic challenges: (1) school-related problem;
(2) lack of parent’s attention and guidance; and (3) communication. On the other hand, the coping
mechanisms of the students include (1) reciprocating parent’s efforts; (2) understanding the parents’ reasons
for working abroad; (3) building a circle of friends and family support system. Results showed that the
parents’ absence affects the academic performances of the students. However, the students displayed
strong commitment to do well in school to reciprocate parents’ sacrifices. Thus, this phenomenological study
establishes the baseline in developing programs and support system to the students with OFW parents.
Students with Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) parents face a wide array of challenges that affect their well-being. The
consequences of parent’s absence directly affect their child’s psychological state which can result to poor academic
performance. This study aimed to determine the academic challenges and coping mechanisms of the Senior High School
students with Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) parents through analysis of their lived experience. This study
employed a phenomenological research design. In this study a purposive sampling technique was employed to select the
six (6) respondents with OFW parents in Senior High School. These students were selected using the following criteria:
(1) a senior high school student at Tairan National High School; (2) whose mother is working abroad; and (3)
willingness of the respondents to participate in the study. The data collected from the interview were analyzed using
thematic analysis. Three (3) subthemes emerged in the senior high school students’ academic challenges: (1) school-
related problem; (2) lack of parent’s attention and guidance; and (3) communication. On the other hand, the coping
mechanisms of the students include (1) reciprocating parent’s efforts; (2) understanding the parents’ reasons for working
abroad; (3) building a circle of friends and family support system. Results showed that the parents’ absence affects the
academic performances of the students. However, the students displayed strong commitment to do well in school to
reciprocate parents’ sacrifices. Thus, this phenomenological study establishes the baseline in developing programs and
support system to the students with OFW parents.
Overseas Filipino Workers are called the heroes of our country. They are the ones who chose to sacrifice their time with
their family, in exchange of fulfilling their duties in providing the necessities and wants of their children. This study will
be significant in terms of understanding the perception and knowing the coping strategies of these children.
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Upon gathering the information needed, seven semi-structured questions about the perception and coping strategies of
left-behind children will be prepared by the researchers for an interview with five male and female respondents from Far
Eastern University High School. After transcribing the data, researchers will conduct a descriptive analysis and
categorize its focal theme and coping strategies.
The researchers expected to understand the perception and know the coping strategies of the left behind children with
OFW parents to raise awareness on their well-being. This study can clear up the misunderstanding between the two
parties.
This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design to determine how the perceived emotional
availability (EA) of migrant parents predicts the psychological well-being (PWB) of their children. Quantitative data
were collected from 133 college students to assess the general association between EA and PWB, along with each of its
subscales. To help further refine, explain or elaborate on the quantitative results, 9 students were interviewed via focus
group discussion. Results showed that the dynamics of the home and workplace of migrant worker parents are affected
by the inconvenience and difficulty of visiting and communicating with each other, as well as the frequency of
communication through online platforms. In addition to the lingering hostility between the parents, emotional
availability (EA) among family members was seen to be influenced by physical separation. The findings validated the
premise of the study that EA is significantly positively associated with the child's total PWB. That said, lower PWB
scores can be predicted if the child feels more emotionally distant from their migrant parent. The participants further
explained this by expressing a number of themes, such as longing, sadness, an increase in responsibilities,
independence, and acceptance as a result of their parent's overseas employment. The hypothesis brought out by the
researchers that EA is positively linked with SA, EM, and PR was also supported by the results. However, three of the
PWB subscales—AU, PL, and PG—failed to demonstrate a significant relationship with EA, refuting the group's
hypothesis. Findings in this present study also showed that when their proximal caregivers—typically their other parent,
friends, family, significant others, grandparents, and siblings—are emotionally unavailable, they look to other ways to
provide them with emotional support, such as taking care of pets, concentrating on their studies, watching TV series,
keeping a journal, or listening to music. Despite the fact that the children's PWB scores were still in the lower range, it
was discovered that these were 3 substantial contributors to how they cope with their negative emotions. The results
suggest the importance of providing a more comprehensive framework for conceptualizing intervention programs for
students with migrant parents, knowing that emotional support plays an important role in one’s PWB.
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Abstract
Background
Tens of millions of rural “left-behind children (LBC)” in China grow up experiencing prolonged separation
from their migrant worker parents. This study aimed to explore how children are affected by parental
migration, from the perspectives of children, parents, and grandparents, focusing on the experiences of
prolonged parent-child separation and relationship dynamics in the extended family.
