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Figure 5-7: Surface Filter Module with Weco Union

Like the downhole filter, the surface filter includes a bypass burst disk that
ruptures if the filter clogs. The burst disk is rated for 500 psi.

The tool incorporates a Weco adaptor to allow it to be made up into the

high-pressure line. Please refer to CoilTOOL'S Techical Manual for Surface Filter
Rev AC (InTouch content ID# 4807841) for more details about the surface filter.

5.2 Fishing Tools

When a tool or downhole device is left in the hole, it is called a fish. Fishing may
be a planned operation such as the removal of a temporary bridge plug or pulling
a plug from a downhole nipple. Alternatively, fishing can refer to the retrieval of a
toolstring that was accidentally lost downhole.

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CT fishing is a method of retrieving fish from a wellbore with a CT string. There

are many different methods and tools used in CT fishing operations. Each
fishing job is unique and may require tools and techniques be modified to suit
the application. For complex operations, a specialized fishing company is
often contracted to provide special tools and supervise the operation, because
experience is important in fishing operations.

Details of the fish, wellbore tubulars, well condition, and surface equipment
need to be taken into consideration. When planning to retrieve a fish, it is very
important to match the fishing tool exactly to the fish downhole. This is why it is
important to have a detailed schematic of all toolstrings run in hole, so that you
have a good fishing diagram if anything is accidentally left in the hole.

5.2.1 Retrieval Tools

The tool that latchs onto the fish downhole is often called a retrieval tool. There
are two main types of retrieval tool:
• spears: to latch into an internal fishing neck profile (refer to Figure 5-8)
• overshots: to latch onto an external fishing neck profile (refer to Figure 5-9).

1. CT connector
2. Back pressure valve
3. Hydraulic disconnect
4. Accelerator tool
5. Weight bars
6. Jar
7. Hydraulic release spear
8. Fish

Figure 5-8: Fishing Tool with Spear

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1. CT connector
2. Back pressure valve
3. Hydraulic disconnect
4. Accelerator tool
5. Weight bars
6. Jar
7. Hydraulic release overshot
8. Fish

Figure 5-9: Fishing Tool with Overshot

Although it is not a recommended practice, spears and overshots can also be

used as running tools to run a matching plug or lock into position in a wellbore
and release from the tool downhole hydraulically or mechanically.

5.2.2 Spear Retrieval Tools

A fish with an internal profile will be fished with a spear retrieval tool, which goes
inside the fish and engages into the profile.

Most internal fishing necks have a similar profile and are loosely termed as GS
profiles. However, GS™ spears are manufactured by Baker Oil Tools, and the
dimensions of the latch profile referred to in the field as GS profiles vary between
manufacturers. For this reason, care should be taken with using the terminology
GS between different suppliers of tools. If possible, it is recommended to
physically confirm that the retrieval tool matches the fish profile before running
the tool in hole or to an identical tool as the one that is downhole.

It is important to make sure you have the correct pulling tool because most pulling
tools look alike. It is frustrating and nonproductive to run a fishing tool in and
attempt to latch onto the fish, only to discover you have the wrong fishing tool.

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As an example, the fishing neck latch profile in a Mark IV hydraulic disconnect

is deeper than the TP hydraulic disconnect. The reason for a deeper latching
profile is to have more material to jar on. Mark IV disconnects therefore require a
retrieval tool with longer dogs. The Mark III retrieval tool has been developed
especially to retrieve the Mark IV disconnect.

The Mark II-A retrieval tool, however, has shorter dogs and can only be used
to fish for a fishing neck with a profile close at the top, e.g., the fishing neck of
the TP disconnect and mechanical disconnect. It is not long enough to fish the
deeper profile of the Mark IV fishing neck.

A spear retrieval tool also exists for latching internally on fish with no fishing
profile. This tool uses slips that bite into the ID of a cylindrical fish.

