2:20 SOLVED EXAMPLES: from air by counte: ) reurrent contact with y, at, chemica [fEx. 2.1] : It is proposed to remove CO, [Ex. 2.1) 25°C. i) (ii) Suggest simplest form eration, would you expect reaction with absorption to be hey, hi What are the resistances of the gas and liquid films for this operation ? of rate equation for tower design. (iii) For the said op’ If'so, why ? Data : For CO, between air and water, kga = 0.80 mol/(h-m*:Pa) kya = 25h H = 3000 (Pam’)/mol Solution : For absorption of CO, (A) in water i.e. for straight mass transfer of A\ gas and liquid films offer resistance, as the transfer of A takes place through the gag; followed by the liquid film (with interface in between). kga = kya = 0.80 mol/(h:m$-Pa) kya = kya = 25h" H = Hy = 3000 (Pa‘m*)/mol Resistance offered by the gas film=Rg = kya = 10.80 1.25 (Pa‘m*-h)/mol Resistance offered by the liquid film = Ry = Hya/ky a oo = 120 (Pa‘m*-h)/mol .. Ans 25) Total resistance to mass transfer=R = Rg +Ry = 125+120 = 121.25 (Pam*h)/mol 1.25 Resistance in the gas film = T2125 * 100 = 1.038% Resistance in the liquid film = T1205 * 100 = 98.97% So 1.03% of the resistance is offered by the gas film and 98.97% of the resista® An! offered by the liquid film. Relative resistance : Resistance of the liquid film 120 _ 9% f relative to that of gasfilm ~ 1.25 ~ 1 sieKinetics of Fluld-Fluid Reactions, chemical Reaction Engineering — 11 224 Here the gas film resistance is very very small (1.03%) in compa! liquid film (98.97%). As the main resistance is in the liquid film ignoring the gas film resistance-being very very small), we Cc? absorption is liquid film controlling with rate equation : Sc = Ans. (i) [28 = wieu-e0 Sie ; _.. Ans. (ii) [With negligible gas phase resistance with little error, pai =Pa and Cai = PaiHia)- es Since the major resistance resides in the liquid film, the rate of transfer of A is Deh film resistance controlled. So anything which lowers this resistance would be helpful. reaction in the liquid phase lowers this resistance and hence can speed UP of A. (Ex. 2.2]: CO, is to be removed from air, We plan to use NaOH sol (speed up) the removal of COs from air at 25 °C (instead of pure water). rison with that of the (and with little error safely say that the the absorption _.. Ans. (iii) lution to hasten The reaction between CO, and NaOH is instantaneous. CO, +2NaOH = Na,CO,+H,0 (i) Suggest a form of rate equation that we would use when pco, = 1000 Pa and the solution is 2N. (ii) How much can absorption be speeded compared to physical absorption using water ? Data: kga = 0.80 mol/(hm*-Pa) ka = 25h4 H_ = 3000 (Pa - m3)/mol Solution: The reaction is CO,+2NaOH = Na,CO;+H,0 A+bB = products, b=2 We have to use 2N NaOH solution to speed up the absorption operation i.e. removal of CO, from air. We have, Concentration in g/l = Normality x Equivalent weight For NaOH, valence = 1 So equivalent weight = molecular weight = 40 Concentration = 2x40 = 80g/7 Me Kinetics of Fluid Fig ai Reaction Engineering - I! tration of NaOH Concentration in g/l Concentra centration in lution (in molar units) ~ Molecular weight of NaOH solu’ One 2 = 2mol/l = 2000 moVim? Pco, = Pa = 1000Pa It is a case of instantaneous reaction with respect to mass transfer, Now, let us have a check for instant: aneous reaction with low Cy or high Ga Pony we have to estimate kag a py and ky a Cy Kea = Kapa = 0.80 mol(h-m®Pa) ka = kya = 25ho Assuming ®y = By, weluve kga = kwa = 25h b= A= 100Pa Kngap, = 0.80x 1000 = 800 mol/(h-m?) 2 = 25000 moV(h-m®) “Tt is