UNIT-II

Disaster Classi ca on:-

Disaster classi ca on is the process of categorizing di erent types of disasters based on their characteris cs
and impacts. This classi ca on is important in disaster preparedness and planning management as it helps to
iden fy and priori ze the types of disasters that a community is most likely to face and the resources needed
to respond e ec vely.

There are various ways to classify disasters, but some common methods include:

Natural disasters: These are disasters that are caused by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, oods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, landslides, volcanic erup ons, and wild res,

Examples:-A natural disaster such as an earthquake can cause signi cant damage to buildings, infrastructure,
and human lives, as well as disrupt communica on and transporta on systems.

Technological disasters: These are disasters that are caused by human-made factors such as industrial
accidents, transporta on accidents, nuclear incidents, and hazardous material spills.

Examples:-A technological disaster such as a chemical spill can contaminate the environment and pose a
serious health hazard to humans and wildlife.

Biological disasters: These are disasters that are caused by the spread of infec ous diseases, such as
pandemics or epidemics.

Examples:-A biological disaster such as a pandemic can lead to widespread illness, death, and economic
disrup on.

Environmental disasters: These are disasters that are caused by environmental factors, such as droughts,
famines, or climate change.

Examples:-An environmental disaster such as a drought can result in crop failures, food shortages, and water
scarcity.

Societal disasters: These are disasters that are caused by social or poli cal factors, such as terrorism, civil
unrest, or war.

Examples:-A societal disaster such as a terrorist a ack can cause fear and panic among the popula on,
disrupt social order, and have long-las ng psychological e ects.
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 In summary, disaster classi ca on is an important tool in disaster preparedness and planning management as
it helps to iden fy the types of disasters that a community is most likely to face and the resources needed to
respond e ec vely.

Causes of Disaster:-

Cause of Disaster:Disasters can also be classi ed based on their cause, such as natural causes (e.g., weather-
related events), technological causes (e.g.,equipment malfunc on), or human causes (e.g., inten onal or
uninten onal human ac ons).

Impact of Disasters:-

Impact of Disaster: Disasters can be classi ed based on their impact, such as the number of casual es,
property damage, economic losses, or disrup on of cri cal infrastructure and services.

Examples of disaster classi ca on in disaster preparedness and planning management include:

Hazardous materials incidents:These are disasters caused by the release of hazardous materials, such as
chemical spills, gas leaks, or explosions.

Natural disasters:These are disasters caused by natural phenomena, such as hurricanes, tornadoes,
earthquakes, oods, and wild res.

Terrorist incidents:These are disasters caused by inten onal human ac ons, such as bombings, shoo ngs, or
other acts of violence.

Pandemics:These are disasters caused by the spread of infec ous diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Natural Disasters:-

A natural disaster is a catastrophic event caused by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes,
oods, wild res, and volcanic erup ons that cause signi cant damage to human life, property, and
infrastructure.

Disaster Preparedness & Planning Management refers to the process of crea ng plans, strategies, and
systems to prepare for and manage natural disasters. This involves various ac vi es such as risk assessment,
mi ga on, response, and recovery.

E ec ve disaster preparedness and planning management involves understanding the poten al risks and
hazards in a given area, developing strategies to minimize those risks, and ensuring that the necessary
resources and infrastructure are in place to respond to disasters when they occur. This includes developing
emergency response plans, providing training and educa on for emergency responders, and crea ng
evacua on plans for communi es.
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 In addi on to these measures, disaster preparedness and planning management also involves working with
government agencies, non-governmental organiza ons, and community groups to raise awareness about
natural disasters and their poten al impact. By taking a proac ve approach to disaster management,
communi es can reduce the risk of loss of life and property, and improve their ability to respond and recover
from natural disasters.

Characteris cs of Natural Disasters:-

Floods:-

The oods are that can occur due to heavy rainfall or the failure of dams the characteris cs of oods
Include rapid onset, high water levels and fast moving water currents that can cause damage to buildings
&Infrastructure.

Drought:-

Drought is a temporary reduc on in water or moisture availability signi cantly below the normal or
expected amount for a speci c period.
Disaster Preparedness & Planning Management for droughts involves various strategies to mi gate the
impacts and manage the available resources. These strategies may include:

Drought monitoring: Monitoring rainfall pa erns, water levels, and soil moisture to iden fy drought
condi ons and assess the severity of the drought.

