MATH BOOTCAMP

WorkSheet

Summer 2024

From Mathematical Skills MSKL 0100 Course Manual Copyright c 2017

By The University of Manitoba - Extended Education
Contents

Preface iii

1 Worksheet 1 1

2 Worksheet 2 11

3 Worksheet 3 23

4 Worksheet 4 31

5 Worksheet 5 45

6 Worksheet 6 53

i
ii
Preface

This booklet contains questions and answers from the Mathematical Skills (MSKL 0100)
course manual by The University of Manitoba - Extended Education. It is divided into 6
worksheets that correspond to each Tutorial, QA session for the Math Bootcamp organized
by the Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba.

The purpose of this booklet is to help you prepare for university mathematics at the
University of Manitoba. Any topic in this booklet is considered knowledge that is good to
possess before entering a first-year math course, and you should not expect your teacher to
teach you any of this material.

If you find any mistakes or typos, please email them to [email protected]

Clifford Allotey

Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba

July, 2024

iii
iv
Chapter 1

Worksheet 1

Exercises: Factoring
1. If possible, fully factor the following:

(a) 9m2 ´ 4
(b) 5m ´ 45mn2
(c) pm ` 3q2 ´ pn ´ 2q2

2. Factor completely. Indicate any that are not factorable.

(a) 3ax ´ 3bx ´ ay ` by

1 3
(b) 4
x ` 34 x2 ` 3x ` 9

3. Factor the following. Indicate any that are not factorable using integers.

(a) x2 ` 14x ` 49
(b) 25x2 ` 60x ` 36

4. Factor the following.

(a) y 2 ´ 8y ´ 15

5. Factor the following

(a) 7x2 ´ 40x ´ 12

(b) 6 ´ 11a ´ 10a2

1
6. Factor each sum or difference of cubes.

(a) a3 ` 8b3
(b) t3 ´ 1

2
Answers
1. (a) 9m2 ´ 4 “ p3mq2 ´ 22 “ p3m ` 2qp3m ´ 2q
(b) 5m ´ 45mn2 “ 5mp1 ´ 9n2 q “ 5mp12 ´ p3nq2 q “ 5mp1 ´ 3nqp1 ` 3nq
(c) pm`3q2 ´pn´2q2 “ pm ` 3 ` n ´ 2q pm ` 3 ´ pn ´ 2qq “ pm ` n ` 1q pm ´ n ` 5q

2. (a) 3ax ´ 3bx ´ ay ` by “ 3xpa ´ bq ´ ypa ´ bq “ p3x ´ yqpa ´ bq

1 3
(b) 4
x ` 34 x2 ` 3x ` 9 “ 14 px3 ` 3x2 ` 12x ` 36q “ 41 px3 ` 3x2 ` 12x ` 36q “ 41 px `
3qpx2 ` 12q

3. (a) x2 ` 14x ` 49 “ x2 ` 2 ¨ 7 ¨ x ` 72 “ px ` 7q2

(b) 25x2 ` 60x ` 36 “ p5xq2 ` 2 ¨ 6 ¨ p5xq ` 62 “ p5x ` 6q2

4. (a) Not factorable

5. (a) 7x2 ´ 40x ´ 12 “ p7x ` 2qpx ´ 6q

(b) 6 ´ 11a ´ 10a2 “ p2 ´ 5aqp3 ` 2aq

6. (a) a3 ` 8b3 “ pa ` 2bqpa2 ´ 2ab ` 4b2 q

(b) t3 ´ 1 “ pt ´ 1qpt2 ` t ` 1q

3
Exercises: Rational Algebraic Expressions
1. Reduce the following:
7a
(a)
21a
3px ´ 2q3
(b)
12px ´ 2q
7x ´ 14x2
(c)
21x3 ´ 56x
y 2 ´ 9y ´ 22
(d) 2
y ´ 13y ` 22
2. Reduce the following
3x 20y
(a) ¨
10y 9x
8x2
(b) 2x2 ˜
3
2
x ´4 3x ` 6
(c) 2 ¨ 2
x ` 4x ` 4 x ` 2x ´ 8
3a2 ` 6a ´ 24 3a2 ` 4a
(d) 2 ˜ 3
a ´ 7a ` 10 a ´ 5a2
3. Perform the operation of addition and subtraction and simplify.
5 1
(a) ´
12t 12t
6 3 7
(b) ´ `
5x 10x 2x
x´2 x´5
(c) ´
x`3 x´3
7 10 4
(d) ´ ` 2
a ´ 6 a ` 12 a ` 6a ´ 72
4. Simplify the following.
1 1
2
´ 4
(a) 5 3
8
` 4
2 3
x´3
´ x`3
(b) 5 2
x2 ´9
´ x´3

