WHAT CAN

YOU SAY?
 Lesson 3
Looking Back at
Human Biocultural
and Social Evolution
 Lesson 3.1
Biological and Cultural
Evolution
 Biological and Cultural Evolution
• biological evolution of man refers to the long
evolutionary history of the human species from
primates to its current form, the Homo sapiens

• Evolution is the process of developing physical

and biological change in a species over a period
of time. It is not an overnight phenomenon. It took
millions of years to end up with the specific set of
biological traits that humanity presently has.
•Darwin’s theory of evulotion and
natural selection declared that species
survived through a process called
“Natural Selection,” where those that
successfully adapted, or evolved, to
meet the changing requirements of
thier natural habitat thrived, while
those that failed to evovled and
reproduce died off.
 The Transition
From Early to
Modern Humans
 The Hominids
•It is one of the erliest
members of the
primate family
hominidae, containing
humans, their
immediate ancestors,
and close extinct
relatives.
 Australopithecus
•The First Definite Hominid
•Existed 3.6 million years
ago
•Capable of climbing and
moving trees
•Bipedalism – They have
the ability to walk on two
legs
 Homo Habilis
•Came from Tanzania,
Kenya, and South Africa.
•Known to exist around 2
million years ago.
•Developed tools primarily
for their use in
scavenging
•Considered to be the more
intelligent and
organized than the
hominids
 Homo Habilis

•Was the first to make

stone tools
•The specie names man
“Handy Man”
Homo Habilis Tools

Stone Tools
Homo Habilis Lifestyle
 Homo Erectus
•“Upright Man”
•Adapted to hot climates
and most spread in
Africa and Asia
•First hunters to
improvised tools such as
axes and knives and
produce fire.
Homo Erectus Lifestyle
Homo Erectus Lifestyle
 Homo Sapiens
•“Wise Man”
•The present human race
belongs to this species.
•It constructed and used
tools for survival
•It developed a symbolic
communication system
 Homo Sapiens Sapiens
•Known as “Cro-Magnon”
modern human
•They were the first to
produce art in in cave
paintings and crafting
decorated tools and
accessories.
Artifactual Evidences
 Artifactual Evidences

Artifactual evidences are the only source of

knowledge
• in understanding the lifestyle and
the developments that occurred in each
transitional stage of human evolution.
It can
• also include tools that are used for
hunting and gathering or symbolic writing found
•
in caves.
Early human species were discovered
through fossils which are remains preserved
in rock.
 PERFORMANCE TASK

The teacher will divide the class into

five groups. Each group will make a
diorama of human evolution using
recyclable materials.

Deadline of submission: September

5, 2024 Thursday
 Lesson 3.2
Cultural and Sociopolitical
Evolution
 As societies respond to the threats
and challenges posed by the environment,
they develop culture. The development of
culture through time, called as Cultural
Evolution, led to the transformation of
different societies and political systems, a
process called sociopolitical evolution.
Although humans have established
many types of societies throughout
history, sociologists and
anthropologists (experts who study
early and tribal cultures) usually refer
to six basic types of societies, each
defined by its level of technology.
1. Hunting and gathering societies

These are
the earliest
forms of
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society. MM.DD.20XX
1. Hunting and gathering societies

These are
small and
generally with
less than 50
members
and is
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nomadic. MM.DD.20XX
1. Hunting and gathering societies

The members survive primarily by hunting,

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trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

 some
division of
labor based on
gender
 Hunting
and gathering
societies were
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also tribal
MM.DD.20XX
2. Pastoral societies Rely on
products
through the
domestication
and breeding of
animals
for
transportation
and food.
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2. Pastoral societies

 The word 'pastoral'

comes from the Latin
root word pastor,
which means
'shepherd.' Someone
living in a pastoral
society is called a
pastoralist.
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2. Pastoral societies

 These are common

in areas where crops
cannot be supported
and only have to
move when the land
in which animals
gaze is no longer
usable.
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2. Pastoral societies

 allow certain of its members

(those who are not
domesticating animals) to
engage in nonsurvival
activities.
 Traders, healers, spiritual
leaders, craftspeople, and
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people with other specialty
MM.DD.20XX

professions appear.
3. Horticultural societies

These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits,

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vegetables, and plants in order to survive.

 3. Horticultural societies
 They are often forced to relocate when the resources of the
land are depleted or when the water supplies decrease.

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 4. Agricultural societies

 Focuses on mode of production

 They rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops
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in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn.

