Chapter3

Engineering design process

Basic steps:

o 1-Recognize the need for a product or service.

-The need for a product or service could come from you, company or the clients.
o 2-Problem definition and understanding the need.
-The most important step in any design process.
-Before you move to the next step make sure you understand the problem and the
problem is well defined because good problems all rivers are those who first fully
understand what the problem is.
o 3-Research and preparation.
-To collect useful information as much as you can:
1-Search to determine if a product already exists that closely meets the need.
2-Consider if you can adopt or modify existing components.
-Review and organize the information collected in a suitable manner.
o 4-Conceptualization of ideas.
-To generate ideas or concepts that could offer reasonable solutions to the problem.
-Identify the components of the system.
-Analyze the merit of the developed concepts.
-Evaluate a return at lives (table 3.1, page 55)
-Create a milestone chart.
o 5-Synthesis of results.
-Considering details, like: Performing calculations, run computer models, narrow
down the type of materials to be used, and size the components of the system. (4
points)
-Answer questions about how the product is going to be fabricated.
-Consult pertinent codes and standards for compliance.
o 6-Evaluation of the ideas.
-To analyze the problem in more detail.
-To identify critical design parameters and consider their influence in your final
design.
-Make sure that all calculations are performed correctly.
-For uncertainties, perform experimental investigations.
-Identify the best solution from alternatives.
Evaluating alternatives:
-When a design is narrowed down to a few workable concepts, evaluation of these
concepts is needed before detailed design is pursued.
-Each design would have its own evaluation criteria.
(an example of an evaluation work sheet is on the PowerPoint slide 14).
o 7-Optimization (select the possible solution) (Minimization or maximaization).
-Optimization is based on some particular criterion such as cost, strength, size,
weight, reliability, noise, or performance.
 -Optimizing individual components of an engineering system does not necessarily
lead to an optimized system. (optimization procedure picture attached in slide 16, it
will help you understanding).
o 8-Presentation.
-Communicate your solution to your client (E.G., your boss, coworkers, customers).
-Prepared for an oral or a written report.
-Engineers are often required to give oral and progress reports on regular basis to
various groups.
-Presentation could be an integral part of many other design steps.

*An important optimization example 3.1 involves calculations must be viewed (slide 19-
21)

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Civil engineering design process

-Their design process is a slightly different from other disciplines because it is concerned
with providing public infrastructures and services such as the design and construction of:
 Buildings, bridges, tunnels, airports, roads and highways, dams, sewage systems,
mass transit systems, water supply systems.
-They must follow specific procedures, regulations, and standards that are established by
local, regional, or government agencies: For example, design procedures for a bridge will be
different then for a building or a mass transit system.

Design process for the buildings:

)‫ الي فوق‬engineering basic steps‫(كل خطوة من تصميم العمارات بنشبكها مع خطوات ال‬

o Recognizing the need for a building.

-Step 1 (Recognizing the need for a product or a service).
o Define the usage of the building.
-Step 2 (Problem definition and understanding)
o Project planning.
-Step 3 (Research and preparation)
o Schematic design phase.
-Steps 4&8 (Conceptualization and presentation)
o Design development phase.
-Steps 5,6,8 (Synthesis, evaluation, and the presentation)
o Construction documentation phase.
-Steps 5,7 (Synthesis and optimization)
o Construction administration phase.
Design considerations
o Sustainability in design
o Engineering Economics
o Material selection
o Patents, trademarks, and copyright.
‫الحين شرح كل نقطة من هاالربع نقاط وبنفس اللون اسهل‬

1-Sustainability in design:
Design and development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ‫تعريف‬
-Engineers contribute to both private and public sectors of our society.
-In private sector, they design and produce the goods and services that we use in our
daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of living.
-In public sector, they support semi-government and the government mission such
as meeting our infrastructure needs, energy and food security, and national defense.
-Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic trends, environmental concerns,
and earth’s finite resources, more is expected of engineers.
-Future engineers are expected to design and provide goods and services that
increases the standard of living and advanced healthcare, while addressing serious
environmental and sustainability concerns.
-In designing products and services, engineers must consider the link among earth’s
finite resources, environmental, social, ethical, technical, and economical factors.
)‫(افهموها التحفظونها‬

Key sustainability Concepts, Methods, and Tools.

 Key sustainability concepts
-Earth’s finite resources and environmental issues.
-Socioeconomic issues related to sustainability.
-Ethical aspects of sustainability.
-Sustainable development.
 Key sustainability methods
-Life-cycle based analysis.
-Resources and waste management (material, energy).
-Environmental impact analysis.
 Key sustainability tools
-Life-cycle assessment.
-Environmental assessment.
-Use of sustainable development indicators.
 2-Engineering Economics:
-economic factors are important and engineering design decision making.
o Products that are too expensive cannot be sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company.
o Products must be designed to provide services not only to make our lives better but
also to make profits for the manufacturer.

