BHARA

TI VIDYAPEETH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SYME – 1I – 2023-24

 MICROPROJECT SUBJECT :- FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY

(FMM)

 TOPIC NAME : - CLASSIFY FLUID MEASUREMENT DEVICES WITH CHART

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO :-
MR.UVRAJ MANE

PROJECT SUBMITTED BY :-

MRUNALI HARSHAD TELHORE (2804)

ROHAN RAMAKANT WAGHMARE (2805)

ARYAN CHAVAN (2806)

TEACHERS SIGN

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 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID
MEASUREMENT DEVICES WITH CHART

SR CONTENTS PAGE

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 NO. NO.
INTRODUCTION ON FLUID MEASUREMENT
1 4
DEVICES
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MEASUREMENT
2 5-10
DEVICES
3 CHART OF OUR MICROPROJECT 11
INDEX

INTRODUCTION ON FLUID
MEASUREMENTS DEVICES
What is fluid measurement devices?

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Fluid measurement devices, also known as flow gauges,
measure the flow rate of fluids. They can measure linear, non-
linear, mass, or volumetric flow rates of liquids or gases.

What is fluid measurements?

The liquid measurement is the amount of liquid a vessel
contains and its measurement in standard units. We also refer
to it as the “capacity” or the “volume” of the vessel. Infant milk
bottle with measurement markings in milliliter and juice bottle
with 1 liter contents.

What device is used to measure fluid flow?

A flow meter (or a flow sensor) is type of flow instrument that is
used to indicate the amount of liquid, gas, or vapor moving
through a pipe or conduit by measuring linear, non-linear,
mass, or volumetric flow rates.

What are the classification of flow measuring devices?

The two basic types of flow meters are volumetric flow meters
and mass flow meters. The differences between the two types
is in regard to what they measure with a mass flow meter
measuring the amount of mass while a volumetric measures
the volume.

What are the three methods of measuring flow?

A Venturi meter, an orifice plate meter and a rotameter that
demonstrates typical methods of measuring the flow of an
incompressible fluid and shows applications of Bernoulli’s
equation.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID
MEASUREMENT DEVICES

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1.Venturimeter.

A venturimeter is a device that measures the flow rate of fluids

in pipes. It works by creating a pressure difference as the fluid
flows through it, allowing for accurate flow measurement.

The venturimeter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s

equation, which relates the velocity and pressure of a fluid. The
flow equation for a venturimeter is derived from three
equations: Bernoulli’s equation, conservation of energy
equation, and continuity equation.

The venturimeter has a narrow throat to convert potential

energy from the fluid flowing through the pipe to kinetic energy
and measures the flow rate. It uses a converging section of pipe
to give an increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding
pressure drop from which the flowrate can be deduced.

The venturimeter has been in common use for many years,

especially in the water supply industry. It is one of the most
accurate means of measuring the flow of liquids, especially
highly viscous liquids.

Advantages And Disadvantage Venturi Meter

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Venturi meters have several advantages, including:

 High-pressure recovery
 Can be fixed in any orientation
 Less permanent pressure reduction
 Smooth construction and less cone angle
 High discharge coefficient
 High accuracy over wide flow ranges
 Easy to operate
 Consume less energy and power
 High sensitivity due to smaller size throat leads

Venturi meters also have some disadvantages,

including:

 Expensive
 Takes up a considerable amount of space

Application Of Venturi Meter

Venturi meters have many applications, including:

 Fluid flow measurement: Venturi meters can measure the

flow of liquids, gases, or a combination of both.
 Water supply systems: Venturi meters can help monitor
and control the flow of water through pipes in municipal
water supply systems.
 Wastewater treatment plants: Venturi flow meters can
measure sewage discharge at wastewater treatment
plants.
 Automotive industry: Venturi meters can monitor airflow in
engine carburetors.
 Medical field: Venturi meters can monitor blood flow in the
arteries.
 Power generation industries: Venturi meters can measure
steam or hot gas flowing through the pipe.
 Chemical processing industries: Venturi meters are used in
chemical processing industries.

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2.Orifice Plate

An orifice meter is a device that measures the flow rate of a

fluid through a pipe. It’s a cylindrical tube that contains a plate
with a thin hole in the middle. The hole forces the fluid to flow
faster to maintain flow rate. The meter measures how fast the
fluid is flowing by recording the pressure decrease across the
hole.

