Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CEE-342
Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I
(1.0 credit)
Sourav Ray
Assistant Professor, CEE, SUST
[email protected]
Courtesy:
Dr. Bijit Kumar Banik
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Lecture 02
Design philosophy
A general statement assuming safety in engineering design
Resistance (of material & x-section) >= Effect of applied load
It is essential in the above equation that both sides are evaluated
in same conditions; e.g. if of load to produce compressive stress
on soil, then it should be compared with the bearing capacity of
soil
Design methods
1. ASD (Allowable Stress Design)
2. LRFD (Load & Resistance Factor Design)
ASD
Safety in design is obtained by specifying that the effects
of the loads should produce stresses that were the fraction
of yield stress, Fy
This is equivalent to:
FOS = Resistance, R / Effect of load, Q
ASD
Since the specifications sets limit on stresses, it became
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Mostly reasonable where stresses are distributed uniformly
(such as determinate trusses, arches, cables etc)
Drawback of ASD
1. ASD does not give reasonable measures of strength
2. Factor Of Safety (FOS) is applied only to stress not in load
LRFD
Considers variability not only in resistance but also in the
effects of load
Now different factored load can be assign to different
types of loads (dead, live, wind etc)
Quality of material should maintain highest level
Trusses
In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising
one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends
are connected at joints referred to as nodes (hinge or pin).
Assumptions
1. Members are connected at their end by frictionless pins
2. Loads and reactions applied only at joints
3. Two force members
Types of Trusses
Two broad categories:
Roof truss
Bridge truss
Roof Trusses
Roof Trusses
Roof Trusses
Roof Trusses
Bridge Trusses
Pratt
Warren
Bridge Trusses
Howe
K-truss
Stability and Determinacy of Truss
Minimum members required to make a rigid framework is Three
3 members 5 members 7 members
3 joints 4 joints 5 joints
Thus to form a rigid and stable truss of ‘n’ joints number of
members (j) required is:
For first 3 joints For remaining joints
j = 3+2*(n-3)
j= 2n-3
Stability and Determinacy of Truss
If j < 2n-3 Unstable truss
If j > 2n-3 Indeterminate truss
Diagonal
Top chord
Vertical
Bottom chord
Industrial roof truss system
Beam Parlin
Column
Top chord bracing
Sagrod
Industrial roof truss system
Bottom chord strut
Rise
Vertical bracing
Industrial roof truss system
When Span > 40 ft Truss system
Trusses are normally spaced 15-25 ft apart
For longer span trusses must be simply supported
Hinge support
Roller support
Why this is called simply supported ??
Loads on structures
Load
Static Dynamic
e.g. Earthquake
Dead load Live load
e.g. Self wt. or fixed object e.g. Wind, snow, wheel of vehicle
or any moving objects
Wind load analysis for roof truss
Basic wind pressure at 30 ft, q (psf) = 0.00256 V2
where, V is wind speed (mph)
Pressure on a pitched roof
P P
Wind
α
Windward side Leeward side
Wind load analysis for roof truss
For windward surface
0.7q 0 20 0
(0.07 2.1)q 20 0 30 0
P
(0.03 0.9)q 30 0 60 0
0.9q 60 0
where, ‘P’ is the pressure normal to the roof surface
For leeward surface
P 0.7q
If P is +ve Pushing the roof surface
If P is -ve Pulling or suction or uplift
Leeward side always experience uplift
Maximum P will be taken
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
Steps
1. Selection of truss type
2. Estimation of loads
3. Analysis and design of purlins
4. Analysis and design of sagrods
5. Dead load and wind load analysis
6. Combination of D.L and W.L to determine the
design bar forces
7. Design of members
8. Design of bracing system
9. Design of connections (welded)
10. Detailing
Your Truss……… Are you ready ??
Group 1 2 3 4
A
ON BOARD
B
Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
1. Selection of truss type
U3
U2 U4
10 ft
U1 U5
29.050
L0 L6
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
6@6 ft = 36 ft
Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
2. Estimation of loads
Dead loads
1. CGI (Corrugated Galvanized Iron) 2.0 psf
2. Purlins 1.5 psf
3. Sagrods, bracings 1.0 psf
Sub total 4.5 psf
4. Self weight 60 lb/ft of span
Live loads
Design wind speed 100 mph
Given loads should be transformed into Equivalent joint loads
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Roofing
Top chord
Sagrod
Purlin
Purlins are nothing but beams. They span between the adjacent
trusses, i.e the spacing of the trusses (Bay) is the span of purlins.
Normally channel section is used to design purlins.
Design criteria for purlin is “bending stress”
First we will check for dead load and then for the wind load
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Check for Dead Load
Since the principal axes of the purlins section are inclined, the
dead load causes biaxial bending in the purlins.