4. Agricultural societies

Productivity increases, and as long as there are

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plenty of food, people do not have to move.

4. Agricultural societies

Greater degrees of social stratification

appeared in agricultural societies.
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4. Agricultural societies Sociologists use the
term social
stratification to
refer to social
hierarchies. Those
higher in social
hierarchies have
greater access to
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power and MM.DD.20XX

resources.
4. Agricultural societies
 Farmers provided warriors
with food in exchange for
protection against invasion
by enemies. A system of
rulers with high social
status also appeared.
This nobility organized
warriors to protect the
society from invasion.
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 5. Industrial societies

 Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when

the production of goods in mechanized factories began as
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the Industrial Revolution.

5. Industrial societies

. The Industrial Revolution appeared first in

Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of
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the world.
5. Industrial societies

They use advanced sources of energy to run

large machinery which led to industrialization.
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 5. Industrial societies

Led to innovations in transportation led people to

travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
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6. Post-Industrial societies

Their economy is based on services and

technology, not production.
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  The economy is
dependent on tangible
goods, people must
pursue greater
education, and the new
communications
technology allows work
to be performed from a
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MM.DD.20XX
6. Post-industrial societies
 The economy is
dependent on tangible
goods, people must
pursue greater
education, and the new
communications
technology allows work
to be performed from a
26 ADD A FOOTER variety of locations.
MM.DD.20XX
 Stone Age /
Prehistoric Period
Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)
Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic)
New Stone Age (Neolithic)
Paleolithic Period
 Paleolithic Period
• the first phase of the Stone Age.
• This period started the creation and use of
crude stone tools which are the most
primitive among the three periods.
• The word "paleolithic" is derived from the
Greek words palaios (old) and lithos (stone)
to collectively mean "old stone age."
 Paleolithic Period
The early humans who existed during this period
showed their skills with fire and stones that changed
their diet and food consumption.
Hunting and fishing were the primary activities of
the early humans during the Paleolithic period.
They also had their religious rituals based on nature
and developed their own language based on
sounds and hand signals.
 Mesolithic Period
• the second phase of the Stone Age.
It was considered as the transition period between
the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods.
The word "mesolithic" is derived from the Greek
words mesos (middle) and lithos (stone) that
collectively mean "middle stone age."
Mesolithic Period
 Neolithic Period
The word "neolithic" was derived from the Ancient
Greek words neos (new) and lithos (stone) that
collective translates to "new stone age.“
The Neolithic period started during the last phase
of the Stone Age and at this point, modern humans
started to exist.
From being food gatherers, they became food
producers and introduced the concept of farming.
Neolithic Period
EARLY CIVILIZATION AND
THE RISE OF THE STATE
CIVILIZATION
 CIVILIZATION
comes from the Latin
words “civis” which refers
to one who is inhabitants
of a city and “civets”
which refers to the urban
community in which one
dwells.
CIVILIZATION
Is a highly organized
society marked by
advanced knowledge of
trade, government,
arts, science and
often time written
language.
FOUR EARLY RIVER
VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS
(4500-6000 yrs. Ago)
 MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
(Tigris & Euphrates Rivers)
 In this area known as the Fertile
Crescent, man discovered agriculture.
 MESOPOTAMIA was a very dry area. However,
irrigation canals allowed agriculture to develop.
 making it possible to
increase the
production of food.

 the development of agriculture provided

water and fertility to the land of the valleys of
the rivers.
 With this, the population grew and a surplus
of agricultural goods arose that allowed the
exchange of food for other goods.
 trade and
thus giving a place for the birth of
the development and specialization of
other jobs that were not related to agriculture.
 2. EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
3. INDIAN CIVILIZATION
(Indus River)
MOHENJO-DARO

HARAPPA
 TRADE & TRANSFORTATION
Economy depended
significantly on
trade which was
facilitated by
advanced
transportation

They were the

first one to use
wheeled
transport.
 4.ANCIENT CHINA
Huang Ho (yellow)River
DEMOCRATIZATION
 DEMOCRATIZATION

According to (Shively of 2005) states that

democracy is a states in which all fully
qualified citizens vote at regular intervals
to choose, from among alternative
candidates, the people who will be charge
of setting the state’s policies.
 DEMOCRATIZATION

Democracy comes from the Greek word

demokratia: demos meaning “people”
and kratia meaning “government”.
Therefore, democracy is “government of
the people”
 DEMOCRATIZATION

Democracy is a form of government in which

the rulers are elected by the people.

“Democracy is a government of the people, by

the people and for the people.”
Abraham Linkon