Weather and it type:

Weather is the state of this atmosphere, including temperature,

atmosphere pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloud cover.
Weather is influenced by latitude, altitude, and local and regional
geography. Weather is the mix of events that happens each day in our
atmosphere. Weather is different in different parts of the world and
changes over minutes, hours, days and weeks. It impact the way people
dress each day and the types of structures built.
Elements of weather:
▪ Temperature
▪ Humidity
▪ Precipitation
▪ Wind
▪ Cloudiness
▪ Atmosphere pressure
Important of weather: Weather is important to people in
many different ways, but several major examples come to mind:
▪ Weather controls the distribution of rain water on earth. All living
organisms on earth require liquid water to survive, and human
require fresh (not salty) water for drinking and agriculture
(growing crops for food). Drought can have a major impact on
humans and have killed millions of people throughout history.
▪ “Serve” weather such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods have a
huge impact on human civilizations.
▪ Weather has also played on impact role in the distribution of
human on earth and the development of different cultures. The
climate (the long -term weather of an area) ultimately determines
 if an area will be nice for people to inhibit. Throughout history,
climate has influenced migrations of human over the earth.

Types of weather:
▪ Sunny/weather
▪ Partially cloudy
▪ Cloudy
▪ Overcast
▪ Rain
▪ Drizzle
▪ Snow
▪ Stormy
▪ Tornadoes
▪ THUNDERSNOWS
▪ Fog
▪ Hurricanes
▪ Sandstorms

Sunny/Clear: Sunny or Clear means there are no clouds in the sky

Partially Cloudy: Partially Cloudy means the part of the sky is

covered by clouds.

Cloudy: Cloudy sky means clouds dominate over the sun during the
day, or obscure the starts at night. There May be breaks in the clouds
where you catch fleeting glimpses at either blue or dark skies, but for
the most part the sky is covered.
Overcast: An overcast sky is usually saved to describe a sky that is
100 % and completely covered in clouds with zero breaks in between.
This is usually composed of widespread, uniform GRAY clouds in the sky.

Rain: Rain is liquid precipitation of water falling from the sky.

Raindrops fall to earth when clouds become saturated, or filled , with
water droplets.

Snow: Snow is precipitation in the form of ice crystals. It originates in

cloud when temperature are below the freezing point.

Drizzle: Light rain falling in very fine drops.

Stormy: Stormy describes weather conditions like thunder, lighting,

dark clouds, wind, and pelting rain.

Tornadoes: A tornado is a violent windstorm consisting of a tall

column of air that spins around very fast and causes at a lot of damage.

Thunder snows : Thunder snow , also known as a winter

thunderstorm or a thunder snowstorm. It is snowfall accompanied by
thunder and lightning.

Fog: Very small drops of water come together to form a thick cloud
close to the land or sea, making it different to see.
Hurricanes: A hurricanes is an extremely large, Power full, and
destructive rotating storm with high -speed winds that forms over warm
waters in tropical areas.

Sandstorms: Sandstorms means a strong wind carrying clouds of

sand and dust through the air.

Climate Changes:

Climate: Climate is the average weather in a given area over

a longer period of time. A description of a climate includes
information on, e.g. the average temperature in different seasons,
rainfall, and sunshine. Also, a description of the (chance of )
extremes is often included.

Climate change: Climate change any systematic change In

the long-term statistics of climate variables such as temperature,
precipitation, pressure, or wind sustained over several decades or
longer. Climate change can be due to natural external forcing
(Changes in solar emissions or changes in the earth’s orbit, natural
internal processes of the climate system) or it can be human
included.

Causes for climatic changes:

Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect:

Some atmosphere gases trap the heat and warm the plant. Those
gases are called “GREENHOUSE GASES “ . This process is called the
greenhouse effect which leads to maintain Earth’s surface
temperature that is 33°C greater than it would be in its absence.
Of it where not for the greenhouse gas effect, Earth’s average
temperature would be a chilly -18°C. The main gases responsible
for the greenhouse effect include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide , and water vapour (Which all occur naturally , and
fluorinated gases (Which are synthetic. Without greenhouse gases
and their warming effect, we wouldn’t be able to survive.

Human causes of climate change: Human causes

climate change by releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases into the air. Today, there is more carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere than there ever has been in at least the past 2 million
years. During the 20th and 21st century, the level of carbon dioxide
rose by 40%

A. Burning fossil fuels: Fossil fuels such as oil, gas,

and coal contain carbon dioxide that has been ‘ locked
way ‘ in the ground for thousands of years. When we
take these out of the land and burn them, We release
the stored carbon dioxide into the air.

B. Deforestation: Forests remove and store carbon

dioxide from the atmosphere. Cutting them down
means that carbon dioxide builds up quicker since there
are no trees to absorb it. Not only that, trees release the
carbon they stored when we burn them.
C. Agriculture: Planting crops and tearing animals
releases different types of greenhouse gases into the air.
For example, animals produce methane , which is 30
times power full than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse
gas. The nitrous oxide used for fertilizers is ten times
worse and is nearly 300 times more potent than carbon
dioxide!

