Public Policies - Indian environmental policies - National Solar policies & Wind (national
wind-solar hybrid policy 2018)
PUBLIC POLICIES:
What is Public Policy?
Public policy is the framework of laws, regulations, and actions governments implement to
achieve social and economic goals. It’s a statement of the government’s intent and commitment
to address a particular issue or problem. Public policy shapes the decisions of government
officials and agencies, and it affects society, the economy, and politics.
It covers various issues, including economic, social welfare, education, healthcare, and
environmental policies. Political ideologies, societal values, and economic conditions influence
public policy, vital in shaping a country’s future. Public policy plays a crucial role in shaping
societies and addressing societal challenges. In political science, it is essential to comprehend
public policy’s meaning, public policy definition, evolution, and significance.
Process of Public Policy Formation:
The process of public policy formation involves several stages, including problem identification,
agenda setting, policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation.
Problem Identification: Identify a problem or issue that requires government intervention. Conduct
research and gather data to understand the scope and severity of the problem. Define the
problem and its impact on society.
Agenda Setting: Determine the importance of the problem and its priority on the policy agenda.
Consider the political and social context in which the problem exists. Decide whether the
problem should be addressed through legislation, regulation, or other means.
Policy Formulation: Generate alternative solutions to address the problem. Evaluate the feasibility
and effectiveness of each solution. Consider the short-term and long-term impacts of each
solution. Choose the best solution and develop a plan for its implementation.
Decision-Making: Present the proposed policy solution to the appropriate decision-makers. Seek
input and feedback from stakeholders and interested parties. Debate and discuss the merits of
the proposal. Make a final decision on the policy and its implementation.
Implementation and Evaluation: Put the policy into practice through legislation, regulation, or other
means. Monitor the implementation of the policy and make any necessary adjustments. Assess
the effectiveness and efficacy of the policy.
Significance of Public Policy:
★ Public policy plays a critical role in shaping societies and affecting the lives of individuals.
It influences everything from healthcare and education to the environment and social
welfare.
★ Effective public policy ensures the equitable allocation of resources, promotes social
justice, and addresses societal challenges. By studying public policy, you become
empowered to contribute to developing and implementing policies that positively impact
people’s lives.
★ With the ability to identify and analyze policy problems, you can propose innovative
solutions, advocate for change, and drive sustainable development. The importance of
public policy cannot be understated, as it is the catalyst for creating more inclusive and
prosperous societies.
Elements of public policy:
A public policy is an action by a government that affects public welfare. It includes:
1. Laws
2. Rules and regulations
3. Programs(welfare, Medicare) and practices
4. Specific policy changes
5. At international, national, state and local levels
Indian environmental policies :
➢ Environmental policies in India have emerged as a crucial aspect of the nation’s pursuit of
sustainable development in the face of escalating environmental challenges. The
introduction of environmental governance in India can be traced back to the
establishment of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985, reflecting a pivotal
moment in recognizing the need to address ecological concerns.
➢ Since then, a series of legislative measures, coupled with international commitments,
have laid the foundation for a comprehensive framework to regulate and manage
environmental issues. India, a rapidly developing nation with a burgeoning population,
has witnessed unprecedented industrialization and urbanization, placing immense
pressure on its natural resources.
➢ As a response to the growing environmental concerns, theIndian government has
formulated and implemented a set of policies aimed at striking a delicate balance
between economic development and environmental conservation.
➢ This delicate equilibrium is reflected in the evolution of environmental policies, which have
progressed from a mere acknowledgment of environmental issues to a proactive
approach aimed atEnvironmental Problems, Protection and Policies.
➢ 300 Ravikant Singhmitigating the impact of development on the ecosystem. The
legislative backbone of India’s environmental policies includes key acts such as the Water
(Prevention and Control ofPollution) Act, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
and the National EnvironmentPolicy.
➢ These legal instruments empower regulatory authorities to monitor and control various
sources of pollution, providing a legal framework for industries to adhere to environmental
standards.
➢ Additionally, the incorporation of international agreements, such as the ParisAgreement
and the Convention on Biological Diversity, underscores India’s commitment to global
environmental initiatives. One of the significant challenges in the implementation of
environmental policies in India lies in the effective enforcement of regulations.
➢ Despite the existence of comprehensive laws, the execution often faces hurdles related to
inadequate infrastructure, limited manpower, and bureaucratic complexities. The
introduction of new policies is frequently met with challenges in terms of translating them
into on -the -groundactions.
➢ This gap between policy formulation and implementation remains a critical aspect that
needs continual attention and improvement. The multifaceted nature of environmental
challenges necessitates the involvement of various stakeholders, including government
agencies, industries, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the public.
➢ Recognizingthis, environmental policies in India increasingly emphasize the importance of
a collaborative approach. Government agencies play a central role in policy formulation,
regulation, and monitoring, ensuring that industries comply with environmental norms.
➢ Simultaneously, the role of civil society and environmental activists has become pivotal in
advocating for ecological preservation and holding both industries and the government
accountable. The role of industries in shaping environmental policies is of paramount
importance.