Water conserva on: Encouraging water conserva on prac ces, such as reducing water use in households,
promo ng water-e cient irriga on prac ces in agriculture, and implemen ng water recycling and reuse
systems.

Agricultural management: Developing drought-resistant crop varie es, promo ng crop rota on and soil
conserva on prac ces, and providing subsidies for farmers to adopt drought mi ga on measures.

Emergency water supply planning:Developing plans to provide emergency water supply during droughts,
such as building water storage facili es, drilling new wells, and implemen ng water transfer schemes.

Community educa on and awareness:Raising awareness among communi es about droughts and their
impacts, and promo ng the adop on of water-saving prac ces.

Cyclones:-

Cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are natural disasters that occur when there is a low-pressure
system accompanied by strong winds and heavy rainfall. Cyclones are most common in coastal regions and
can cause signi cant damage to infrastructure, homes, and communi es.
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 Disaster Preparedness & Planning Management for cyclones involves various strategies to mi gate the risk
and impact of these events. These strategies may include:

Early warning systems: Developing systems to provide advanced warning of poten al cyclones and
ensuring that communi es are prepared to respond.

Evacua on planning:Crea ng plans and procedures to evacuate communi es in the event of a cyclone.

Infrastructure planning:Building and maintaining cyclone-resistant infrastructure, such as buildings and

roads that can withstand high winds and heavy rainfall.

Disaster response planning:Developing plans and procedures to ensure an e ec ve response to cyclones,

including search and rescue opera ons, medical assistance, and food and shelter distribu on.

Community educa on and awareness:Raising awareness among community members about the risks of
cyclones and how to prepare for and respond to these events.

By implemen ng these strategies, Disaster Preparedness & Planning Management can help minimize the risk
and impact of cyclones and improve the ability of communi es to respond and recover from these events. It
is important to note that cyclones are unpredictable and can cause signi cant damage even with
preparedness measures in place. Therefore, it is crucial to con nually review and update disaster
preparedness plans to ensure that communi es are ready to respond to any poten al cyclone events.

Volcanoes :-

Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area dis nguished by swi and o en
destruc ve air circula on. Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

EarthQuakes:-

The earthquakes are a hazard that can occur due to the movement of tectonic plates beneath the
earth’s surface, the characteris cs of earthquakes Include Sudden onset,ground shaking
&A ershocks that can cause damage to buildings& Infrastructure

Tsunami:

A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic
eruptions or asteroids. A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and
infrastructure as waves come in and go out.
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 Landslides:-

The Land slides are a hazard that can occur due to heavy rainfall earthquakes or changes in Soil
condi ons, the sudden onset Movement of Soil &the poten al for damage to
buildings&Infrastructure

Coastal Erosion:-

Coastal erosion is de ned as the wearing a way of land surfaces and loss of beach, shoreline, or dune
material as a result of natural or coastal processes or human-induced in uences

Natural processes that cause coastal erosion include the ac ons of winds, waves, and currents, while human
in uences include the construc on of seawalls, groins, and jet es.

Coastal erosion can occur from rapid, short-term, daily, seasonal, or annual episodic events, such as storm
waves, storm surge, over wash, and rip currents

Soil Erosion:-

Soil erosion is the natural process in which the topsoil of a eld is carried away by physical sources such as
wind and water.

In this process, the soil par cles are loosened or washed away in the valleys, oceans, rivers, streams or far
away lands. This has been worsening due to human ac vi es such as agriculture and deforesta on.
Soil erosion is a con nuous process that occurs either slowly or at an alarming rate. It results in a con nuous
loss of topsoil, ecological degrada on, soil collapse, etc.
Forest Fires:-
Forest res caused by heat generated in the li er and other biomes in summer through carelessness of
people (human neglect) and. Forest res purposely caused by local inhabitants.
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 Manmade Disaster:-

Man-made disasters have an element of human intent, negligence, or error involving a failure of a man-made
system, as opposed to natural disasters resul ng from natural hazards. Such man-made disasters are crime,
arson, civil unrest, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threat ,Industrial Accidents, Transporta on Accidents,
Nuclear Incidents ,Disrupt Social Order, Pychological e ects.

Characteris cs of Man-Made Disasters:-

Industrial Pollu on:-

Industrial Pollu on refers to the Contamina on of the environment ,Including air ,water, soil, as a result of
Industrial ac vi es Such as Manufacturing ,Mining, and construc on

This type of pollu on can occur due to the release of hazardous Chemicals, gases or waste products into the
environment o en in large quan es.

