Table 8: Subskills in Writing

Writing Subskills Description

Using Model This refers to the practice of using existing examples or
templates as a guide when creating something new. In
the context of writing, for example, a model might be a
well-written essay that serves as an example of good
structure, style, and argumentation. By studying
models, learners can understand what quality work
looks like and apply those principles to their own work

Drafting This is the process of creating a preliminary version of a

piece of work. In writing, drafting involves putting your
ideas down on paper in a structured way, following an
outline or plan. It’s an opportunity to explore your ideas,
organize your thoughts, and start shaping your
arguments. It’s important to remember that a first draft
doesn’t need to be perfect – it’s a starting point that
you’ll refine later.

Peer Evaluation This is the process of giving and receiving feedback

from peers. In a classroom setting, for example,
students might exchange drafts of their essays and
provide each other with feedback on things like clarity,
organization, and argumentation. Peer evaluation can
be a valuable learning tool, as it provides different
perspectives and can help identify areas for
improvement that the author might have overlooked.

Re-drafting Also known as revising, this is the process of improving

a draft based on feedback and further reflection. It
might involve making changes to the structure,
clarifying arguments, fixing errors, or improving style
and language. Re-drafting is an essential part of the
writing process, as it's where you refine your work and
make it the best it can be.
 TABLE 9: CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN THE STAGES INVOLVE IN
WRITING
Stages Writing Concerns Strategies
Stage 1: Pre- Figuring out what to write about, Brainstorming, free writing,
writing understanding the audience, and conducting
and generating ideas. preliminary research can
help generate ideas.
Understanding the
audience’s needs and
expectations can also
guide the pre-writing
process.
Stage 2: Planning Organizing ideas in a coherent Creating an outline or a
and logical manner. mind map can help
structure ideas and
arguments. It provides a
roadmap for the paper and
helps ensure a logical flow
of ideas.
Stage 3: Drafting Translating ideas into complete Writing freely without
sentences and paragraphs, worrying too much about
maintaining focus on the thesis grammar or style. The goal
statement. is to get ideas down on
paper. Keep referring back
to your outline or plan to
stay focused.
Stage 4: Revising Ensuring the argument is clear Reading the paper aloud
and well-structured, the can help identify awkward
evidence supports the thesis, or unclear passages. Seek
and the paper is engaging and feedback from others for a
coherent. fresh perspective. Be
willing to rearrange or
rewrite sections if
necessary.
Stage 5: Editing Correcting grammar, Use proofreading tools,
punctuation, and spelling errors, but also manually check
improving sentence structure, for errors. Reading the
and ensuring the writing style is paper backwards can help
consistent. spot spelling mistakes.
Leave some time between
revising and editing to
approach the paper with
fresh eyes.
Stage 6: Formatting the final draft Pay close attention to the
Publishing according to the required style, guidelines for formatting
presenting the paper in a and citations. Consider the
professional manner. presentation of the paper
– it should look clean and
professional. If possible,
 have someone else review
the final draft for any
overlooked errors.

TABLE 10: MATERIALS AND TEACHING RESOURCES IN TEACHING

WRITING
Materials in Teaching Writing Resources in Teaching Writing
(Online Teaching)
Digital Word Processors: Tools like Google Grammarly: An online writing
Docs or Microsoft Word are essential for assistant that helps with correcting
writing and editing text. grammar, punctuation, and spelling
errors.
Grammar and Spell-Check Tools: Hemingway Editor: An app that
Grammarly, Hemingway Editor, or highlights complex sentences,
Microsoft Editor can help students identify passive voice, and other common
and correct grammar and spelling errors. errors to help students write more
clearly.
Online Dictionaries and Thesauruses: Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): A
Resources like Merriam-Webster or comprehensive resource offering
Oxford English Dictionary can help writing guides, citation instructions,
students expand their vocabulary and and grammar tips.
understand word meanings.
Plagiarism Checkers: Tools like Turnitin or Google Docs: A collaborative word
Grammarly’s plagiarism checker can help processor that allows for real-time
ensure students’ work is original. feedback and editing.
Online Writing Guides: Websites like Turnitin: A plagiarism checker that
Purdue OWL provide guidelines on ensures students’ work is original.
academic writing, citation styles, and
grammar.
Online Libraries and Databases: ReadWriteThink: Provides educators
Resources like JSTOR or Google Scholar with access to the highest quality
can provide students with academic practices in reading and language
articles for research. arts instruction by offering free
materials.
Online Note-Taking Tools: Apps like Storybird: A platform that allows
Evernote or OneNote can help students students to create visual stories,
organize their research and ideas. boosting their creativity and writing
skills.
Mind Mapping Tools: Digital tools like Figment: An online community where
MindMeister or Coggle can help students students can share their writing,
visualize and organize their ideas. connect with other readers, and
discover new stories and authors.
Blogging Platforms: Websites like National Novel Writing Month
WordPress or Blogger can give students a (NaNoWriMo): An annual writing
platform to practice and share their writing. project that provides resources and
community support for writing a novel
in a month.
Peer Review Platforms: Tools like Quill: Provides free writing and
Peergrade or Google Classroom can grammar activities for elementary,
facilitate peer review and feedback. middle, and high school students.
Writing Prompts: Websites that provide Writing.com: An online writing
writing prompts can help students practice community where writers can receive
their writing skills and stimulate creativity. feedback on their work, participate in
online writing contests, and more.
Video Conferencing Tools: Platforms like Microsoft OneNote: A digital
Zoom or Google Meet can be used for live notebook that provides a single place
writing workshops or one-on-one writing for keeping all of your notes,
consultations. research, and writing.