4
Answers
7a 7

a 7 7
¨ 1 1
1. (a) “ “ “ “
21a 21
a 21 7
¨ 3 3
3px ´ 2q3 3px ´ 2q2 ¨ px ´ 2q 3
px ´ 2q2 ¨ px´2q

px ´ 2q2
(b) “ “ “
12px ´ 2q 3 ¨ 4px ´ 2q 3
¨ 4
px´2q

4

7x ´ 14x2 7xp1 ´ 2xq 7xp1

 ´ 2xq 1 ´ 2x
(c)

“ “ “
21x3 ´ 56x 7xp3x2 ´ 8q 7xp3x
 2 ´ 8q 3x2 ´ 8

y 2 ´ 9y ´ 22 py ´ 11qpy ` 2q py´11qpy


` 2q y`2
(d) 2
“ “ 
 “
y ´ 13y ` 22 py ´ 111qpy ´ 2q  py´111qpy ´ 2q
 y´2

3x 20y 3x
 2 ¨ 10y
 2
2. (a)

¨ “ ¨  “
10y 9x 10y 3 ¨ 
 3x
 3

8x2 2x2 8x2 2x2 3 2x2 3 3

(b) 2x2 ˜

“ ˜ “ ¨ 2 “ ¨ 2 “
3 1 3 1 8x 1 4 ¨2x 4
x2 ´ 4 3x ` 6 px´2q px ` 2q
 
3 ¨
px`2q

3
(c)
 
2
¨ 2
“ ¨ “
x ` 4x ` 4 x ` 2x ´ 8 px` 2q

px` 2q 

px´ 2qpx ` 4q

x`4

(d)

3a2 ` 6a ´ 24 3a2 ` 4a 3a2 ` 6a ´ 24 a3 ´ 5a2

˜ “ ¨
a2 ´ 7a ` 10 a3 ´ 5a2 a2 ´ 7a ` 10 3a2 ` 4a
a
2 
3
pa´2qpa

` 4qq a pa ´ 5q
 3apa ` 4q
“ ¨ “
pa´ 2q
 
pa´ 5q 

ap3a ` 4q 3a ` 4

5 1 5´1 4 1
3. (a) ´ “ “ “
12t 12t 12t 12t 3t
6 3 7 6¨2 3 7¨5 12 ´ 3 ` 35 44 22
(b) ´ ` “ ´ ` “ “ “
5x 10x 2x 10x 10x 10x 10x 10x 5x
(c)

x´2 x´5 px ´ 2qpx ´ 3q ´ px ` 3qpx ´ 5q x2 ´ 5x ` 6 ´ px2 ´ 2x ´ 15q

´ “ “
x`3 x´3 px ` 3qpx ´ 3q px ` 3qpx ´ 3q
´3x ` 21 ´3px ´ 7q
“ “
px ` 3qpx ´ 3q px ` 3qpx ´ 3q

5
 (d)

7 10 4 7pa ` 12q 10pa ´ 6q 4

´ ` 2 “ ´ `
a ´ 6 a ` 12 a ` 6a ´ 72 pa ´ 6qpa ` 12q pa ` 12qpa ´ 6q pa ´ 6qpa ` 12q
7pa ` 12q ´ 10pa ´ 6q ` pa ` 12qpa ´ 6q
“
pa ´ 6qpa ` 12q
´3a ` 148
“
pa ´ 6qpa ` 12q

1 1 1¨4´2¨1 1
2
´ 4 2¨4 4 1 8 2
4. (a) 5 3 “ 5¨4`8¨3 “ 11 “ 4
¨ 11
“
8
` 4 8¨4 8
11
(b)