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
So, different support condition of purlin for X and Y direction
For Y-direction Y
X
W
20 ft
For X-direction Additional support for sagrod
10 ft 10 ft
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Dead loads coming on purlins
Roofing
Sagrod
Purlin
Roofing 2.0 psf
Self wt. of purlin 1.5 psf
Total 3.5 psf (neglecting sagrod)
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins Parlin
UDL on purlin, wDL= 3.5 psf X 6.86 ft = 24.01 lb/ft
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
29.050 Y
29.050
wDL= 24.01 lb/ft
wDLx= wDLsinθ = 24.01 X sin29.010 = 11.66 lb/ft
wDLy= wDLcosθ = 24.01 X cos29.010 = 20.99 lb/ft
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
For Y-direction For X-direction
wDLy wDLx
L = 20 ft L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft
BMD
wDLy L2 wDLx L2
Mxx Myy
8 32
For the detail computation of BMD please go through:
Strength of materials-by Singer; pp-285, Prob.-828
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
wDLx
wDLy Mxx = (wDLy *L) * L/2
Myy = (wDLx *L) * L/2
Y
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
wDLy L2 20.99 * 20 2
Mxx 1.05 kip ft
8 8
wDLx L2 11.66 * 20 2
Myy 0.15 kip ft
32 32
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Select American standard channel: C 3 X 4.1
Sxx = 1.10 in3 Syy=0.202 in3
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Maximum bending stress:
M xx M yy
fb
S xx S yy
1.05 * 12 0.15 * 12
20.37 ksi
1.10 0.202
For bending; Allowable stress,
Fb= 0.66Fy
= 0.66*36 = 23.76 ksi > fb(20.37 ksi)
So, section C 3 X 4.1 is ok for dead load
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Check for Wind Load
U3
U2 U4
10 ft
U1 U5
29.050
L0 L6
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
3@6 ft = 18 ft
Pitch angle, tan 1 (10 ) 29.050 V = 100 mph
18
Basic wind pressure, q 0.00256V 2 0.00256 * 100 2 25.6 psf
Wind load analysis for roof truss
For windward surface
0.7q 0 20 0
(0.07 2.1)q 20 0 30 0
P
(0.03 0.9)q 30 0 60 0
0.9q 60 0
Purlin spacing
P = (0.07*29.05-2.1)*25.6 = -1.7 psf
UDL on the windward side = -1.7*6.86 = -11.66 lb/ft
For leeward surface
P 0.7q
P = -0.7*25.6 = -17.92 psf
UDL on the Leeward side = - 17.92 *6.86 = -122.93 lb/ft
Here Leeward side load will govern
What does the negative sign mean? Suction
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Why pound is expressed as ‘lb’ ?
pound weight which was libra pondo in Latin. libra→ lb
Dead load in y-direction = 20.99 lb/ft (from previous DL calculation)
Resultant load in y-direction = -122.93+20.99 = -101.94 lb/ft
2 →101.94 lb/ft
wy L 101.94 * 20 2
Mxx 5.10 kip ft
8 8
Myy 0.15 kips ft
Maximum bending stress:
M xx M yy
fb
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
1.10 0.202
63.57 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi) Not ok
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Next trail channel: C 4 X 7.25
Sxx = 2.29 in3 Syy=0.343 in3
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
M xx M yy
fb
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
2.29 0.343
31.97 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi)
Not ok
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Next trail channel: C 5 X 6.7
Sxx = 3.00 in3 Syy=0.378 in3
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
M xx M yy
fb
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
3.00 0.378
25.16 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi)
Not ok
হায় হায় এখনও হল ানা !!!
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
Next trail channel: C 5 X 9
Sxx = 3.56 in3 Syy=0.450 in3
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
3. Analysis and design of purlins
M xx M yy
fb
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
3.56 0.450
21.19 ksi < Fb(23.76 ksi)
যাক বাবা !! ok
Check
Self weight of purlin = 9 lb/ft
i.e. 9/6.86 = 1.31 psf < 1.5 psf (assumed self wt.)
So, C 5 X 9 is the final Purlin section
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
4. Analysis and design of sagrods
For X-direction
wDLx = 11.66 lb/ft
L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft
3 5 3
wDLx L wDLx L wDLx L
8 8 8
For the detail computation of reaction please go through:
Strength of materials-by Singer; pp-285, Prob.-828
Tensile Force on sagrod = Midspan reaction
5 5
F wDLx L F *11.66 * 20 145.75 lb 0.15 kips
8 8
A round bar of dia (3/8) inch will be adequate.
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
4. Analysis and design of sagrods
Assuming that the bolt threads will reduce the effective
diameter by (1/16) inch.
3
2
1
Net X-sectional area = * 0.077 in 2
4 8 16
Allowable stress in tension, Ft = 0.6 Fy = 21.6 ksi
The rod is able to carry a load of 21.6*0.077 = 1.66 kips >> F
So, #3 or (3/8) inch round rod will be used as sagrod