clear that kaya Py < key aCyb Asksap, < kp a Cy/b, it is a case of instantaneous Teaction with high Cy. ase is : ‘The form of rate equation for this ¢ ia A Rate with reaction = For removal of CO, (A) using pure w: ater for a case of straight mass transfer of A, rate of transfer of A across the gas and li ‘quid films is given by, Rate for straight mass transfer — CA) = Pax Ba Ca Maximum rate for straight mass transferS Chemical Reaction Engineering—l___ 223 Rate with reaction Rate for straight mass transfer By using 2N NaOH solution, the rate increases by 97 times than it for pure water. By using 2N NaOH solution, the absorption is speeded 97 times compared to physical absorption using pure water. ... Ans. Ex. 2.3: Repeat Ex. 2.2 for poo, = 2x 10! Pa and for 0.2 N NaOH solution. Solution : CO,+2NaOH - Na,CO;+H,0 A+bB — products, b=2 It is given that the reaction is instantaneous. For the instantaneous reaction, we have two cases : (i) with low Cg and (ii) with high Cg. Now, let us check whether it is an instantaneous reacti This is required in order to find out the appropriate form of consideration. ion with low Cx or with high Cx. rate equation for the case under For this we have to evaluate Kag a pa and kp, a Cp/b (as was done for Previous example). kag a = 0.80 mol/(h-m3-Pa) Pa = 2x10'Pa kya = kya = 25h Cp =? b=2 Hy = 3000 (Pa-m)/mol233 __ Kinetics of Fluid-Fluld Reactions Concentration of B (molar units) Concentration in g/l of B Molecular weight of B 16 = jg = 0-4 moll Cg = 0.4 mol/l = 400 mol/m? Kag@pa = 0.815000 = 12000 mol(h'm*) kpra C 25 Lee 2x 400 = 5000 mol/h-m*) v kag apa > kp a Cb It is the instantaneous reaction with low Cy. The form of rate equation for an instantaneous reaction with low Cy is : .. Ans. (ii) Gas film resistance = Liquid film resistance = Total resistance = 120+125 = 1215 Gas film resistance = 1.03% Liquid film-resistance = 98.97 % So with little error we can ignore the gas film resistance and we can safely say that it is a special case of negligible gas phase resistance and for this we can safely suggest the following form of rate equation : ” Dz, Ci -r) = key Ou 1+ | Ans. (ii) Ex. 2.7| : Gaseous A absorbs and reacts with B in liquid according to A(g>D+B@) > RM, -ry=kC,Cy in a packed bed. (i) Calculate the rate of reaction. (ii) Determine the location of the major resistance (gas film, liquid film and bulk liquid) and behaviour in the liquid film (pseudo first order reaction, instantaneous ete.) at a point in the reactor where pa = 100 Pa and Cy 100 mol/m liquid.Chemical Reaction Engineering -I! 234 Kinetics of Fig Nui Data: k = 108 m9 liquid/(mol-h) “th, Ha = 1.0 (Pa'm? liquid)/mol Kag@ = 0.10 mol/(h-m? of reactor Pa) kya = 100 m? liquid/(m? reactor-h) f, = 0.01 m! liquid/m? reactor a = 100 m%m’ reactor Dy =Dy = 10 m*h Hint : For E; < My/5, we have instantaneous reaction and E = E; Solution : A+bB — product, b=1 -rq = k Ca Cg with second order rate constant: k = 108 m3/(mol-h) kya = 100 m%m*h) a = m%/m? kar = Aste = 10mh Dx = Dy = 10% mh Pa = Pai = 100Pa Cy = 100 mol/m* Evaluate E; and My VI k Cy ka (1010 100 | = ecm = 100: Cz H, B, = 142uCaHy ED Du pss , 10x 1001 1x 10x 100 From above calculated values we have : E, < My/5 » E=§j (Given) Behaviour in liquid film: So we have instantaneous second order reaction in the liquid film. ca Kagapa = 0.1x 100 = 10 mol/(h:m3) kya = kya = 100m¥(m*h) as Dy = Dw kp aCp 100 x 100 big carl a lo Kuga Pa < Boa Cp Cy Mu = el ay I _—_——— hemical Reaction Engine Kinetics of Fluid-Fluid Reactions on Engine ine! ares os of Fluid gested rate It is the case of a i ich the sug Semin ‘ntaneous reaction with high Cx for which 1dN, =~ Sat = Kae Pa = a (-r) “Ta = kag a pa = 0.1% 100 = 10 mol(h-m’ reactor) The rate of reaction = 10 mol/(h-m' reactor)| ... Ans. (i) Total resistance = 10+5x10- = 10.005, (considering 1x 10° = 0) 10 Gas film resi . 