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3-Material selection:
-the selection of material is an important design decision.

o Examples of properties to consider when selecting materials:

-Density, ultimate strength, flexibility, machinability, durability, thermal expansion,
electrical and thermal conductivity, resistance to corrosion.

.‫ المذكورة ب اخر نقطة‬properties‫الحين شرح بعض ال‬

‫ الزم نحط بعين‬...‫يعني ف التصميم لما نبي نختار مادة مثل الحديد وال السراميك الخ‬
‫االعتبار هالخصائص‬
‫الي الحين بذكرها‬
‫ اغلبهم‬،‫ التحاتون‬، ‫ حاولو تفهمونها الن حفظها متعب وياخذ وقت اكثر‬،‫ خاصية‬١٥
‫معلومات سهله‬

 Electrical resistivity:
*A measure of resistance of material to flow of electricity*
-Plastics and ceramics typically have a high resistivity.
-Metal typically has low resistivity.
-Silver and copper are some of the best conductors of electricity.

 Density:
*Mass per unit volume*
-A Measure of how compact the material is for a given volume.

 Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s modulus)

-A measure of how easily a material will stretch when pulled.
-A measure of how well material will shorten when pushed.
-The larger the value of the modulus of elasticity is, the larger the required force
would be to stretch or shorten the material.

 Modulus of Rigidity (Shear modulus)

-A measure of how easily a material can be twisted or Sheared.
-The value of a shear modulus shows the resistance of a given material to shear
deformation.

 Tensile Strength
 -The maximum tensile load a material specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar or
cylinder can carry without failure.
-Tensile strength or ultimate strength is expressed as the maximum tensile force per
unit cross-sectional area of the specimen.

 Compressive strength
-The maximum compressive load a material specimen in the shape of a rectangular
bar, cylinder, or cube can carry without failure.
-The Ultimate compressive strength of a material is expressed as the maximum
compressive force per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen.

 Modulus of Resilience
-A mechanical property that shows how effective the material is in absorbing
mechanical energy without going through any permanent damage.

 Modulus of Toughness
-A mechanical property that indicates the ability of the material to handle
overloading before at fractures.

 Strength-to-Weight Ratio
-The ratio of the strength of the material to its specific weight.
-Either the yield or the ultimate strength of the material can be used to determine
the ratio.

 Thermal expansion
-The change in the length of a material that would occur if the temperature of the
material were changed.
-Important material property to consider when designing products and structures
that are expected to experience a relatively large temperature swing during their
service lives.

 Thermal Conductivity
-How good a material is in transferring thermal energy (heat) from a high-
temperature region to a low temperature region within the material.

 Heat Capacity
-The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg mass of
material by 1C’, or 1lb mass of material by 1F’.
-Materials with large heat capacity values are good at strong thermal energy.

 Viscosity
-Fluid property that measures how easily a given fluid can flow.
-The higher the viscosity value is, the more resistance is the fluid will offer to flow.
(e.g. Less energy is needed to transport water in a pipe than to transport motor oil or
glycerin)

 Vapor Pressure
 -Under the same conditions, fluids with low vapor-pressure values will not evaporate
as quickly as those with high values of vapor pressure.
(e.g. Water has a higher vapor pressure value than glycerin)

 Bulk Modulus of Compressibility

-A measurement of how compressible a fluid is.
-Represents how easily one can reduce the volume of fluid when the fluid pressure is
increased.
(e.g. It would take 2.24×10^9 N/m2 of pressure to reduce 1 m3 of water to 0.99^3 , a
change of 1%)

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4-Patent, Trademark, and Copyright

Provide a means to promote a new ideas and inventions which means intellectual property
is protected by Laws. ‫حقوق الملكية الفكرية‬

 Patent
-The right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention or importing the invention.
-Does not grant the inventor of the right to make, use, or sell the invention, it
prevents other from doing so.

 Design patent
-Protects the way and item looks.
-Good for 14 years from the time it was granted (in USA).
 Utility patent
-Protects for the way an item works.
-Good for either 17 years from the time it was granted or 20 years from the earliest
filling date.

 Trademark
A name, word, or symbol that a company uses to distinguish its products from
others.
-Excludes others from using the same or similar mark.
-Does not prevent others from making the same or similar products.
 Service mark
A name, word, or symbol that a company uses to distinguish its services from
others.
 Copyright

-A form of protection provided by the laws to the authors of “original works of

authorship”
-Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and other types of intellectual works.
-Covers both published and unpublished work.
-Protects form of expression, not the content or the subject matter.
 What type of expression is not protected by copyright?
-Titles, names, short phrases, slogans, familiar symbols of designs like coloring, mere
listings of ingredients or contents.

Team work

*Design team:
Group of individuals with complementary experties, problem-solving skills, and
talent who are working together to solve a problem or achieve a common goal.

P.S: employers are looking for individuals who not only have a good grasp of
engineering fundamentals but can also work well with others in a team
environment.

 Common traits of good teams.