5.2.2.1 Hydraulic Release Fishing Tool

The most common type of spear retrieval tool run on CT is the hydraulic release
retrieval tool (Figure 5-10 and Figure 5-11). Using this type of tool, you can latch
and relatch many times in a single run.

Figure 5-10: Hydraulic Release GS Spear Figure 5-11: Mark II-A and Mark III Retrieval
Retrieval Tool Tools

The tool is released from the fish by pumping through the CT string. The flow
through an orifice at the bottom of the tool creates an internal pressure in the
tool. This pressure moves a piston, pulling the locking dogs upwards, into the
release position. Different orifice sizes can be chosen when redressing the tool:
a large orifice requires a high pump rate to achieve tool release, whereas a small
orifice will allow release at low pump rates.

When the flow is stopped, a spring pushes the piston and the dogs spring back
into the latched position.

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Latching Procedure

Follow this procedure to use the hydraulic release retrieval tool to latch onto a
fish.
1. Run CT to depth just above the item to be retrieved.
2. Begin circulation through the CT string to remove any sand or debris which
may prevent latching the fishing neck of the fish.
3. Gently set down on the fishing neck until a reduction in weight is observed.

Note
Do not run in-hole rapidly and impact the fish.

4. Stop pumping. Wait for 1 min to ensure the dogs move into the latched-in
position.
5. Take a moderate upstrain on the workstring to verify latching has occurred.
When assured of latching the fish, continue to pick-up to retrieve the fish.
Upward jarring may be required for stuck fish.

Release Procedure

Use this procedure to release a fish that the tool has latched onto.
1. Slack off the overpull on the fish and begin to circulate at a pump rate above
the predetermined release rate (the release rate should be tested before
running the tool in hole).
2. Wait 1 min to ensure the dogs move into the release position. Pick up the
string enough to pull out of the fishing neck.

Note
Overpull must be slacked off before pumping. If overpull is maintained on the
fish, the dogs are held against the fishing neck and cannot slide upward to
collapse when circulation is started.

Points to Note

Keep these points in mind whenever using a hydraulic release retrieval tool.
• Surface test. It is important to perform a function test at the surface before
running the tool in hole. A medium-high rate for release should be selected
to allow circulation at minimum rate while pulling out of hole (POOH) with the
fish. On the other hand, the release rate must not be too high or it might not
be achievable under downhole conditions.

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With the retrieval tool made up to the CT, pump at increments of 40 L/min
[0.25 bbl/min] and record the pump rate and pressure at which the dogs
on the tool move into the release position. If the rate required to release is
too high, use a smaller orifice; if the rate required to release is too low, use
a larger orifice.
• Circulation during POOH. After the fish is latched, it is possible to circulate
while coming out of the hole at a rate and pressure that is lower than the
predetermined release rate. However, this is highly unrecommended as it
risks disengaging the fish from the fishing tool.

5.2.2.2 Mechanical Release Fishing Tool

A second type of retrieval tool that can be run on CT is the mechanical
release retrieval tool, which operates similarly to the slickline fishing tools. The
disadvantage of this type of tool is that you can latch a fish only one time in
a run. If the fish must be released for any reason, it cannot be relatched on
the same run and the tool must be pulled to the surface for redressing before
another attempt at retrieval can be made.

The tool can be released from the fish by setting down the weight to shear the
pins of the safety mechanism. Once the safety mechanism is sheared off, the
dogs are held in the release position until the mechanism is redressed on the
surface.

Latching Procedure

Follow this procedure to latch a fish with the mechanical release retrieval tool.
1. Run CT to a depth just above the fish.
2. Circulate through the CT string to remove any sand or debris that may
prevent latching the fishing neck of the fish.
3. Gently set down the retrieval tool on the fishing neck until a small reduction
in weight is observed.

Note
Do not run the CT in-hole rapidly and impact the fish or set heavy weight on
the retrieval tool when engaged in the fishing neck. Either action may shear
the safety release pins in the retrieval tool.

