GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Natural and Computational Science

Department Of Computer Science
Course Title: Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing
Target Assignment: Group
Submitted to: Eyoas. A

S/No. Name of member group ID Number

1. Emebet Ayanaw …………………… 8516
2. Chalchisa Kano ……………………… 9794
3. Minalu Kassa………………………... 5083
4. Mohammed Adem……………………... 8767

Submittion date:

Gambella, Ethiopia

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 Content of table
Content Page
Chapter 5: Cellular Networks
5.1. Principles of Cellular Networks ……………………………………………………………….. 1
5.2. First Generation (1G) Cellular Networks ……………………………………………………….. 5
5.3. Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks……………………………………. 8
5.4. 2.5G Networks (GPRS)……………………………………………………………………… 11
5.5. Third Generation Network (3G) – Internet System……………………………………………. 12
5.6. Fourth Generation (4G) Cellular Networks: Integration System……………………………….. 14
5.7. Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Networks- Real Wireless World System……………………… 16

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 Chapter 5: Cellular Networks

5.1. Principles of Cellular Networks

A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land through cells where each cell includes a fixed
location transceiver known as a base station. These cells together provide radio coverage over larger
geographical areas.

The user equipment (UE), such as mobile phones, is therefore able to communicate even if the equipment is
moving through cells during transmission.

Cellular networks give subscribers advanced features over alternative solutions, including increased capacity,
small battery power usage, a larger geographical coverage area and reduced interference from other signals.

Popular cellular technologies include the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), general packet
radio service (GPRS) and code division multiple access CDMA).

Radio fundamentals for cellular networks

Cellular networks enable devices such as smartphones and Internet of things (IoT) devices to communicate
wirelessly. Cellular technologies have advanced from first-generation (1G) analog technologies to advanced
high-performance fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) systems in just about four decades.

The Basics
Though the exact network architecture differs from one generation to another, a typical cellular network
consists of a radio access network (RAN), a core network (CN) and a services network.

The RAN contains base stations (BS) that communicate with the wireless devices using radio frequency (RF)
signals, and it is this interface between the base station and the devices. The RAN allocates radio resources to
the devices to make wireless communications a reality.

The CN performs functions such as user authentication, service authorization, security activation, IP address
allocation and setup of suitable links to facilitate the transfer of user traffic such as voice and video.
The services network includes operator-specific servers and IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) to offer a
variety of services to the wireless subscriber, including voice calls, text messages (SMS) and video calls.

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Transmitters
The first common principle of cellular networks is the use of much lower power (100 W or less),
Smaller transmitters with narrower coverage areas instead of a single, powerful transmitter with
a wider coverage area. These transmitters are housed on base stations, better known as cellular towers.
Base stations also house receivers and additional control units.
Cells
Coverage areas are divided into cells, each served by its own antenna (transmitter). A frequency band is
allocated to the transmitter/receiver depending on the network carrier. Cells are arranged so that antennas in a
coverage area are in a hexagonal pattern.

This is because it requires fewer cells to represent a hexagon compared to a triangle or square 3 meaning
network carriers can cover a wider area with fewer base stations. Another advantage of a hexagonal cellular
system is that frequency reuse is possible using this shape.

Frequency Reuse
The second common core design principle of cellular networks is frequency reuse. Frequency reuse is the
process of using the same radio frequencies on base stations and other radio transmitter sites within a
geographic area.
These sites are separated by a sufficient distance to cause minimal interference with each other by using
geographically small, low-power cells, frequencies can be reused by non-adjacent cells. The reason for
frequency reuse is the limited number of carriers allocated frequencies set by the regulator bodies.

Cell Splitting
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells such that each smaller cell has
its own base station. These smaller cells feature antennas with reduced height and transmitter power. The two
smaller cells increase the capacity of a cellular network since the number of times channels are reused

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Increases. In a popular cellular network configuration, one base station controls three geographic regions
called sectors (or cells), where each sector covers 120° region. Three sectors together provide 3 × 120° = 360°
coverage around the base station.

Cellular Handover
As a mobile device moves around in a given area, it crosses cell boundaries. Handover is a process where the
dedicated radio connection between the device and the radio access network is switched from one cell to
another. Cellular handover ensures that the device has a dedicated radio connection with the best possible
communications link.

In addition, handover may be used to balance the load among serving base stations and among carrier
frequencies available in a cell or sector. The handover takes place when the system perceives the current cell
signal strength system to be weaker than a cell the user is approaching. Different cellular generation
architecture uses different terminology for the device which detects the signal strength and provides the
handoff capability.
Cell handover is under the central control of a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), which is also
known as a mobile switching office (MSO) or the mobile switching center (MSC). When the call is handed
off to the second cell, the user should not be aware of the handoff and hear nothing.