2 3 2 3 2px`3q´3px´3q 15´x
x´3
´ x`3 x´3
´ x`3 px´3qpx`3q px´3qpx`3q
5 2 “ 5 2 “ 5´2px`3q
“ ´2x´1
x2 ´9
´ x´3 px´3qpx`3q
´ x´3 px´3qpx`3q px´3qpx`3q
(
(
15 ´ x px(´(3qpx
((( ` 3q 15 ´ x x ´ 15
“ (((¨
( “ “
px(´(3qpx ` 3q
( ( ( ´p2x ` 1q ´p2x ` 1q 2x ` 1

6
Exercises: Dividing Polynomials
1. Divide using long division

(a) px2 ` 3x ´ 7q ˜ px ´ 2q
(b) p3x4 ` x3 ´ 2x2 ´ x ` 6q ˜ px2 ` 2q

2. Divide using synthetic division

(a) px2 ´ 2x ´ 10q ˜ px ´ 5q

(b) p2x4 ` x3 ´ 2x2 ` x ` 2q ˜ px ` 2q

7
Solution
3
1. (a) x ` 5 `
x´2
3x ` 22
(b) 3x2 ` x ´ 8 ´
x2 ` 2
5
2. (a) x ` 3 `
x´5
16
(b) 2x3 ´ 3x2 ` 4x ´ 7 `
x`2

8
Exercises: Radical Expressions
1. Simplify the following. Assume all variables represent positive real numbers.
? ?
(a) 2 ¨ 3 2
b b
4
(b) 9
¨ 18 4
b b
(c) 3x xy ¨ 4x y

7
2. Rationalize the denominator of ?
3 3`4
3. Rationalize the numerator (or the denominator as in the case of 2) and then simplify
as much as possible.
?
5´ x
(a)
25 ´ x
x2 ´ 1 ?
(b) ? ´ x2 ` 1
x`1
a ?
1 ´ 2px ` hq ´ 1 ´ 2x
(c)
h

9
Answers
1. (a) 6
?
(b) 2
6x2
(c)
y
?
21 3 ´ 28
2.
11
3. Rationalize the numerator (or the denominator as in the case of 2) and then simplify
as much as possible.
1
(a) ?
5` x
? ?
(b) px ´ 1q x ` 1 ` x2 ` 1
´2
(c) a ?
1 ´ 2px ` hq ` 1 ´ 2x

10
Chapter 2

Worksheet 2

Exercises: Solving Equations

1. Solve by factoring.

(a) x2 ´ 7x ` 12 “ 0
(b) x2 ´ 2x ´ 35 “ 0
(c) x3 ` 2x2 ´ 8x “ 0
(d) x3 ` x2 ´ x ´ 1 “ 0
(e) x4 ´ 10x2 ` 9 “ 0
2
(f) px2 ` xq ` 3 px2 ` xq ´ 10 “ 0

2. Solve by computing the square.

(a) x2 ` 2x “ ´1
(b) x2 ` 6x ` 1 “ 0
(c) 3x2 ` 6x ´ 2 “ 0

3. Solve by using the quadratic formula.

(a) x2 ´ 4x ´ 4 “ 0
(b) 3x ´ 5x2 ` 1 “ 0

4. Solve each equation.

2 1 22
(a) ` “ 2
x´3 x`5 x ` 2x ´ 15

11
 7 1 ´3
(b) ` “ 2
2x ´ 1 x ` 1 2x ` x ´ 1
5. Solve the equation |3x ` 2| “ 10

12
Answers
1. (a) t3, 4u
(b) t´5, 7u
(c) t´4, 0, 2u
(d) t´1, 1u
(e) t´3, ´1, 1, 3u
(f) t´2, 1u

2. (a) t´1u
? ?
(b) t´3 ´ 2 2, ´3 ` 2 2u
" ? ? *
´3 ´ 15 ´3 ` 15
(c) ,
3 3
? ?
3. (a) t2 ´ 2 2, 2 ` 2 2u
" ? ? *
3 ´ 29 3 ` 29
(b) ,
10 10
4. (a) t5u
(b) no solution
" *
8
5. ´4,
3