4. Put a moderate upstrain on the CT to verify latching has occurred. You will
be able to see from the weight gauge on surface that the weight of the
string has increased.

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5. When you are assured that the fish is latched, continue to pick up the CT to
retrieve the fish. Upward jarring may be required for stuck fish.

Release Procedure

Follow this procedure to release a fish latched on a mechanical release retrieval

tool.
1. Slack off weight or jar downward on the fish to shear pins in retrieval tool.
2. Pull the retrieval tool out of the fishing neck and bring it to the surface for
redressing.

Point to Note

It is important to perform a CoilCADE* tubing forces simulation before running a

mechanical release type retrieval tool to predict the downward force on the tool
that can be achieved at the location of the fish. The number and type (brass or
steel) of shear pins needed can be selected based on this information.

After each use of the retrieval tool, the shear pins should be replaced even if they
have not sheared. If the pin is partially sheared or weakened, the possibility of an
accidental release of the retrieval tool will be increased during the next operation.

5.2.3 Overshot Retrieval Tools

A fish with an external profile will be retrieved with an overshot retrieval tool. This
tool fits over the top of the fish and engages onto the external profile (refer to
Figure 5-12 and Figure 5-13).

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Figure 5-13: External Fishing Neck Profile

Figure 5-12: Hydraulic Release Overshot

Latched on Fish

Most external fishing necks have a similar profile; however, the dimensions of
the latch profile vary between manufacturers. If possible, it is recommended to
physically confirm that the retrieval tool matches the fish profile. It is important to
ensure before running a tool downhole that it is the correct retrieval tool because
most retrieval tools look alike.

It is also common to use an overshot to retrieve a slick fish, which means a fish
with no fishing profile. This type of overshot will have a slips assembly to grip the
cylindrical fish on the outside. Different sizes of slips (or grapples) can be used in
an overshot body, depending on the OD of the fish. This type of overshot can
be used to retrieve a parted CT string.

5.2.3.1 Hydraulic Release JDC Pulling Tool

The most common type of overshot run on CT is the hydraulic release JDC pulling
tool. Using this type of tool, you can latch and relatch many times in a single run.

The tool operates similarly to the hydraulic release spear. It can be released
from the fish by pumping through the CT string. The flow through an orifice at
the bottom of the tool creates an internal pressure in the tool. This pressure
moves a piston, pulling the locking dogs upwards and outwards into the release
position. Different orifice sizes can be chosen when redressing the tool: a large
orifice requires a high pump rate to achieve tool release, whereas a small orifice
will allow release at low pump rates.

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When the flow is stopped, a spring pushes the piston and the dogs back into the
latched position.

Latching Procedure

This is the procedure to latch onto a fish with a hydraulic release JDC pulling tool.
1. Run the CT to a depth just above the item to be retrieved.
2. Begin circulation through the CT string to remove any sand or debris that
may prevent latching the fishing neck of the fish.
3. Gently set down on the fishing neck until a reduction in weight is observed.

Note
Do not run at a rapid rate and impact the fish.

4. Stop pumping. Wait for 1 min to ensure the dogs move into the latched
position.
5. Pull a moderate upstrain on the CT string and watch the weight gauge to
verify that latching has occurred. When assured the fish is latched, continue
to pick up the string to retrieve the fish. Upward jarring may be required
for stuck fish.

Release Procedure

This is the procedure to release a fish latched with a hydraulic release TDC
pulling tool.
1. Slack off weight on the fish and begin to circulate at a pump rate above
the predetermined release rate (the release rate should have been tested
before RIH).
2. Wait 1 min to ensure the dogs move into release-in position. Pick up the CT
string and pull the tool out of the fishing neck.

Note
Weight must be slacked off before pumping to release the dogs. If overpull is
maintained on the fish, the dogs are held against the fishing neck and cannot
collapse to release the tool when circulation is started.

Points to Note

Keep these points in mind when using a hydraulic release JDC pulling tool.