D. Cement: Producing cement is another contributor to

climate change, 2% of our entire carbon dioxide
emissions.

Natural changes to the climate: Natural

forcing that can contribute to change included:

1. Solar irradiance: Any increase in Solar

energy would make the entire atmosphere of
earth warm.
2. Volcanic eruptions: Volcanoes have a mixed
effect on our climate. Eruptions produce aerosol
particles that cool earth, but they also release
carbon dioxide, which warms It. Volcanoes
produce 50 times less carbon dioxide than humans
do, so we know they are not the leading causes of
global warming.
 Air pollution: Air pollution is a
mix of hazardous and gases in the air from both
human – solid natural sources. Air pollution is caused
by solid and liquid particles and certain gases that
are suspended in the air. These particles and gases
can come from car and truck exhaust, factories, dust,
pollen, MOLD spores, Volcanoes and wildfires. The
solid and liquid particles suspenders in our air called
aerosols.

Causes of air pollution: Air pollution is caused

by two ways. One is human made and the other is
natural.
❖ Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to
heat homes , by products of manufacturing and
power generation, partially coal FUELED power
plants, fumes from chemical production are the
sources of human -made air pollution.
❖ Nature releases hazardous substances into the
air, such as smoke from wildfires, which are
often caused by people; ash and gases from
volcanic eruptions; and gases like methane,
which are emitted from decomposing organic
matter in soils.

Effects Of Air Pollution:

 Respiratory and heart problems:
The effects of air pollution are alarming. They are known to create
several respiratory and heart conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, heart attacks and strokes along with cancer, among others
threats to the body. Several million are known to have died due to the
Direct or indirect effects of air pollution.

Child Health problem: Exposure to high air pollution levels during

pregnancy causes miscarriage as well as premature birth, autism and
spectrum disorder in young children. It also has the potential to damage
early brain development in a child and cause pneumonia that skills
almost a million children below 5 years. Children are at a greater risk of
short -term respiratory infections and pulmonary diseases in areas
exposed to air pollutants.

Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations

that the world is witnessing due to global warming. With increased
temperatures worldwide, an increase in sea levels and melting of ice
from colder regions and icebergs, displacement, and loss of habitat have
already Signalled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and
normalisation aren’t undertaken soon.

Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and SULFUR oxides
are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels.
When it rains, the water droplets combine with these air pollutants,
becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain.
Acid rain can cause great damage to humans, animals, and crops.
Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where a high amount
of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed on the sea
surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affects fish , and plants,
animal species. The green – COLORED algae that are present on lakes
and ponds are due to the presence of this chemical only.

Effect on wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some

devastating effects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can
force wildlife species to move to a new place and changes their habitat.
The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also
affect sea animals.

Depletion of the ozone layer: Ozone exists in the Earth’s

stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the
presence of Chlorofluorocarbons, layer becomes thin, it will emit
harmful rays back on earth and can cause akin and eye -related
problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.

Water pollution: water pollution can be defined as the

contamination of water bodies. Water pollution is caused when water
bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get
contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents. When water
gets polluted, adversely affects all lifeforms that directly or indirectly
depends on this source. The effects of water contamination can be felt
for years to come.
Effects of water pollution:
❖ The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of pollutants
and its concentration. Also, the location of water bodies is an
important factor to determine the levels of pollution.
❖ Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted.
This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by
industrial and commercial establishments.
❖ Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their
metabolism, behaviour , causes illness and eventual death.
❖ Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from
reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is
BIOACCUMULATED in fish, chicken and meat. Chemicals such as
this travel up the food chain before entering the human body.
❖ The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food
chain. It disrupts the food -chain. Cadmium and lead are some
toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain
through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can
continue to disrupt at higher levels.
❖ Humans are affected by pollution and can contract disease such as
hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking
water treatment and unfit water can always causes an outbreak
of infectious disease such as cholera, etc.
❖ The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and
DESTRUCTURED because of water pollution.
Water pollution types:
❖ Urbanization
❖ Deforestation
❖ Industrial effluents
❖ Social and Religious practices
 ❖ Use of Detergents and Fertilizers
❖ Agriculture run-Offs-Use of insecticides and pesticides.
❖ Urbanization
❖ Oils Spills

Urbanization: The core aspect of urbanization is the rapid urban

population growth together with inadequate planning, pollution,
poverty, competing demands on the resource, all contribute to water
stress and consequently, the urban water consumption is likely to double
by 2025 .

Deforestation: Forests help control the water cycle by regulating

precipitation, evaporation and flows. Lawyers of forest canopy,
branches and roots can store and release water Vapour , which controls
rainfall. Deforestation weakens this process, leading to irregular rainfall
patterns including drought and flooding .

Industrial effluents: Industrial effluents are discharges from

various industries, and various organic pollutants have been found in
different water resources. They belong to various classes such as
pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols, plasticizers, biphenyls, oils,
greases, pharmaceuticals, etc.
A change in the water chemistry due to surface water
contamination can negatively affect all levels of an ecosystem. The
effluents of the industrial gave a great deal of influence on the pollution
of the water bodies, these effluents can alter the physical, chemical and
biological nature of the receiving water body.