13
Exercises: Solving Polynomial Inequalities
1. Solve the following inequalities.

(a) px ` 3qpx ´ 5q ă 0
(b) px ´ 3q2 px ` 1qpx ´ 1q ě 0
(c) x2 ´ x ´ 20 ě 0

2. Solve the following equations.

x`3
(a) ă0
x´1
px ´ 3q2 px ` 1q
(b) ě0
x`3
1 2
(c) ´ ă0
x ` 5 2x ´ 3

14
Answers
1. (a) p´3, 5q
(b) p´8, ´1s Y r1, 8q
(c) p´8, ´4s Y r5, 8q

2. Solve the following equations.

(a) p´3, 1q
(b) p´8, ´3q Y r´1, 8q
` ˘
(c) p´8, ´5q Y 23 , 8

15
Exercises: Distance And Slope Formula
1. Determine the distance between the pair of points p9, 2q and p6, 8q. Express all answers
in the simplest form.

2. Prove that ∆KLM with Kp2, 8q, Lp10, 11, and M p5, 0q is an isocele triangle, but is
not an equilateral triangle.

3. Determine the slope of the line passing through the points p8, 3q and p2, 7q, and indicate
if the line is vertical, horizontal, or oblique. If oblique, indicate if the slope negative
or positive.

4. Find x if the line through p´2, 4q and px, 6q and has a slope of 35 .

16
Anwers
?
1. 3 5
? ? ?
2. 73, 73 and 146

3. m “ ´ 23 , oblique, negative slope

4. x “ ´ 45

17
Exercises: Writing Equations of Lines
1. Write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form that passes through the point
p1, 4q and has slope m “ 4.

2. Write the equation of the line that passes through the points p6, 1q and p´2, ´5q.
Express your final answer in standard form

3. Write the equation of the line that passes through the points p´4, 1q and p5, ´3q. Ex-
press the answer in standard, general, point-slope, and slope-intercepts forms. Graph
the line using two different methods.

18
Anwers
1. y “ 4x

2. 3x ´ 4y “ 14

3. (a) Standard Form: 4x ` 9y “ ´7

(b) General Form: 4x ` 9y ` 7 “ 0
(c) Point-Slope Form: y ´ 1 “ ´ 49 px ` 4q
(d) Slope-Intercept Form: y “ ´ 94 x ´ 7
9

19
Exercises: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
1. Write the equation of a line which is parallel to the given line and passes through the
given point in slope-intercept form.

(a) 3x ´ 2y “ 10, p´2, 1q

(b) ´2x ` 4y “ 8, p2, 3q

2. Write the equation of a line which is perpendicular to the given line and passes through
the given point in slope-intercept form.

(a) 2x ` 4y “ 12, p4, 3q

(b) 2x ´ 3y “ 9, p´1, 4q

20
Answers
1. (a) y “ 32 x ` 4
(b) y “ 12 x ` 2

2. (a) y “ 2x ´ 5
(b) y “ ´ 32 x ` 5
2

21
22
Chapter 3

Worksheet 3

Exercises: Transformation of the Function

1. Graph each of the following functions.

(a) y “ x2 ´ 3
?
(b) y “ ´ 41 x ´ 1
(c) y “ ´3px ´ 2q2 ` 5
?
(d) y “ 12 x ´ 5 ´ 4

2. Graph y “ ´3px ´ 1q2 ` 7. Determine the domain and range for the function.
?
3. Graph y “ ´2 x ` 1 ` 3. Determine the domain and range for the function.

23
Answers
1. (a)

(b)

(c)

24
 (d)

2. Domain: p´8, 8q
Range: p´8, 7s

25
3. Domain: r´1, 8q
Range: p´8, 3s

26
Exercises: The Composition of Functions
?
1. If f pxq “ 3x ´ 2 and gpxq “ ´x ` 4, determine:

(a) pf ˝ gqp1q
(b) pg ˝ f qp6q

2. If f pxq “ |4x ´ 5| and gpxq “ x3 , determine:

(a) pf ˝ gqp´2q
(b) pg ˝ f qp2q

3. For the following pair of functions, determine f pgpxqq, gpf pxqq and the domain.

(a) f pxq “ 3x and gpxq “ 5x ´ 1

(b) f pxq “ 2x2 ´ x ` 2 and gpxq “ ´x ` 3
3
(c) f pxq “ and gpxq “ 4x ´ 9
x
?
(d) f pxq “ x ` 1 and gpxq “ 5x ` 3