Methods
Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted in a migrant-sending rural area of eastern China. Participants
included 25 children (aged 7 to 14), 17 parents, and 13 grandparents, from 30 families, as well as 24 key
informants from the communities. Data analysis followed a grounded theory approach.
Results
The results showed that despite the original purpose of benefiting children, parental migration resulted in
challenges in child psychosocial well-being, due to the emotional impacts from prolonged parent-child
separation. Parental absence also led to inadequate care and support for left-behind children. The negative
effects of parental migration may be exacerbated by other vulnerabilities such as parents’ divorce, poverty
and grandparent caregivers’ frailty. Concerns about child well-being made some migrants decide to return
home permanently, because of the altered trade-offs of migration.
Conclusion
Prolonged separation following migration often disrupts parent-child relationships and results in psychosocial
difficulties in LBC, especially among those who live with multiple adversities in the family. Community-based
interventions may help migrant parents and co-resident caregivers to better engage children and promote
their resilience.
Internal migration has resulted in a large number of left-behind children in China. Despite growing attention to this
population, important gaps remain in our understanding of their cognitive development and the factors that mediate the
impact of migration on children. The present study draws on a new nationally representative survey of Chinese children
to study the psychological and cognitive development of left-behind children. Results show that rural children left
behind by both parents (but not by one parent) are worse off in both psychological well-being and cognitive
development than rural children living with both parents. The disadvantage of left-behind children is mediated by their
caregivers’ emotional well-being, parenting practices, and education. We also find a pronounced rural-urban difference
in children’s cognitive development.
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Student academic achievement is an indicator of success in studying in college. Student habits in carrying out tasks
reflected in personal character will impact student learning achievement. However, the positive character does not
always influence learning achievement. Other factors that can weaken the role of positive character in academic
achievement include family function. This research examines the moderating role of family function in determining the
strength of the influence of positive character on student academic achievement. The 201 students majoring in natural
sciences selected using stratified random sampling were involved in this explanatory quantitative research. Researchers
employed the family function, the noble character scales, and the student cumulative achievement index. Data analysis
used the Jamovi statistical software moderation test version 2.0.0. The results show that family function determines the
magnitude of the influence of positive character on academic achievement. For students with high family function,
character determines significantly academic achievement. On the contrary, for students with low family function. The
study is beneficial for educational counsellors in overcoming the problem of low academic achievement by focusing on
developing character and improving family function.
Linked with a myriad of developmental outcomes, the parent-child relationship serves an important function,
and it is therefore important that determinants of this relationship are elucidated so that optimal outcomes
can be promoted. This study investigated links between parental attachment style and child temperament in
the prediction of parent-child relationship quality during early adolescence. One hundred parents of 12–15-
year-olds completed an online survey. Findings indicated that when examining parent attachment style
alone, attachment-related anxiety but not avoidance predicted parent-child relationship quality. When
examining child temperament alone, negative affect and affiliation predicted parent-child relationship quality.
When examining both parental attachment style and child temperament in the same model, child
temperament was uniquely predictive of the parent-child relationship quality. No moderation effects were
detected. More precise models and expanded measures of parental attachment style, child temperament
and parent-child relationship quality are recommended to fully capture the transactional and dynamic nature
of the parent-child relationship.
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paraphrased citation
Nguyen, L., Duong, N., Dinh, H., Nguyen, M., & Nguyen, T. (2021). The role of parents on their childre
Liu, T., Zhang, X., & Jiang,
Y. (2020). Family
socioeconomic status and the
cognitive competence of very
young children from migrant
and non-migrant Chinese
families: The mediating role
of parenting self-efficacy and
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Childhood Research
Quarterly, 51, 229-241.
Shuang, M., Yiqing, W.,
Ling, J., Guanzhen, O., Jing,
G., Zhiyong, Q., & Xiaohua,
W. (2022). Relationship
between parent–child
attachment and depression
among migrant children and
left-behind children in
China. Public Health, 204, 1-
8.
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N. A., Sonza, D. J. S.,
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F. E. P. Behind the Parents
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Pinzon, M. J. L. (2021).
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Taola, M., Sagdi, L. J.,
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https://shorturl.at/Cpk3o
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