Industrial Pollu on can have signi cant environmental and health Impacts, Including air and water pollu on,
Soil degrada on, nega ve e ects on Ecosystems and wildlife, It can also Pose a serious threat to human
health, Leading to respiratory problems, Cancers &other health Issues

The Disaster Preparedness and Planning Management can play a crucial role in Mi ga ng the Impact of
Industrial Pollu on, This can Involve developing Emergency Response Plans Se ng up early warning Systems

Ar cial Flooding in Urban Areas:-

Ar cial Flooding in urban areas refers to the Inten onal and controlled release of water into an area to
manage water levels and prevent or Mi gate Flooding during Extreme Weather events or other Disasters.

It Involves the use of various Techniques, Such as the construc on of Flood barriers or leaves, the crea on of
reten on ponds, and the controlled release of water from Dams or Reservoirs, In Disaster Preparedness and
Planning Management, ar cial Flooding is an Important Strategy to reduce the risk of Damage and loss of
life from Flooding ,it is o en used in Conjunc on with other Measures, Such as early warning Systems,
evacua on Planning & the establishment of Emergency Shelters

The E ec ve Management of ar cial ooding requires careful Planning, Coordina on &communica on

among various Stakeholders, Including local authori es, Emergency Responders & public

Nuclear Radia on:-

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 The Nuclear Radia on refers to the energy that is released from the Nucleus of an Atom during a nuclear
reac on or decay

This energy can take various forms, Including Alpha par cles, beta par cles, gamma rays &neutrons

Exposure to Nuclear radia on can have harmful e ects on living organisms, Including Damage to cells, ssues
&DNA and can cause acute and long term health e ects, Such as Radia on Sickness, Cancer,& Gene c
muta ons

To manage the risks associated with nuclear radia on, Disaster Preparedness&Planning Management may
Include Measures Such as Evacua on of a ected areas, Sheltering in place, providing medical treatment to
those Exposed & Monitoring and Decontamina ng a ected areas

Emergency response teams may also be trained and equipped to deal with Nuclear Emergencies, Including
the use of Specialized Protec ve Clothing and Equipment.

Chemical Spills:-

Chemical spills refer to the accidental or Inten onal release of hazardous Chemicals into the Environment.

These spills can occur during transporta on Storage,handling, or use of chemicals and can have Serious
health and Environmental Consequences

Chemical Spills can occur in a variety of se ngs, Including Industrial facili es,transporta on routes and
Residen al areas, the chemical spills are a signi cant concern as they can lead to signi cant health and
environmental hazards

The e ec ve management of chemical spills require a comprehensive approach that includes measures to
prevent spills from occurring, as well as procedures for responding to spills promptly and e ec vely

Preven on measures can include implemen ng safety protocols and procedures in industrial se ngs,
providing training to workers and conduc ng regular inspec ons and maintenance of equipment.

Transporta on:-

The Transporta on accidents refer to incidents that occur during the transporta on of people,goods or
materials from one place to another, These accidents can occur on various modes of transporta on such as
rail, air, or water

In the context of Disaster preparedness and planning management , transporta on accidents can pose a
signi cant threat to public safety and property, They can occur unexpectedly, leading to Injuries fatali es,&
signi cant economic losses

As Such disaster preparedness and planning management strategies must include measures to prevent
transporta on accidents and to mi gate their impact in case they do occur.
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 These measures may include regular maintenance of transporta on Infrastructure and vehicles
Implementa on of safety regula ons.

Terrorist Strikes:-

Terrorist Strikes refer to Inten onal acts of violence carried out by individuals or groups with the aim of
causing harm, fear, or Destruc on.

These acts can include bombings, shoo ngs and other forms of Violent a acks on people, buildings, or
Infrastructure

In Disaster preparedness and planning management, the threat of terrorist strikes is an Important
considera on emergency management o cials must develop strategies and plans for responding to Such
a acks, including measures to prevent or mi gate their e ects as ell as procedures for evacua ng and
providing medical care to those a ected.

The e ec ve disaster preparedness and planning management for terrorist strikes typically involves
collabora on among mul ple agencies, including law enforcement, emergency medical services &public
health o cials.

These agencies must work together to develop and implement strategies for preven ng ,responding to, and
recovering from Terrorist Strikes.