27
Answers
?
1. (a) 7
(b) 0

2. (a) 37
(b) 27

3. (a) f pgpxqq “ 15x ´ 3

gpf pxqq “ 15x ´ 1
Domain for both: p´8, 8q.
(b) f pgpxqq “ 2x2 ´ 11x ` 17
gpf pxqq “ ´2x2 ` x ` 1
Domain for both: p´8, 8q
3
(c) f pgpxqq “
` 4x ´ 9˘ ` ˘
Domain: ´8, 49 Y 49 , 8
12 ´ 9x
gpf pxqq “
x
Domain: p´8, 0q Y p0, 8q

?
(d) f pgpxqq “ 5x ` 4
“ ˘
Domain: ´ 54 , 8
?
gpf pxqq “ 5 5x ` 1 ` 3
Domain: r´1, 8q

28
Exercises: Inverse Functions
1. For each of the following functions that are one-to-one, find:

(a) The domain and range of f and f ´1

(b) f ´1 pxq
(c) f ´1 p4q

(1) f pxq “ x2 ` 1
(2) f pxq “ x2 ` 1, where x ě 0
(3) f pxq “ px ´ 1q2 , where x ě 1
?
2. Determine the inverse of the function f pxq “ x ´ 1, where x ě 1.

29
Answers
1. (1) Not one-to-one
(2) (a) Domain of f and range of f ´1 : r0, 8q.
Domain of f ´1 and range of f : r1, 8q
?
(b) f ´1 pxq “ x ´ 1
?
(c) f ´1 p4q “ 3
(3) (a) Domain of f and range of f ´1 : r1, 8q.
Domain of f ´1 and range of f : r0, 8q
?
(b) f ´1 pxq “ x ` 1
(c) f ´1 p4q “ 3

2. f ´1 pxq “ x2 ` 1, where x ě ´1

30
Chapter 4

Worksheet 4

Exercises: Graphs of Polynomials and Rational Functions

1. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions.

(a) f pxq “ px ` 1q4 ` 3

(b) f pxq “ xpx ` 2qp2 ´ xq
(c) f pxq “ xpx ´ 2q2 px ` 1q

2. First factor each polynomial then sketch the graph.

(a) f pxq “ ´x3 ´ x2 ` 6x

(b) f pxq “ x4 ´ 5x3 ` 6x2

31
Answers
1. (a)

(b)

32
 (c)

2. (a) f pxq “ ´xpx2 ` x ´ 6q “ ´xpx ` 3qpx ´ 2q

33
(b) f pxq “ x2 px2 ´ 5x ` 6q “ x2 px ´ 2qpx ´ 3q

34
Exercises: Rational Functions
Graph each of the following rational functions.

1
1. f pxq “ ´
x´3
´3
2. f pxq “
px ` 2q2
3
3. f pxq “
px ´ 2qpx ´ 4q
x2 ´ 4
4. f pxq “
x2

35
Answers
1.

2.

3.

36
4.

37
Exercises: Solve by Substitution
Solve the following systems by substitution.

1.

x ` 4y “ 1
3x ´ 8y “ 33

2.

a`b “ 4
2a ´ 3b “ 13

3.

1 1
“
x ` 4y 2
8x ´ y “ 7

4.

1.5x ´ 2y “ 10
x´2 2y ` 7
“
2 3

38
Answers
` ˘
1. 7, ´ 32

2. p5, ´1q
` 10 ˘
3. , 3
11 11

4. dependent

39
Exercises: Solve by Elimination or Addition
1. Solve the following systems by elimination or addition.

(a)

2x ` 3y “ ´14
x´y “ 3

(b)

3x ´ 2y “ 10
5x ` 3y “ ´15

2. The sum of two numbers is 120. Their difference is 5. Determine the numbers.

3. Joan’s father is 4 times as old as Joan. Five years ago her father was nine times as old
as Joan was then. What are their present ages?