5.2. First Generation (1G) Cellular Networks

1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. These are the
analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced
by 2G digital telecommunications.
The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals
that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling
to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself
during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to a higher frequency,
typically 150 MHz and up.

Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications in the early 20th century. Car-based
telephones were first introduced in the mid-1940s. In fact, the first car-based telephone system was tested in
Saint Louis in 1946. This system used a single large transmitter on top of a tall building. A single channel
was used for sending and receiving. To talk, the user pushed a button that enabled transmission and disabled
reception.

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Due to this, these became known as <push-to-talk= systems in the 1950s. Although these systems are quite
old, taxis and police cars use this technology. To allow users to talk and listen at the same time, IMTS
(Improved Mobile Telephone System) was introduced in the 1960s.

It used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving 3 thus there was no need for push-to-talk). IMTS
used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz’s

First-generation cellular networks were introduced in the 1980s. This started with the Advanced Mobile
Phone Service (AMPS) which was invented at Bell Labs and first installed in 1982. AMPS has also been
used in England (called TACS) and Japan (called MCS-L1).

Actually, the first-generation wireless mobile communication system is not digital technology, but an analog
cellular telephone system that was used for voice service only during the early 1980s. This Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS) was a frequency-modulated analog mobile radio system using Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) with 30kHz channels occupying the 824MHz − 894MHz frequency band and the
first commercial cellular system deployed until the early 1990’s.

The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT
(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years,
the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide
1G network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network featuring
international roaming.

The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago based Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola
DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK,
Mexico and Canada.1G cellular networks are based primarily on analog communications. In North America,
two 25 MHz bands are allocated to AMPS 3 one for transmission from base to mobile unit and one for
transmission from mobile unit to base. Each phone has a 32-bit serial number and 10-digit phone number in
its PROM (Programmable Read-only Memory).

When a phone is turned on, it scans for control signals from base stations. It sends this information to the BS
with strongest control signal and the BS passes this information to MTS (Master Switching Station) as a
packet. The subscriber initiates a call by keying in a phone number and pressing the send key. The MTS

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verifies the number and authorizes the user.

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MTS issues a message to the user’s cell phone indicating send and receive traffic channels sends a ringing signal
to the called party. Party answers; MTS establishes the circuit and initiates billing information. Either party
hangs up; MTS releases the circuit, frees the channels, and completes billing.

Security issues with 1G:

 Analog cellular phones are insecure.
 Anyone with an all-band radio receiver can listen in to the conversation.
 Many scandals have been reported in this area.
 There are also thefts of airtime.
 Basically, a thief uses an all-band radio receiver that is connected to a computer.
 This computer can record the 32-bit serial numbers and phone numbers of subscribers when calling
(recall that this information is sent as a packet).
 The thieves can collect a large database by driving around and can then go into business by
reprogramming stolen phones and reselling them.

Paging Networks:

Paging networks are one of the oldest wireless technologies. They support one-way and two-way
alphanumeric messages between callers and pagers (beepers). The callers typically call a beeper company
and leave a phone number and possibly a short message. Paging networks are being integrated with PDAs
(personal digital assistants) like Palm Pilots. An example of paging networks is the BellSouth Clamshell
Pager with keyboard.

Characteristics of Paging Networks:

 Common applications are personal numeric messaging for call-back, alphanumeric messaging
(dispatching and service), and two-way messaging (call dispatching with confirmation).

 Capacity and speed include 1200 bps for older and 6400 bps for newer systems.

 The paging networks are slower but have different design criteria for delivering the message within
specific time periods.

 Frequency bands used include 800 MHz for older paging networks and 901-941 MHz, with gaps, for
newer networks.

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 Components of a paging network are a personal paging device, a paging computer/server at the paging
operator’s site, and a paging transmitter.
 These networks may also use satellites for national coverage.
 Coverage is 95% of the US, thanks to many local, regional and national paging network providers.
 Communications protocols supported include FLEX and ReFLEX developed by Motorola for two-way
paging.
 Security is low and has not been considered a high priority.
The advantages of paging networks are:

 Very inexpensive
 Easy to operate for sender (from any telephone) and receiver
 Many options for users (numeric, alphanumeric, two-way, message storage)
 Wide coverage at local, regional, national, and international levels
 Good building penetration
The limitations of paging networks are as follows:

 Slow data transfer rate (1200 bps)

 No acknowledgment (two-way paging costs extra)
 Some of the available paging networks are overloaded, causing delays.