5 resistance To. 05 * 100 = 99.95 % Liquid film resistance = 5%2°,.100 = 0.0400 = Hee 10.005 A ; Gas fil resistance = 99.95% «+ Ans. (ii) Major resistance is in the gas film. .. Ans. (iii) Ex 2.8]: Air containing gaseous A bubbles through a tank containing aqueous B. A reacts with B in liquid according to A(g3D+2BM > RM, -ra = kC,Cy For a point in the absorber - reactor where : Pa = 5000 Pa and Cz = 100 mol/m$ liquid (i) Locate the resistance to reaction (in percent in gas film, liquid film and main body of liquid). (ii) Determine the behaviour in the liquid film (whether pseudo first reaction, instantaneous etc.) (iii) Locate reaction zone. (iv) Calculate the rate of reaction in molh-m® of reactor).Chemical Reaction Engineering Il For fast reaction with high Cp, form is : 2:38 Kinetics of, — id hence pseudo first order rate with respeg tty A 1 _—_—__———_____—__ 0.01 * 20 (10 x 108 x 1002) 33.33 mol/(h:m® reactor) Ex. 2.9): Gaseous A absorbs and reacts with liquid B in liquid according t, Ag >D+BO in a packed bed. > RO, -tm=kCaCp ‘Ata point in the reactor where pa = 100 Pa and Cx = 1 mol/mé liquid. (i) Calculate the rate of reaction in mol/(h-m3 of reactor) (ii) Resistance offered by the main body of liquid. = 0.10 mol/(h-m3 reactor - Pa) Data: Kaga = f, = 0.01 m liquid/m? reactor kya = 100 m liquid/(m? reactor-h) a = 100 m%m° reactor Du = Dy = 10% mh k = 10 m? liquid/(mol-h) Ha = 105 (Pam liquid)/mol Hint : For My < 0.02, we have infinitely slow reaction. Solution : x A+bB + R, -rm=KkC,Cp, b=1 irst we have to determine whether it is ; very fast, f low react this we have to evaluate My and E;. aaa 7 Mu Tee, AL Pa= 10 mh, k= 10 mYmol-h), Cy = 1 mol/m3 k, ka = Kara _ 100 AL a = 49 = 1L0mh Mri (10 x 10 x 1)05 a gs = 0.00316 = 14 Pun Hy “bDy Pai Pa = Pa=100 Pa, b E, ia =) Pu= y= 10% mh, H, « 105 (Pa-m3 1420x1105 (Pa:m3)/mol 1x 10x 709 = 10°‘ Chemical Reaction Engineering — 1 As My < 0.02, (My transfer resistance) occurring in the For infinitely slow reaction, th expression for this case is calculated = 0.00316), w, 239 Kinotics of Fluid-Fluld Reactions: hout mass . Ans. form of rate have infinitely slow reaction (with bulk of liquid rate is dete © is determined by kinetics alone. The Co ee 7 A= PAC = KE C\ Cn _ Ans. We have, ee G : 7 = 0.001 m! hquid/ms reactor \ k= 10 m* liquiddmol b) “Ty = KLCACE er H, PACn _ 10X0.01 = Go X100x1=1x104 mol/(m$ reactor-h) | Rate of reaction = 1x 10 mol/(m! reactor-h) -- Ans. (i) The general rate expression is I cid td te eer fe a™ ca) kaya * ky aE Kk Cp hh In our case for infinitely slow reaction, kf oo Sa kf Ca Cp ie (2) ae a (i fj és) Comparing Equation (2) Liquid bulk resistance Liquid bulk resistance : Gaseous A absorbs and reacts with B in liquid according to Ex. 2.10! in packed bed. (i) Calculate the rat (ii) Locate the resistance main body of liquid). Aigo )+BO and with Equation (1), th te of reaction in m to reaction (what % is in gas film, in the liquid film, in the ere is no mass transfer resistance. ... Ans. (ii) 1x 10° (Pa-m*-h)/mol + RM, -ta=kCaCp .0l/(h-m? of reactor). (iii) Locate the reaction zone. ie jour in the liquid film (whether pseudo first. order, (iv) instantaneous, etc.) Determine the behavi