TABLE 11: CONCERNS IN ASSESSMENT OF WRITING SKILLS

Core of Writing Skills Concerns
Spelling The concern here is whether the
writer has correctly spelled words.
Assessors need to determine if the
spelling errors are occasional
mistakes or indicative of a larger
pattern of poor spelling skills.
Grammar Assessors should look for errors in
sentence structure, subject-verb
agreement, verb tense consistency,
pronoun usage, and other
grammatical rules. The concern is
whether the writer demonstrates a
solid understanding of grammar
principles and applies them
accurately.
Sentence Construction Assessors need to evaluate the
writer’s ability to construct clear and
coherent sentences. This includes
assessing sentence variety, sentence
fragments, run-on sentences, and the
overall clarity and effectiveness of the
writer’s sentence structures.
Conjugation In assessing conjugation, the focus is
on whether the writer demonstrates
an understanding of verb forms and
conjugates them correctly. This
includes assessing verb tense usage,
verb agreement with subjects, and
the appropriate use of auxiliary verbs.
Paragraph Construction Assessors should evaluate the
writer’s ability to organize and
structure paragraphs effectively. This
includes assessing the presence of a
 clear topic sentence, supporting
details, transitions, and a concluding
sentence. The concern is whether the
writer can construct cohesive and
well-developed paragraphs.

TABLE 12: SAMPLE OF LEARNING PLAN TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS

LESSON PLAN
WRITING SKILLS

Stage/Time/Activity Teaching and Learning Notes

Strategy
I. Set Induction (5 mins) - Engage students by
discussing the importance
of effective writing skills
and how it can benefit
them in various contexts.
- Present a thought-
provoking writing prompt
or a short engaging
activity related to the
writing skill to capture
students' interest and
activate their prior
knowledge.
II. Presentation (10 mins) - Introduce the specific
writing skill to be focused
on (e.g., paragraph
construction).

- Provide clear
explanations, examples,
and visual aids to help
students understand the
key concepts and
techniques related to the
skill.

- Model the skill through a

guided demonstration,
breaking down the
process step-by-step.
III. Practice (20 mins) - Engage students in
guided practice exercises
to reinforce the newly
 introduced skill.

- Provide worksheets,
online activities, or writing
prompts that allow
students to practice the
skill with guidance and
support.

- Offer opportunities for

peer collaboration and
discussion to encourage
active learning and
reinforce understanding.
IV. Production (20 mins) - Provide students with
opportunities to
independently apply the
writing skill in a
meaningful context.

- Assign writing tasks or

projects that allow
students to demonstrate
their understanding and
proficiency in using the
skill.

- Offer individualized
feedback and support
during the production
phase to help students
refine their writing.
V. Closure (5 mins) - Summarize the key
points covered in the
lesson and highlight the
importance of the writing
skill.

- Engage students in a
reflective activity, such as
a class discussion or a
short written reflection, to
reinforce their learning
and encourage
metacognition.

- Preview the next steps

or upcoming topics to
maintain students'
engagement and
 motivation.
Assessment: - Use formative
assessments throughout
the lesson to monitor
students' progress and
understanding of the
writing skill.

- Provide constructive
feedback on students'
practice exercises and
written assignments.

- Conduct periodic
summative assessments
to evaluate students'
overall growth in the
targeted writing skill.
Remedial: - Identify students who
may require additional
support or remediation
based on their
performance in
assessments or class
activities.

- Offer targeted
interventions, such as
small group instruction,
one-on-one conferences,
or additional practice
opportunities, to address
specific areas of difficulty.
Enrichment: - Identify students who
have demonstrated a
strong grasp of the writing
skill and may benefit from
additional challenges.

- Provide extension
activities, enrichment
projects, or creative
writing opportunities that
allow these students to
further develop their skills
and explore advanced
concepts.