Hazard and Vulnerability Pro le of India:-

Hazard Pro le of India:-

India is a diverse country with varying hazard pro les across di erent regions. Here are some of the hazard
pro les of India with their characteris cs:

Earthquakes: India is prone to earthquakes, with the Himalayan region being the most vulnerable. The
seismic hazard is also high in the northeastern states(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram,
Meghalya) of India. The country is divided into four seismic zones, and the intensity and frequency of
earthquakes vary across these zones.

Floods: Floods are a common hazard in India, with the annual monsoon season bringing heavy rainfall and
causing oods in several parts of the country. The states of Assam, Bihar, U ar Pradesh, and West Bengal are
par cularly vulnerable to oods.

Cyclones: India's coastal areas are prone to cyclones, par cularly on the east coast. The Bay of Bengal is one
of the most cyclone-prone regions in the world, and states such as Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal
are frequently a ected by cyclones.
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 Landslides: India's hilly regions are suscep ble to landslides, par cularly during the monsoon season. The
Himalayan region, including the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and U arakhand, is
par cularly vulnerable to landslides.

Droughts: Droughts are a recurring hazard in several parts of India, par cularly in the western and central
regions(Maharashtra, Gujarat &Madhya Pradesh) of the country. These regions are known to experience long
periods of dry spells, leading to crop failure and water scarcity.

Heat waves: India experiences frequent heat waves, par cularly during the summer months. The northern
and central regions of the country are par cularly vulnerable, with temperatures reaching as high as 50°C in
some areas like Jammu &Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, U arakhand, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan &U ar
Pradesh

Forest res: Forest res are a hazard in several parts of India, par cularly during the dry season. The states of
U arakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir are par cularly vulnerable to forest res.

Main Hazards with examples:-

• Floods: About 30 million people are a ected annually. Floods in the Indo–Gange c–Brahmaputra plains are
an annual feature. On an average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions are rendered homeless and several
hectares of crops are damaged every year. Nearly 75% of the total rainfall occurs over a short monsoon
season (June – September). 40 million hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is considered prone to oods. Floods
are a perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states – Assam, Bihar, Orissa , U ar Pradesh and West Bengal. The
oods in June 2013 in Rudraprayag, U arkashi and Chamoli districts was devasta ng.

• Landslides: The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock forma ons, which are suscep ble to
slippages. Some recent events of tragedies are reported as Varnavat landslide, U arkashi District, Malpha
landslide Pithoragarh district, Okhimath landslide in Chamoli district, UK and Paglajhora in Darjeeling district
as well as Sikkim, Aizawl sports complex, Mizoram.

• Drought : About 50 million people are a ected annually by drought. Of approximately 90 million hectares of
rain-fed areas, about 40 million hectares are prone to scanty or no rain

• Cyclone : The Indian con nent is considered to be the worst cyclone-a ected part of the world, as a result of
low-depth ocean bed topography and coastal con gura on. About 10% of the land is vulnerable to cyclones.
Most cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian Sea and the ra o is approximately 4:1. Cyclones
occur frequently on both the coasts (the West coast - Arabian Sea; and the East coast - Bay of Bengal.
Currently Southern p of India is in the wake of Ockhi cyclone.

• Tsunamis : The tsunami that occurred during 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of Mw 9.3, was primarily
caused by ver cal displacement of the sea oor, in response to slip on the inter-plate thrust fault. The
earthquake and resul ng tsunami in the Indian Ocean a ected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond,
including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and
others.
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Vulnerability Pro le of India:-
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 Mountain &Coastal Areas:-

A Mountain is a large landform that rises Steeply above the Surrounding Terrain, Usually in the form
of a Peak ridge or Chain of peaks

Mountains can be Classi ed into Di erent types based on their origin, Composi on and Shape

Here are Some of the Common Types of Mountains with their Characteris cs and Examples in
Disaster Preparedness &Planning Management

Fold Mountains:-

These are formed by the folding of Sedimentary rocks due to Tectonic Forces, They have a Liner
Shape &O en found in Long Chains or Ranges

Ex:-
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Include the Himalayas, Andes &Rocky Mountains These Mountains are Prone to EarthQuakes,
Landslides &Avalanches which can cause Signi cant damage to Infrastructure &Human Se lements
in the area

Fault-Block Mountains :-

These are formed by the up li ing of large blocks of rock along a fault line

They have steep Slopes on one Side &gentle Slopes on the other

Example:-

The Include the Sierra Nevada &Tetons in the United States

These Mountains are Prone to earthquakes, rockfalls, and Landslides which can damage
Infrastructure &caused loss of Life

