ASSIGNMENT – 02
Q1. Explain the difference between hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
• Hydraulic System:
o Uses liquid (typically oil) as a medium for power transmission.
o Pressure: Operates at higher pressures (up to 10,000 psi).
o Applications: Used in heavy-duty machinery like excavators, hydraulic presses,
and aircraft landing gear.
o Advantages: Precise control, high power output, and capable of handling heavy
loads.
o Disadvantages: Requires a reservoir, heavier, potential leakage can cause
contamination.
• Pneumatic System:
o Uses compressed air or gas as a power medium.
o Pressure: Operates at lower pressures (up to 150 psi).
o Applications: Used in lighter applications such as air tools, packaging
machines, and robotics.
o Advantages: Cleaner and safer, low maintenance, quick response.
o Disadvantages: Less force generated compared to hydraulics, lower precision.
Q2. Explain the hydraulic circuit with a schematic diagram and list of components.
• A basic hydraulic circuit consists of the following components:
1. Pump: Supplies fluid under pressure to the system.
2. Hydraulic Cylinder or Motor: Converts hydraulic energy into mechanical
movement.
3. Reservoir: Stores the hydraulic fluid.
4. Control Valves: Direct the flow of fluid to control the speed, direction, and
pressure.
5. Piping and Hoses: Transport the fluid between components.
Schematic Explanation:
o The pump sends pressurized fluid into the system. Control valves direct the flow
to the hydraulic actuator (cylinder or motor) which performs work. Fluid returns
to the reservoir through the return line.
Q3. Explain the pneumatic circuit with a schematic diagram and list of components used in
it.
• A basic pneumatic circuit consists of the following components:
1. Compressor: Compresses air and supplies it to the system.
2. Air Receiver: Stores compressed air.
3. Actuators (Cylinders or Motors): Convert compressed air into mechanical
work.
4. Valves (Direction and Pressure Control Valves): Control the flow and pressure
of the air to the actuators.
5. Air Filter/Regulator: Ensures clean, dry air enters the system at the correct
pressure.
Schematic Explanation:
o Compressed air is stored in the air receiver. Valves control the airflow to
pneumatic cylinders, causing them to move in the required direction. Air is
exhausted after the work is done.
Q4. State the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic and pneumatic systems along
with its applications.
• Hydraulic System:
o Advantages:
▪ Handles heavier loads and provides higher force output.
▪ Precise and smooth control.
▪ Can operate in high-pressure environments.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Leakage can cause environmental hazards.
▪ Expensive to maintain and repair.
▪ Bulky and heavy.
o Applications: Used in heavy machinery, aircraft landing systems, and industrial
presses.
• Pneumatic System:
o Advantages:
▪ Simple and easy to maintain.
▪ Cleaner and safer, especially in hazardous environments.
▪ Lightweight and fast response.
o Disadvantages:
▪ Lower power compared to hydraulics.
▪ Less precise and less efficient due to air compressibility.
o Applications: Used in manufacturing automation, air tools, and packaging
systems.
Q5. State the advantage, disadvantage, and applications of BLDC, Servo, and Stepper
Motors.
• BLDC (Brushless DC Motor):
o Advantages: High efficiency, low maintenance (no brushes), high speed and
torque control.
o Disadvantages: Requires a more complex controller.
o Applications: Used in electric vehicles, drones, and industrial automation.
• Servo Motor:
o Advantages: Precise control of position, velocity, and acceleration, suitable for
high-precision applications.
o Disadvantages: More expensive due to feedback mechanisms.
o Applications: Robotics, CNC machinery, and camera focusing systems.
• Stepper Motor:
o Advantages: Accurate position control without the need for feedback, simple
control.
o Disadvantages: Lower torque at high speeds, not as smooth as servo motors.
o Applications: 3D printers, CNC machines, and robotic arms.