5.3. Second Generation (2G) Cellular Networks

In Europe, exactly the reverse happened 3 there was a convergence because there were many (more than 5) incompatible
1G systems with no clear winner. This caused a major problem for the users (you could not use your telephones while
traveling from England to France). European PTT (Post, Telephone and Telegraphic) sponsored the development of the
now very popular GSM that uses new frequency ranges and complete digital communication.

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom
networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj)
in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were
digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater
mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text
messages. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed
1G.While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems

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 Use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone
system. 2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G and 4G. however, 2G networks
are still used in many parts of the world.

The primary differences between first and second-generation cellular networks are:

Digital traffic channels: first-generation systems are almost purely analog; second-generation systems are
digital.
Encryption: all second-generation systems provide encryption to prevent eavesdropping.
Error detection and correction: second-generation digital traffic allows for detection and correction, giving
clear voice reception.
Channel access: second-generation systems allow channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users.

Advantages and Disadvantage of 2G

Advantage:
 The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
 Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
 Greatly reduced fraud: With analog systems, it was possible to have two or more "cloned" handsets
that had the same phone number.
 Enhanced privacy: A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much
harder to eavesdrop on by the use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not
to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which
have no protection against eavesdropping.

Disadvantages:

 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower.
 Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a
disadvantage.
 While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by the
codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced.
 You will hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it
more clearly.

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 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)–The Popular 2G System:
Although there are many competing technologies in the 2G cellular network landscape, GSM by far
dominates the world today, with over 200 million users in over a hundred countries.
GSM is very popular in Europe and is now gaining popularity in the US also on international standards
defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Due to the popularity of GSM, let
us look at GSM somewhat closely.

GSM is completely designed from scratch (there is no backward compatibility with 1G systems such as
AMPS). It can deliver data rate up to 9.6 Kbps by using 124 channels per cell; each channel can support 8
users through TDMA (maximum 992 users per cell, in practice about 500). Some GSM channels are used for
control signals for mobile units to locate the nearest base stations.

In addition to voice, GSM phones provide data services for wireless users; i.e., you connect your GSM phone
to your PC and it acts as a modem for email, fax, Internet browsing, etc. GSM also permits roaming between
North American countries and European countries.

To make it work, because of the frequency differences, you have to remove the user-specific SIM card from
inside the American network’s phone and place it into a European network’s phone, or vice-versa.

GSM’s air interface is based on narrowband TDMA technology, where available frequency bands are
divided into time slots, with each user having access to one time slot at regular intervals. Narrowband
TDMA allows eight simultaneous communications on a single radio multiplexer and is designed to support
16 half-rate channels.

2G CDMA:

While some systems have appeared, IS-95 is the best- known example of 2G with CDMA. Recall that
in the case of CDMA, each user is assigned a unique code that differentiates one user from others.
This is in contrast to TDMA where each user is assigned a time slot. Although the debate between
CDMA versus TDMA has been raging for a while (see Section 8.5.5).

There are several advantages of CDMA for cellular networks: -

 Many more users (up to 10 times more) can be supported as compared to TDMA.

 Leads to some complications, the advantage of supporting more users far outweighs the
disadvantage of added complexity.

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 The IS-95 cellular system has different structures for its forward (base station to mobile station) and
backward links. The forward link consists of up to 64 logical CDMA channels, each occupying the
same 1228 kHz bandwidth.

The forward channel supports different types of channels:

o Traffic channels (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63) 3 these 55 channels are used to carry the user
traffic (originally at 9.6 Kbps, revised at 14.4 Kbps).

o Pilot (Channel 0) 3 used for signal strength comparison, among other things, to determine
handoffs

o Synchronization (Channel 32) 3 a 1200 bps channel used to identify the cellular system
(system time, protocol revision, etc.).

o Paging (channels 1 to 7) 3 messages for mobile stations

5.4) 2.5G Networks (GPRS)

2.5G wireless cellular networks have been developed as a transition path to 3G. Examples of these networks are
GPRS and EDGE. These systems build packet-switching systems to improve data rates significantly.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GSM networks offer circuit-switched data services at 9.6 kbps. Most GSM carriers are developing a service called
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a 2.5G technology. GPRS can theoretically provide IP-based packet data
speeds up to a maximum of 160 kbps. However, typical GPRS networks operate at lower data rates. One proposed
configuration is 80 kbps maximum (56 kbps typical) for the downlink and 20 kbps maximum (14.4 kbps typical)
for the uplink. GPRS supports both IP and X.25 networking.