➢ As major contributors to pollution and resource consumption, industries are subject to
stringent environmental regulations. However, a shift towards sustainable practices is
becoming more evident, with an increasing number of industries adopting eco-friendly
technologies and incorporating environmental sustainability into their corporate strategies.
➢ This evolving dynamic between regulatory authorities and industries reflects a growing
recognition of the mutual benefits of economic growth and environmental responsibility.
Biodiversity conservation is another crucial dimension of India’s environmental policies.
➢ The nation boasts diverse ecosystems, ranging from the Himalayan mountains to the
coastal regions, each hosting unique flora and fauna. The Conservation of biodiversity is
essential not only for ecological stability but also for the well-being of communities
dependent on natural resources.
➢ India’s policies in this regard focus on the establishment of protected areas, sustainable
forest management, and initiatives to safeguard endangered species. Technological
advancements play a pivotal role in enhancing the effectiveness of environmental
policies.
➢ From pollution monitoring systems to renewable energy solutions, technological
innovations offer viable avenues for sustainable development.
➢ The integration of digital tools for monitoring environmental parameters, coupled with the
promotion of clean and green technologies, reflects India’s commitment to harnessing
innovation for environmental conservation.
➢ As India continues its journey towards sustainable development, the effectiveness of
environmental policies remains a subject of scrutiny.Evaluating the impact of these
policies requires a comprehensive analysis of their outcomes on pollution levels, natural
resource management, and overall ecological health.
➢ Furthermore,Environmental policies in India 301 ongoing efforts
to address emerging
challenges, such as climate change and waste management,are indicative of the adaptive
nature of India’s environmental policies.
Some key environmental policies in India:
1. Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and Amendments:- Encompasses measures for wildlife
conservation and the regulation of wildlife trade.
2. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) and Amendment (1988):- Aims to
prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water.
3. National Forest Policy (1988) and Amendments (2002):- Focused on the conservation of
forests, biodiversity, and ensuring ecological balance.
4. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) and Amendment (1987):- Focuses
on the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
5. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification (1994) and Amendments:- Outlines
the process for evaluating the environmental impact of developmental projects.
6. National Environment Policy (2006):- This policy aims to integrate environmental concerns
into developmental processes and ensure sustainable development.
7. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP – 2008):- Aims to conserve
biodiversity and ensure the sustainable use of biological resources.
8. National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008):- Outlines the country’s strategy to address
climate change, focusing on eight national missions.
9. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO):- Aims to promote renewable energy by mandating
a certain percentage of electricity to be generated from renewable sources.
10. Solid Waste Management Rules (2016):- Guidelines for the management of solid waste to
promote cleanliness and environmental sustainability.
11. Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016):- Aims to regulate the manufacture, sale, and
use of plastic products to minimize environmental impact.
12. Green India Mission (under National Action Plan on Climate Change):- Focuses on
afforestation, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable management of natural
resources.These policies collectively form a comprehensive framework for environmental
governance in India. There are various other state-level policies and specific initiatives
addressing niche environmental issues.
National Solar policies & Wind (national wind-solar hybrid policy 2018):National solar policies and
wind energy policies are frameworks established by governments to promote the development
and use of solar and wind energy.
1. National Solar Policies : These policies aim to boost the use of solar energy through
incentives like subsidies, tax credits, and grants for solar installations. They often include targets
for solar energy capacity, regulations to facilitate the deployment of solar technologies, and
initiatives to research and develop new solar technologies.
2. Wind Energy Policies: These policies focus on increasing the adoption of wind power. They
might include financial incentives for wind farm development, tax benefits, and support for
research into wind turbine technology. Policies also often set targets for wind energy production
and provide guidelines for integrating wind energy into the grid.
Both types of policies are designed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas
emissions, and support the transition to cleaner energy sources.
National wind-solar hybrid policy 2018:
National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy was adopted on 14 May 2018 by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) as an initiative to promote a large grid-connected wind-solar PV
hybrid system for efficient utilization of the transmission infrastructure and land. National
Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy also aims to reduce the variability in renewable power generation and
to achieve better grid stability.
Formation of National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy:
The Union government has set an ambitious target of achieving 175 GigaWatt (GW) of installed
capacity from renewable energy sources by 2022, which includes 100 GW of solar and 60 GW
of wind power capacity. The total renewable power installed capacity in the country stood at
about 70 GW in the financial year 2017-18. There have been significant capacity additions in
renewables in recent years and hybrid energy will further help in better utilization of resources.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has issued the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy
on 14 May 2018 with an aim to boost renewable power generation by promoting new prow
projects as well as hybridisation of existing ones. The government is also going to launch a
scheme for new hybrid projects under this policy.
Objectives of National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy:
The major objectives of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy are as follows:
❖ Provide a comprehensive framework for the promotion of large grid-connected wind-solar
photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for efficient utilization of transmission infrastructure and
land.
❖ Reduce variability in renewable power generation and achieve better grid stability.
❖ Encourage new technologies, methods, and way-outs involving combined operation of
wind and solar PV plants.
Features of National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy
Some of the important features of the National Wind-Solar Policy are mentioned below:
❖ It has been provided in a hybrid project, subject to the condition that, rated power capacity
of one resource be at least 25% of the rated power capacity of other resources for it to be
recognised as a hybrid project.