40
Answers
1. (a) p´1, ´4q
(b) p0, ´5q

2. The numbers are 62.5 and 57.5.

3. Joan is 8 years old and her father is 32 years old

41
Exercises: Nonlinear Systems
Solve the following nonlinear systems.

1.

2x2 ´ 3y 2 “ 25
x`y “ 0

2.

x2 ` y 2 “ 10
16x2 ` y 2 “ 25

3.

xy “ ´4
y´x “ 2

42
Answers
1. No solution.

2. tp1, 3q, p1, ´3q, p´1, 3q, p´1, ´3qu

3. no solution.

43
44
Chapter 5

Worksheet 5

Exercises: Exponents and Exponential Functions

For each of the following exponential functions, find the domain and range, sketch the graph,
and determine all asymptotes.

1. f pxq “ 2x´3

2. f pxq “ 2´x ´ 1
` 1 ˘n
3. f pxq “ 4 ´ 2

45
Answers
For each of the following exponential functions, find the domain and range, sketch the graph,
and determine all asymptotes.

1. Domain: p´8, 8q
Range: p0, 8q
Asymptote: y “ 0

2. Domain: p´8, 8q
Range: p´1, 8q
Asymptote: y “ ´1

3. Domain: p´8, 8q
Range: p´8, 4q
Asymptote: y “ 4

46
Exercises: Exponential Properties
Solve the following exponential equations.

1. 53x “ 54x´2

2. 25x`1 “ 1252x
2
3. 9x “ 33x´1

47
Answers
1. x “ 2
1
2. x “ 2

3. x “ 12 , 1

48
Exercises: Logarithm and Logarithmic Properties
Express each of the following as a single logarithm.

1. 2 logb x ´ 4 logb y

2. plogb x ´ logb yq ´ logb z

1
3. 2
logb x ´ logb x ` 4 logb y

4. 2 ln x ` 12 lnpx ´ 1q ´ 4 lnp2x ` 5q

49
Answers
´ 2¯
x
1. logb y4
´ ¯
x
2. logb yz
´? ¯
xy 4
3. logb x
” ´ ? ¯ı
x´1
4. ln x2 p2x`5q4

50
Exercises: Exponential, Logarithmic Equations and Applied Prob-
lems
1. Solve each exponential equation and round to the nearest hundredth.

(a) 2x ` 7 “ 50
(b) 3ex ´ 1 “ 17
(c) 32x`1 “ 23x`2

2. Solve each logarithmic equation and express your answer in reduced form.

(a) logp3x ´ 1q “ 1 ` logp5x ´ 2q

(b) logpx ` 2q ´ logp2x ´ 1q “ log x
(c) lnp2x ` 5q “ ln 3 ` lnpx ´ 1q
? ?
(d) log x “ log x
(e) ln x “ lnp2x ´ 1q ´ lnpx ´ 2q
(f) xlog x “ 100x

51
Answers
1. (a) 5.43
(b) 1.79
(c) 2.44
19
(
2. (a) 47
? (
(b) p1 ` 5q{2
(c) t8u
(d) t1, 10000u
? (
(e) 2 ` 3
(f) t0.1, 100u

52
Chapter 6

Worksheet 6

Exercises: Right Triangle Trigonometry

Solve the following right triangles. (Find all missing angles and sides to one decimal place.)

1. (a)

(b)

(c)

2. A 5.5 m ladder rests against a wall at an angle of elevation of 70˝ . How far up the wall
does the ladder reach?

53
3. A swimming pool is 1.2 m deep at the shallow end and 4.5 m at the deep end. Find
the angle of depression of the bottom of the pool if the pool is 25 m long and 14 m
wide? (draw a diagram)

4. A 65 m building has a shadow of 35m. Find the angle of elevation of the sun.

54
Answers
1. (a) h “ 6.7
θ “ 48.5˝
φ “ 41.8˝
(b) x “ 33.2
θ “ 70.9˝
φ “ 19.1˝
(c) θ “ 27.0˝
x “ 51.8
y “ 27.4˝

2. 5.2 m

3. 7.5˝

4. 61.7˝

55
Exercises: The Unit Circle and Special Values
1. Find the exact values of the following.
` ˘
(a) sin ´ π2
` ˘
(b) cos ´ 3π2
` π˘
(c) sin ´ 6
` ˘
(d) cos ´ 2π3