GPRS can be added to GSM infrastructures quite readily. It takes advantage of existing 200 KHz radio channels
and does not require new radio spectrum. GPRS basically overlays a packet switching network on the existing
circuit switched GSM network. This gives the user an option to use a packet-based data service.

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5.5. Third Generation Network (3G) – Internet System:

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile

phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT- 2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication
Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video
calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.

The third-generation (3G) vision is to create a unified global set of standards requirements that could
lead to the commercial deployment of advanced multimedia wireless communications. The goal of
3G systems is to enable wireless service providers to offer services found on today’s wireline
networks.

3G is not one standard; it is a family of standards which can all work together. This is the main
reason why there are too many terms and standards in the 3G space. The International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) is coordinating this international harmonization of 3G standards
under the overall umbrella of International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT 2000).

The goal of 3G wireless systems was to provide wireless data service with data rates of 144kbps to
384kbps in wide coverage areas, and 2Mbps in local coverage areas. Possible applications included
wireless web- based access, E-mail, as well as video teleconferencing and multimedia services
consisting of mixed voice and data streams. After ten years of development, IMT-2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications-2000) has accepted a new 3G standard from China, i.e. TD-SCDMA.
Thus, there are new three 3G cellular network standards. They are CDMA2000 from America,
WCDMA from Europe and TD-SCDMA from China.

The best known example of 3G is the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) 3 an
acronym used to describe a 3G system that originated in Europe and is being used elsewhere. In fact,
several analysts claim that UMTS-3G. The overall idea is that UMTS users will be able to use 3G
technology all over the world under different banners.

3G systems are based on packet switching instead of the older circuit-switching systems used in 2G.
In 2G cellular networks, most data communication, apart from the Short Message Service (SMS),
requires a circuit-switched connection in which a user must connect to a server to check email, for
example. The main limitation of this approach is that the users have to be online even when they are
not sending data, so they pay higher costs and network capacity is wasted.

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 3G networks use a connectionless (packet-switched) communications mechanism. Data are split into
packets to which an address uniquely identifying the destination is appended. This mode of
transmission, in which communication is broken into packets, allows the same data path to be shared
among many users in the network. By breaking data into smaller packets that travel in parallel on
different channels, the data rate can be increased significantly.

For example, splitting a message into 6 packets can theoretically increase data rate six times (e.g.
from 9.6 Kbps to 56 Kbps, roughly). In addition, users can stay online throughout and yet not be
charged for the time spent online. Rather, they only pay for the amount of data that they retrieve. This
is in contrast to a circuit- switched network like the regular voice telephone network where the
communication path is dedicated to the callers, thus blocking that path to other users for that period
of time. This means that although a 3G handset is, in effect, permanently connected to the network, it
only uses bandwidth when needed.

3G has evolved from 2G and is built on the success of GSM (GSM, GSM1800 and GSM1900). Dual-
mode terminals ease migration from 2G to 3G. Although many options for 3G exist, the radio
technology in 3G will likely be Wideband CDMA (Collision detect multiple access). This is similar
to local area network technologies such as Ethernet. In the US, CDMA2000 will be used (this is
similar to Wideband CDMA but backward compatible with IS-95).

Advantages of 3G:

 Overcrowding is relieved in existing systems with radio spectrum

 Bandwidth, security and reliability are more
 Provides interoperability among service providers
 Availability of fixed and variable rates
 Support to devices with backward compatibility with existing networks
 Always online devices 3 3G uses IP connectivity which is packet based
 Rich multimedia services are available
Disadvantages of 3G:
 The cost of cellular infrastructure, and upgrading base stations is very high.
 Needs different handsets.
 Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented.
 Power consumption is high.
 Requires closer base stations and are expensive.
 Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset subsidies subscribers are
tremendous.

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5.6. Fourth Generation (4G) Cellular Networks: Integration System:

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor

to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-
Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards,
setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/sec for high mobility communication
(such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/sec for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians
and stationary users).

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals
Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14
December 2009. One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband
solution to laptop, computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities
such as ultra- broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia
may be provided to users.

In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for what standards that
should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market brands only some of the IMT-
2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT and mobile-
WiMAX all fulfil the IMT- 2000 requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are
typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU- R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

IMT-Advanced compliant versions of LTE and WiMAX are under development and called "LTE
Advanced" and "Wireless MAN-Advanced" respectively. ITU has decided that LTE Advanced and
Wireless MAN-Advanced should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On
December 6, 2010, ITU recognized that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G
technologies that do not fulfill "IMT- Advanced" requirements could nevertheless be considered
"4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT- Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement
in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."