The two most important factors that influence the reading of an

orifice meter are the size of the orifice and the diameter of the
pipe. The meter works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem.

Orifice meters are frequently used in natural gas measurement.

They measure volumetric flow, though they can also calculate
mass flow.

Advantages And Disadvantage Of Orifice Meter

Here Are Some Advantages Of Orifice Meters:

 Easy to install and remove

 Simple construction
 Low pressure drop
 Cost-effective for larger pipes

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  Measures a wide range of flows
 Available for all pipe sizes
 Can be used with differential pressure devices
 Available in many materials
 Well known and predictable characteristics

Here Are Some Disadvantages Of Orifice Meters:

 Causes relatively high permanent pressure loss

 Tends to clog
 Accuracy depends on the caretaker
 Subjected to erosion, corrosion, and scaling

Application Of Orifice Meter

They Are Used In Many Applications, Including:

 Fluid flow rate measurement

 Natural gas plants
 Water treatment plants
 Petrochemicals and refineries
 Oil filtration plants
 LNG (liquefied natural gas) applications

Orifice meters consist of an orifice plate with a hole or series of

holes. The holes are designed for specific applications, such as
monitoring the flow of clear liquids, gas, and steam.

Orifice meters are cost-effective, easy to use, and can be

installed in either horizontal or vertical positions. They are also
ideal for space-constrained applications because they take up
less space.

Orifice meters use the principle of differential pressure

measurement to calculate the flow rate of fluids. The pressure
difference caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow
rate using Bernoulli’s theorem.

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3.Pitot Tube

A pitot tube is a slender tube with two holes that measures the
velocity of fluid flow. The tube is used in wind tunnels and on
airplanes to measure flow speed.

The tube has one hole in the front that measures the
stagnation pressure, and one side hole that measures the static
pressure. The difference between the impact pressure and the
static pressure is a function of the velocity of flow past the
tube.

The French hydraulic engineer and inventor of the pitot tube is

Henri Pitot, who was born in 1695 and died in 1771. In the mid-
19th century, French scientist Henry Darcy modified the pitot
tube into its modern form.

On aircraft, pitot tubes are used as speedometers. The actual

tube is around 10 inches long with a ½ inch diameter. Tube
covers should be kept on to prevent contamination by dirt, ice,
small animals, or insects. Failure to properly maintain pitot

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tubes can lead to flight delays, emergency landings, or aircraft
failures.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pitot Tube

Here are some advantages of pitot tubes:

 Low cost: Pitot tubes are inexpensive.
 No moving parts: Pitot tubes are portable and don't have
moving parts.
 Low pressure loss: Pitot tubes cause very little pressure
loss in the flowing stream.
 Simple: Pitot tubes are simple to install and use.
 Eco-friendly: Pitot tubes can be used in a variety of eco-
friendly situations, including high temperatures and
varying pressures.

Here are some disadvantages of pitot tubes:

 Errors: Pitot tubes can fail easily and show errors when
climbing or descending.
 Precision: Pitot tubes have relatively low precision and
range capacity.
 Practical limitations: When the velocity is low, the
difference in pressures is small and hard to measure
accurately.
 Plugging: Errors can result from plugging of the pressure
ports.

Application of pitot tube

Pitot tubes are used to measure flow speed. They are

commonly found on aircraft, but also have applications in:
Boats, Race cars, Wind tunnels, Industrial tools.

Pitot tubes are part of the Pitot-Static system, which measures

aircraft speed, altitude, and vertical speed.

Pitot tubes are also used in industrial applications to

measure:
 Air flow in pipes, ducts, and stacks.

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  Liquid flow in pipes, weirs, and open channels.

Chart Of Our Microproject

Summary:

Through this project, we’ve gained a understanding of the

principles, applications, and limitations of devices such as
[mention specific devices]. The hands-on experience has not
only deepened our knowledge of fluid dynamics but has also
honed our skills in experimental setups and data analysis. This
microproject underscores the significance of accurate fluid
measurements in diverse engineering applications, laying a
foundation for continued learning and application in the field of
fluid mechanics.

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Reference Links:
1. www.goggle.com
2. www.chatgpt.com

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