2. Find all values in the interval r0, 2q where,

?
2
(a) cos θ “ 2
?
3
(b) sin θ “ 2

(c) cos θ “ ´1
´1
(d) sin θ “ 2

56
Answers
1. (a) ´1
(b) 0
(c) ´ 12
(d) ´ 12
π 11π
2. (a) 6
, 6
π 2π
(b) 3
, 3
(c) π
7π 11π
(d) 6
, 6

57
Exercises: Identities
1. Convert the following expressions to expressions only containing sine and cosine and
simplify.

csc θ sec θ
(a)
tan θ cot θ
cot θ
(b) sec θ ´
sec θ
1 ` tan θ
(c)
sec θ
2. Verify the following identities.

(a) cos θ tan θ csc θ “ 1

(b) sin2 θ cot2 θ ` cos2 θ tan2 θ “ 1
sin2 θ
(c) ` cos θ “ sec θ
cos θ
csc x cot x
(d) ´ “ tan x sin x
cot x csc x
(e) tan x sin x ` cos x “ sec x
sin θ tan θ sin θ
(f) “
1 ´ cos θ tan θ ´ sin θ

58
Answers
1
1. (a)
cos θ sin θ
(b) sin θ
(c) cos θ ` sin θ

2. Solutions may vary.

sin
 θ 1
(a) LHS=cos θ tan θ csc θ “ cos θ  
  “ 1 “RHS.
cos θ 
 sin θ
2 2
2 cos θ sin θ
2 θ
(b) LHS=sin θ cot θ ` cos tan θ 2
sin2 θ 2
“ ` 2
cos θ 2 “ cos2 θ ` sin2 θ
sin θ
 cos θ

“ 1=RHS
sin2 θ sin2 θ ` cos θ 1
(c) LHS= ` cos θ “ 2
“ “ sec θ=RHS
cos θ cos θ cos θ
csc x cot x csc2 x ´ cot2 x 1 ` cot2 x ´ cot2 x
(d) LHS= ´ “ “
cot x csc x cot x csc x cot x csc x
1 1 1
“ “ ¨ “ tan x sin x=RHS
cot x csc x cot x csc x
sin2 x sin2 x ` cos2 x 1
(e) LHS=tan x sin x ` cos x “ ` cos x “ “ “ sec x=RHS
cos x cos x cos x
(f)

sin θ tan θ sin θ

LHS “ “
1 ´ cos θ tan θp1 ´ cos θq
tan θ sin θ tan θ sin θ
“ “
tan θp1 ´ cos θq tan θ ´ tan θ cos θ
tan θ sin θ tan θ sin θ tan θ sin θ
“ sin θ 
“ “ “ RHS
tan θ ´ cosθ
cos θ
 tan θ ´ sin θ tan θ ´ sin θ

59
Exercises: Trigonometric Equations
Solve the equations for x in the interval r0, 2πq

1. cospxq psinpxq ` 1q “ 0

2. cos x ` sin x “ 0
?
3. 2 sin2 x ´ 3 sin x “ 0

4. tan2 x ` tan x “ 0
1
5. cos2 x “
2
6. sinp3xq “ 1

7. sec x ` tan x “ 1

8. 4 sin3 x ` 2 sin2 x ´ 2 sin x ´ 1 “ 0

9. 12 sin2 x ´ 5 sin x ´ 3 “ 0

60
Answers
π
(
1. 2
, π, 3π
2

3π 7π
(
2. 4
, 4
(
3. 0, 2π
3
,π
(
4. 0, 3π
4
, π, 7π
4

π 3π 5π 7π
(
5. , , 4, 4
4 4

π 5π 7π
(
6. , , 6
6 6

7. t0u
π 3π 7π 5π 7π 11π
(
8. , , 6, 4, 4, 6
4 4

9. t48.6˝ , 131.4˝ , 199.5˝ , 340.5˝ u

61