The 4G mobile system is an all IP-based network system. The features of 4G may be summarized
with one word- integration. 4G technology should integrate different current existing and future
wireless network technologies (e.g. OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-LMDS) to
ensure freedom of movement and seamless roaming from one technology to another. These will
provide multimedia applications to mobile users by accessing different technologies in a continuous
and always best connection possible.

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 4G networks can integrate several radio access networks with fixed internet networks as the
backbone. A core interface sits in between core network and radio access networks, and a collection
of radio interfaces is used for communication between the radio access networks and mobile users.
This kind of integration combines multiple radio access interfaces into a single network to provide
seamless roaming/handoff and the best connected services.

The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early assumed the term 4G as a shorthand
way to describe those advanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based on or
employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies, MIMO transmission and an all-IP based
architecture. Mobile-WiMAX, first release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-OFDM meets these
early assumptions, and have been considered as 4G candidate systems, but do not yet meet the more
recent ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements.
Advantages of a 4G network:
 Better spectral efficiency.
 High speed, capacity and bandwidth.
 Tight network security.
 High usability: anytime, anywhere and any with technology.
 Support for multimedia services low transmission cost.
 Low cost per bit.
 Affordable communication system.
 Global access, service portability, and a variety of quality of services provided.
Disadvantages of a 4G network:
The battery uses are more.
Hard to implement.
Need complicated hardware.
It needed to avail services of 4G technology.
The equipment required for a next- generation network is still very expensive.
The network has more problem has security issues.
Not many areas of 4G services yet.
Network protocol and standardization have not to be defined.
High data prize for consumers.
Need different handsets.

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 Power consumption is high.

5.7. Overview of Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Networks- Real Wireless World System:

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a name used in some
research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards
beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards effective since 2011.

At present, 5G is not a term officially used for any particular specification or in any official
document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP,
WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization
bodies, but are at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.

The problem is that 5G is designed for World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) to mobile users based
on network access management, but IPv6 assigns any IP address to any mobile node based on
location management. This will cause 5G wireless network resources waste and the IPv6 is difficult
to work on the World-Wide Wireless Web (WWWW).

In order to solve this problem, we have proposed the bandwidth optimization control protocol and the
mix-bandwidth data path for future 5G real wireless world. The bandwidth optimization control
protocol (BOCP) is implemented in between MAC layer and TCP/IP layer, which is used to establish
the mix-bandwidth.

Were a 5G family of standards to be implemented, it would likely be around the year 2020, according
to some sources. A new mobile generation has appeared every 10th year since the first 1G system
(NMT) was introduced in 1981, including the 2G (GSM) system that started to roll out in 1992, 3G
(W-CDMA/FOMA), which appeared in 2001, and "real" 4G standards fulfilling the IMT-Advanced
requirements, that were ratified in 2011 and products expected in 2012-2013.
Advantages of 5G technology
Higher Download Speed: The 5G network will have the capacity to increase download speeds by up to 20
times (from 200 Mbps (4G) to 10 Gbps (5G)) and decreasing latency (response time between devices). These
speeds will maximize the browsing experience by facilitating processes that, although possible today, still
present difficulties.
Hyper connectivity: The 5G network promises the possibility of having a hyper-interconnected environment
to reach the point of having the much desired smart cities. The correct performance of these new dynamics
will depend on the bandwidth of 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT).

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Process optimization: It is also expected to revolutionize areas such as medicine (remote operations, for
example), and traffic management and autonomous vehicles, as well as its implementation in the
construction sector to optimize resources and reduce risks.

Disadvantages of 5G technology

Immediate Obsolescence: The transition to the 5G network will require devices that can support it; current
4G devices do not have this capability and will become immediately obsolete.
Technological exclusion: The implementation of the 5G network also implies a lack of immediate
accessibility for average pockets, combined with a delay in its implementation due to a lack of means for its
use.
Insufficient Infrastructure: For the 5G network to function properly will require a whole ambitious
investment in infrastructure to increase bandwidth and expand coverage, and this is not cheap. This
situation will necessarily lead to delays in its implementation due to the high costs that governments will
have to cover for 5G to function properly
Risks in security and proper data handling: All of this requires optimal data management, and this is
where the most conflictive part of the advantages versus disadvantages lies. And the fact is that, in the
management of all this information, both from companies and individuals and even governments, not only
issues such as Big Data techniques are involved in its study.

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