❖ The Policy provides for the integration of both energy sources i.e. wind and solar at
alternating current (AC) as well as direct current (DC) level.
❖ It seeks to promote new hybrid projects as well as hybridisation of existing wind and solar
projects. It allows hybridisation of existing projects (wind or solar) with higher transmission
capacity than sanctioned one, subject to availability of margin in existing transmission
capacity.
❖ It will be on the tariff-based transparent bidding process for which Government entities
may invite bids.
❖ The policy permits the use of battery storage in hybrid projects for optimizing output and
reducing variability.
❖ It mandates the regulatory authorities to formulate necessary standards and regulations
for wind-solar hybrid systems.
MCQ’s
1.What is the primary objective of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)?
a) Provide urban employment
b) Guarantee rural employment
c) Subsidize agricultural equipment
d) Offer educational scholarships
Ans:b) Guarantee rural employment
2 .Which policy aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor by 2022?
a) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
b) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
c) Digital India
d) Skill India
Ans: a) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
3.What is the main goal of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana?
a) Enhance digital literacy
b) Promote financial inclusion
c) Improve healthcare facilities
d) Develop rural infrastructure
Ans:b) Promote financial inclusion
4.Which scheme is designed to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant
women and lactating mothers?
a) Mid-Day Meal Scheme
b) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
c) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
d) Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
Ans:d) Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
5.What does the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign aim to achieve?
a) Universal primary education
b) Clean and open defecation-free India
c) Financial inclusion
d) Skill development
Ans:b) Clean and open defecation-free India
6.Which policy focuses on improving the quality of education in India, particularly in rural
areas?
a) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
b) Make in India
c) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
d) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Ans:a) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
7.Which act was established to address water pollution in India?
a) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
b) National Forest Policy
c) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
d) Wildlife Protection Act
Ansc) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
8.Which of the following policies is aimed at promoting renewable energy in India?
a) Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
b) Plastic Waste Management Rules
c) Green India Mission
d) National Action Plan on Climate Change
Ans:a) Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
9.The Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 primarily focus on:
a) Air pollution control
b) Wastewater management
c) Regulating the manufacture, sale, and use of plastic products
d) Biodiversity conservation
Ans:c) Regulating the manufacture, sale, and use of plastic products
10.What is a key focus area for India’s evolving environmental policies?
a) Reducing industrial output
b) Balancing economic development with environmentalconservation
c) Limiting population growth
d) Expanding industrial zones
Ans:b) Balancing economic development with environmental conservation
11.Which aspect of environmental policies in India emphasizes the role of multiple
stakeholders?
a) Enforcement of fines
b) Collaborative approach among government, industries, NGOs, and
the public
c) Centralized policy-making
d) Sole reliance on government agencies
Ans:b) Collaborative approach among government, industries, NGOs, and the public
12.The evolution of India’s environmental policies reflects a shift from:
a) Proactive to reactive measures
b) Acknowledgment of issues to a proactive approach for mitigation
c) Industrial to agricultural focus
d) Domestic to international concerns
Ans:b) Acknowledgment of issues to a proactive approach for mitigation
13.Which of the following best describes the implementation challenges faced by Indian
environmental policies?
a) Excessive funding and support
b) Smooth execution without complications
c) Hurdles related to inadequate infrastructure and bureaucratic complexities
d) Over-regulation and enforcement issues
Ans:c) Hurdles related to inadequate infrastructure and bureaucratic complexities
14.What is the primary objective of National Solar Policies?
a) To promote fossil fuel consumption
b) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions
c) To discourage solar energy use
d) To increase grid instability
Ans: b) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions
15.Which level does the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy promote integration of wind
and solar energy sources?
a) Only at alternating current (AC) level
b) Only at direct current (DC) level
c) Both at AC and DC levels
d) Neither at AC nor DC levels
Ans: c) Both at AC and DC levels
16.What type of bidding process does the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy endorse for
new hybrid projects?
a) Closed-door negotiations
b) Non-transparent auctions
c) Tariff-based transparent bidding
d) No bidding required
Ans: c) Tariff-based transparent bidding
17.What is allowed under the policy to optimize output and reduce variability in hybrid
projects?
a) Use of diesel generators
b) Use of battery storage
c) Use of coal-fired plants
d) Use of nuclear reactors
Ans: b) Use of battery storage
18.What is an advantage of implementing the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy?
a). Increased energy storage requirements
b). Higher costs of energy production
c). Reduced cost of power and improved grid stability
d). Limited access to renewable energy sources
Ans: c). Reduced cost of power and improved grid stability
19.What is mandated by the policy to be formulated by regulatory authorities for
wind-solar hybrid systems?
a) Necessary standards and regulations
b) Tax exemptions
c) Subsidies for consumers
d) Import restrictions
Ans: a) Necessary standards and regulations
20.What is the fiscal deficit?
a) Excess of government revenue over government expenditure
b) Excess of government expenditure over government revenue
c) The difference between exports and imports of a country
d) The difference between savings and investment in the economy
Ans: b) Excess of government expenditure over government revenue