1- The project assigned to a team must have clear and realistic goals. These goals must
be understood and accepted by all members of the team.
2- The team should be made of individuals with complimentary expertise, problem-
solving skills, background and talent.
3- Must have a good leader.
4- The team leadership and the environment in which discussions take place should
promote openness, respect, and honesty.
5- The team goals and needs should come before individual goals and needs.

 Secondary roles of good team members.

-The organizer: experienced and confident, trusted by members, serves as a
coordinator for the entire project.
-The creator: good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with other team
members, letting the team develop the ideas further.
-The gatherer: enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for possibilities,
and developing contacts.
-The motivator: energetic, confident, and outgoing, good at finding ways around
obstacles.
-The evaluator: intelligent and capable of understanding the complete scope of the
project, good at judging outcomes correctly.
-The team worker: tries to get everyone to come together, does not like frictions or
problems among team members.
-The solver: reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical solution.
-The finisher: can be counted on to finish his assigned task on time; detail oriented
and worries about the team’s progress towards finishing the assignment.
 P.S. Other factors that influence team performance:
-The way a company is organized.
-How projects are assigned.
-What resources are available to a team to perform their tasks.
-Corporate culture: whether openness, honesty and respect are promoted.

Conflict resolution

In this page I will sum up the conflicts that can happen in a working
team, like miscommunication, personality differences and the way
events and actions are interpreted by a member of a team.

Managing conflict is an important part of a team dynamic it is important

to recognize that there are three types of people:
1- Accommodating
2- Compromising
3- Collaborative

 Accommodating team members

-Avoid conflicts.
-Highly cooperative.
-Allow assertive individuals to dominate.
-Could lead to poor team decision.

 Compromising team members

-Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness and corporation.
-By compromising, the team may have sacrificed the best solution for
the sake of group unity.

 Collaborative approach
-High livel of assertiveness and cooperation by the team.
-No finger pointing.
-A conflict= a problem to be solved by the team.
-Team proposes solutions.
-Means of evaluation.
-Combine Solutions to reach an ideal solution.
 Project scheduling and task chart (slide 71):
A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a project is
completed on time and within the allocated budget.

.‫تعريف مهم‬

Engineering standards and codes

Why do we need standards and codes?
-product safety.
-Reliability in services.
-uniformity in parts and components.
-standards allow easy ways to communicate the size of a product, for
example if we had the global standards for shirts and shoes, then the
above tables (slide 75) would not be necessary.

Design constraints for engineering projects

 Functional constraints
1- Overall geometry: size, width, space, arrangement.
2- Motion of parts: type, direction, velocity, acceleration, kinematics.
3- Forces involved: load direction, magnitude, load, impact.
4- Energy needed: heating, cooling, conversion, pressure
5- Control system: electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic

 Safety constraints
1- Operational: direct, indirect, Hazard elimination.
2- Human: warnings, training.
3- Environmental: land, sea, air, noise, light, radiation, reaction, transport.

 Quality constraints
1-Quality assurance: regulations, standards, codes.
2-Quality control: inspection, testing, labeling.
3-Reliability: design life, failures, statistics.
 Manufacturing constraints
1-Production of components: factory limitations, means of production, wastes.
2-Purchase of components: supplier quality, reliability, Quality control, inspection.
3-Assembly: installation, foundations, bolting, welding.
 4-transport: material handling, clearance, packaging.
 Timing constraints
1-Design schedule: project planning, project control.
2-Development schedule: design detailing, compliance tests.
3-Production schedule: manufacture, assembly, packing, transport.
4-Delivery schedule: delivery date, distribution network, supply chains.
 Economic constraints
1-Marketing analysis: size of market, distribution, market segments.
2-Design costs: design team computing, information retrieval.
3-Development costs: design detailing, supplier costs, testing costs.
4-Manufacturing cost: tooling, labor, overhead, assembly, inspection.
5-Distribution costs: packing, transport, service centers, spare parts, warranty.
6-Resources: time, budget, labor, capital, machines, material.
 Ergonomic constraints
1-Ergonomic design: man-machine relationships, operation, height, layout, comfort,
lighting.
2-Cybernetic design: controls, layout, clarity, interactions.
 Eco-logical constraints
1-General environmental impact: impact on natural resources, social resources.
2-Sustainability: political and commercial consequences, implications for following
generations.
3-Material selection: solid, liquid, gas, stability, protection, toxicity.
 Aesthetic constraints
1-Customer appeal: shape, color, texture, form, feel, smell, surprise and delight
features.
2-Fashion: culture, history, trends.
3-Future expectations: rate of change in technology, trends, product families.
 Legal/ethical constraints
1-Regulations: governmental, etc.
2-Ethics: public safety, health, welfare and integrity.
3-Intellectual property: patents, trademarks, copyright.

When you design a product, it is important to follow certain standards. Why?

• To have a successful design.

• The product will be suitable for mass production.
• The product will interface with other systems easily.
• To make it available and easy to use by the public.
• To improve quality of service.