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• Surface test. It is important to perform a function test at the surface before

running the tool in hole. A medium-high rate for release should be selected
to allow circulation at minimum rate while pulling out of hole (POOH) with the
fish. On the other hand, the release rate must not be too high or it might not
be achievable under downhole conditions.
With the retrieval tool made up to the CT, pump at increments of 40 L/min
[0.25 bbl/min]. and record the pump rate and pressure at which the dogs on
the tool move into the release position.
If the rate required to release is too high, use a smaller orifice; if the rate
required to release is too low, use a larger orifice.
• Circulation during POOH. After the fish is latched, it is possible to circulate
while coming out of the hole at a rate and pressure that is lower than the
predetermined release rate.

5.2.3.2 Mechanical Release Overshot Retrieval Tool

The mechanical release overshot retrieval tool operates similarly to the
mechanical release spear. The disadvantage of this type of tool is that you can
latch a fish only one time in a run. If the tool must be released for any reason,
the fish cannot be relatched on the same run and the retrieval tool must be
pulled to the surface for redressing.

The tool can be released from the fish by setting down the weight on the tool
to shear the pins of the safety mechanism. When the safety mechanism is
sheared off, the dogs are held in the release position, which prevents relatching
on the same run.

Latching Procedure

Follow this procedure to latch a fish with a mechanical release overshot retrieval
tool.
1. Run the CT to a depth just above the item to be retrieved.
2. Begin circulation through the CT string to remove any sand or debris that
may prevent latching the fishing neck.
3. Gently set down on the fishing neck until a small reduction in weight is
observed.

Note
Do not run at a rapid rate and impact the fish or set heavy weight on the
retrieval tool when engaged in the fishing neck. Any of these actions may
result in shearing the safety release pins in the retrieval tool.

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4. Take a moderate overpull on the CT string and watch the weight gauge to
verify latching has occurred. When assured the fish is latched, continue
to pick up the string to retrieve the fish. Upward jarring may be required
for stuck fish.

Release Procedure

Follow this procedure to release a fish latched by a mechanical release overshot

retrieval tool.
1. Slack off weight or jar downward on the fish to shear the pins in the retrieval
tool.
2. Pull the tool out of the fishing neck. You will need to bring the tool to the
surface for redressing before you can latch the fish again.

Points to Note

Keep these points in mind when working with a mechanical release overshot
retrieval tool.
• CoilCADE simulation. It is important that a CoilCADE tubing forces simulation
be performed before running a mechanical release type retrieval tool to
predict the downward force on the tool that can be achieved at the location of
the fish. The number and type (brass or steel) of shear pins needed can be
selected based on this information.
• Mechanical release. After each use of the retrieval tool, the shear pins should
be replaced even if they have not sheared. If the pin is partially sheared or
weakened, the possibility of an accidental release of the retrieval tool will be
increased during the next operation.

5.2.3.3 Bowen Overshot Retrieval Tool

A Bowen overshot retrieval tool is used to engage slick fish (fish without a fishing
profile) externally. Its primary advantage is that it can catch a wide range of fish
sizes, which is particularly useful when the exact fish OD is not known.

The Bowen overshot was designed to be run on jointed pipe rather than on CT.
The release mechanism involves right-hand rotation, which cannot be achieved
with CT. For this reason, Bowen overshots are not used in standard CT fishing,
but are sometimes used to bait the fish. Baiting the fish refers to replacing a
difficult fishing profile with a profile that is easier to fish.

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In this case, this means that a difficult fish, such as a parted CT string, may be
latched with a Bowen overshot, which is good at retrieving such a fish. A ball
would then be dropped to activate a disconnect higher up in the fishing string,
leaving the Bowen overshot engaged to the fish. This procedure will leave a GS
fishing neck that can be latched easily with conventional flow release tools.

Wireline Grab

A wireline grab is a slickline tool for retrieving parted slickline or wireline cable,
which is sometimes run on CT.