Dome Mountains:-

These are formed by the upli of a large dome-shaped Structure of Magma or Molten rock beneath
the earths Surface

Examples:-

Include the Black Hills in South Dakota USA

These Mountains are generally not prone to Disasters but can be a ected by wild res or other
natural hazards

Volcanic Mountains:-

These are formed by the erup on of Molten rock or lava from a Volcanic Vent

They have a Conical Shape and can be found near Volcanic hotspots or long Tectonic Plate
Boundaries

Examples:-

Include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and Mount

Helens in the united States these mountains are prone to Volcanic erup ons, landslides, and lahars
that can cause widespread Damage & loss of Life
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 Coastal Areas:-

The Coastal Areas are regions that a lie a long the border between land and sea and are
characterized by the Dynamic Interac ons between Land, Water &Air

Coastal Areas are Important for Many reasons, Including their Ecological, Economic &Cultural value
as well as their role in Shipping &Transporta on

Characteris cs of Coastal Areas:-

➢ The Vulnerability to natural Disasters Such as Floods, Storms &Tsunamis

➢ Exposure to Erosion &Coastal Processes Such as Sea Level rise

➢ High Bio-Diversity &Produc vity, Including Mangroves &wetlands

➢ The presence of Important human Se lements, Industries &Infrastructure

➢ The Heavy Reliance on Marine Resources &Tourism Examples of Coastal Areas

➢ The Developing early warning Systems for Tsunamis &Storms Ensuring that Residents are aware of
Evacua on Procedures &routes

➢ The Building Coastal Infrastructure that can withstand Natural Disasters, Such as Seawalls,
Breakwaters, &Dikes

➢ The Promo ng Sustainable Coastal Management Prac ces Including the protec on &Restora on of
Mangroves &wetlands

➢ Developing Community based Disaster risk Reduc on Programs that Involve Local Residents in
Disaster Preparedness &Planning

➢ Providing access to Financial Resources, Insurance, &other forms of Support to help Communi es
recover from Disasters
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 Ecological Fragility:-
Ecological fragility refers to the suscep bility of an ecosystem to damage or disrup on due to natural or
human-made disturbances. It is a measure of the ecosystem's resilience or ability to recover from
disturbances such as climate change, natural disasters, and human ac vi es. The characteris cs of ecological
fragility include:

Sensi vity: Fragile ecosystems are highly sensi ve to changes in environmental condi ons. They may be
vulnerable to even minor disturbances, and small changes in climate, soil quality, or water availability can
cause signi cant impacts.

Example: Wetlands are highly sensi ve ecosystems that are easily disrupted by changes in water levels,
pollu on, and development. Wetland loss can lead to severe impacts on wildlife, water quality, and ood
control.

Low diversity: Fragile ecosystems o en have low biodiversity, meaning they have a limited variety of plant
and animal species. This makes them more vulnerable to disturbances because there are fewer species
available to adapt to changing condi ons.

Example: The Amazon rainforest, despite its vast size, has low biodiversity compared to other tropical forests.
This makes it more suscep ble to deforesta on and climate change, which can have signi cant impacts on the
region's biodiversity and ecological processes.

Slow recovery: Fragile ecosystems may take a long me to recover from disturbances, such as natural
disasters or human ac vi es. They may also require speci c environmental condi ons to regenerate
successfully.

Example: Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems that are easily damaged by human ac vi es such as over shing,
pollu on, and climate change. It can take many years or even decades for damaged coral reefs to recover, and
only if environmental condi ons are suitable.

Disaster preparedness and planning management can take into account ecological fragility by:

Iden fying and protec ng vulnerable ecosystems: Disaster preparedness plans can iden fy fragile ecosystems
and priori ze their protec on during and a er disasters.

Example: In areas prone to hurricanes, coastal wetlands can be protected by building protec ve barriers and
restoring damaged areas to prevent erosion and minimize ood damage.

Promo ng ecosystem resilience: Planning management can support the resilience of ecosystems by ensuring
that natural habitats are protected and restored, and biodiversity is conserved.
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 Example: In areas prone to wild res, disaster preparedness plans can priori ze forest thinning and controlled
burns to reduce fuel loads and promote healthy ecosystems.

Integra ng ecological considera ons into development plans: Planning management can consider ecological
fragility when planning for future development to minimize impacts on fragile ecosystems and promote
sustainability.

Example: In areas prone to ooding, development plans can priori ze the protec on of wetlands and other
natural ood-control systems to reduce the risk of damage from oods
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