The tool consists of a number of barbs on the body OD and/or ID that are
designed to catch onto the loose cable (refer to Figure 5-14). The tool often
features a wire pusher at the top of the tool. This part of the tool is very close to
the same size as the ID of the tubing, and it pushes the cable down in front of it.

Figure 5-14: Wireline Grab

1. Barbs on body ID of wireline grab

2. Barbs on body OD of wireline grab

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The tool is cycled up and down in the area where the cable is suspected to
be, in hopes of snagging the cable.

Note
Exercise caution when attempting to fish wireline – it is notoriously difficult to
accomplish and attempting to do so can result in stuck CT.

Continuous Tubing Overshot

A continuous tubing overshot is used to retrieve a CT string. The assembly of

slips inside the overshot bites into the slick fish OD when tension is pulled on
the toolstring.

This type of overshot cannot be released once it is latched.

Snipper Overshot

A snipper overshot is used to dress the top of an irregular-shaped fish, such as

the top of a parted CT string. Dressing the fish is a term meaning to prepare the
top of the fish to make it more easily fished.

This type of overshot latches over the fish and when pulled into tension, bites
through the fish, cutting off the top. It leaves a clean internal and external profile
for easier fishing.

The tool is then retrieved to surface with the cut pipe inside it. Another type of
tool, such as a continuous tubing overshot, is then run to retrieve the dressed fish.

Continuous Tubing High-pressure Packoff

The continuous tubing high‑pressure packoff is designed to be run above a

continuous tubing or snipper overshot. It creates a pressure seal between the
workstring and the fish. This pressure seal allows circulation to be established
through the fish.

5.2.4 Jars, Accelerators, and Impact Hammers

A jar is a tool that delivers a sudden upward or downward impact force to the
toolstring below the jar. Jars are run in most fishing toolstrings in case additional
force is required to free the fish.

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Many jars release in one direction only. However, dual-direction tools exist
that can jar up and down. CT jars operate on either a mechanical or hydraulic
principle.

Jars must always be used in conjunction with a compatible accelerator (refer to

Figure 5-15) to ensure maximum efficiency. The jar manufacturer documentation
will give details of suitable matching accelerators.

Figure 5-15: Jar with Accelerator

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5.2.4.1 Hydraulic Jars

The operating principle of most hydraulic jars is similar. When tension is applied
to the tool, the inner mandrel tries to extend. This movement is restricted by a
seal assembly fixed to the mandrel that restricts the flow of the oil through a
narrow annular gap. The mandrel/seal slowly travels to a trip point with a larger
bore, at which time the flow of fluid and corresponding travel of the mandrel
are no longer restricted. The mandrel will then stroke suddenly. At the limit of
travel, the hammer strikes the anvil.

By forcing the oil through a restricted passage, the flow is slowed enough to
delay the stroke by 1 to 2 min from the time tension is pulled on the jar.

The jar can be recocked by applying minimum setdown force to the tool. On the
closing stroke, the passage of oil is unrestricted.

The output force of a hydraulic jar is dictated by the force applied before the jar
fires. The greater the upward pull or downward push that is applied to the jar, the
quicker the jar will fire and the greater the resultant impact will be. The output
force is typically 5 to 10 times the size of the CT input force.

5.2.4.2 Mechanical Jars

The operating principle of most mechanical jars is similar. The tool must
overcome the force of an internal spring to be released to fire. For an upward
jarring force, the tool is pulled in tension. Additional overpull is required until the
internal spring force is overcome; at this point the jar fires.

The output force of the mechanical jar varies with the pre-tensioning of the spring
and cannot be varied downhole. The tool output force is set on the tool on
surface by the amount of pretension put on the internal spring; thus, it is less
flexible than a hydraulic jar.

5.2.4.3 Accelerator
An accelerator (Figure 5-16) must always be placed in the toolstring above the
jar assembly for both hydraulic and mechanical jars. Its main function is to store
the energy that will be released when the jar fires. It also helps protect the upper
toolstring and the CT string from the shock load caused by the jar impact.

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Figure 5-16: Accelerator

Accelerators for CT operations may be either mechanical or hydraulic. Hydraulic

accelerators are often called intensifiers.

5.2.4.4 Weight Bar

A weight bar is a straight piece of heavy wall pipe, 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long, with
standard CT threads on both top and bottom. Whenever possible, a weight bar
should be run in the toolstring between the jar and accelerator. The additional
weight between the jar and accelerator increases the output force of the jar.

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5.2.4.5 Impact Hammers

An impact hammer creates a repeated high- impact force in the up or down
direction. It is activated by pumping fluid and simultaneously applying pull or
push force on the tool, depending on the impact direction desired.

The level of the impact force can be adjusted by controlling the pull or
compression weight on tool. An impact hammer can typically generate impact
forces of 30,000 lbf for a 2,000-lbf setdown force with the CT string. Impact
frequency can be several times per second.

Like a jar, impact hammers are generally run with an accelerator to minimize
the forces transmitted to the CT string.

5.2.5 Auxiliary Fishing Tools

Various auxiliary fishing tools are described in the following sections.

5.2.5.1 Venturi Junk Basket

In many cases, debris or sand on top of the fishing neck can prevent latching.
Small debris such as sand can be circulated from the well with CT. However,
larger particles such as metal debris or large chunks of scale cannot be lifted to
surface through cleanout methods. Instead, a reverse circulating Venturi™ junk
basket is used. This tool acts as a downhole vacuum cleaner.

The configuration of the tool creates a fluid flow path that draws fluid into the
empty bottom chamber of the tool, creating a suction that draws any debris
immediately below the tool into the chamber (refer to Figure 5-17). Spring-loaded
fingers of flutter cages hold the debris inside the tool. After some time jetting, the
tool is retrieved to surface and the debris can be emptied from the tool.

If much debris is expected to be collected, extension barrels can be added to the

lower chamber to provide additional capacity. However, the number of extensions
that can be used is limited because increased length reduces the suction.

It is good practice to run a Venturi™ junk basket in the hole if there is any
indication that debris is on top of a fish.

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Figure 5-17: Flow of Debris into Venturi Tool

5.2.5.2 Knuckle Joints

Knuckle joints (Figure 5-18) are placed in a CT toolstring if flexibility is required,
as they allow approximately 10 degrees of angular movement. When used in a
fishing toolstring, they are generally located between the jar and fishing tool.

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Figure 5-18: Knuckle Joint

For operations that involve torque in the downhole toolstring, the splined version
of the knuckle joint should be used. The standard nonsplined version allows
rotation of the toolstring at the flexible joint.

5.2.5.3 Lead Impression Block

A lead impression block (LIB) is used to give a visual image of a downhole fishing
neck or obstruction (refer to Figure 5-19). The tool is generally run on slickline
because it is much more sensitive to downhole forces than CT. However, if it is
run before a CT fishing run, it can give valuable information.

Figure 5-19: Impression of Downhole Obstruction

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The LIB consists of a housing filled with the soft metal lead. An impression of
the fishing neck or any wellbore obstruction can be created in the soft metal by
running the tool into the fish neck at high speed.

The results of LIBs are often open to interpretation as downhole completion

hardware can create marks on the lead surface. Experience and a good
knowledge of the particular wellbore are often required to interpret a LIB result.

5.3 Motors and Mills

Milling is the name given to the removal of an obstruction in the wellbore with a
downhole motor and a milling bit. The obstruction is worn away by the rotating
action of the abrasive bit.

Some of the common applications of milling are

• removal of hard scale from a wellbore
• milling out a nipple in completion to gain access to the lower wellbore
• removing a downhole valve that will not open
• milling out a composite temporary bridge plug after a fracture job
• washover an external fishing neck that cannot be latched with a fishing tool.
Used for stuck CT or tubing, washover refers to milling away formation,
scale, and sand around the fish.
• milling out cement plugs.

Figure 5-20 shows a typical milling BHA.

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