Magnetic Effect of Current 1173

60
Chapter
21

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Magnetic Effect of Current
Oersted found that a magnetic field is established around a

current carrying conductor.

Magnetic field exists as long as there is current in the wire.

ID a vector quantity. Its direction is

same as the direction of current.

Current element AB = i dl
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Magnetic lines of forces
i According to Biot-Savart Law, magnetic field at point ‘P’

due to the current element i dl is given by the expression,

YG

i dl sin  0 i dl sin ˆ
dB k
r2 
nˆ also B  d B 
4
.  r2
n

0
Fig. 21.1 In C.G.S. k = 1 and in S.I. : k 
4

where  0 = Absolute permeability of air or vacuum

D

Biot-Savart's Law  4  10 7
Wb
. It's other units are
Amp  metre
Biot-Savart’s law is used to determine the magnetic field at P
U

dl r
any point due to a current carrying conductor. Henry N Tesla  metre
or or
metre Amp 2 Ampere
This law is although for infinitesimally small conductor yet it i
ST

can be used for long conductors. In order to understand the   i(dl  rˆ )  i(dl  r ) Fig. 21.2
Vectorially, d B  0   0 
4 r2 4 r3
Biot-Savart’s law, we need to understand the term current-

element. Direction of Magnetic Field

The direction of magnetic field is determined with the help
Current element
of the following simple laws :
It is the product of current and length of infinitesimal
segment of current carrying wire. (1) Maxwell’s cork screw rule : According

The current element is taken as

B to this rule, if we imagine a right handed
A
i
dl

Fig. 21.3
 1174 Magnetic Effect of Current
screw placed along the current carrying linear conductor, be is directed perpendicular and out of the plane of the paper it is

rotated such that the screw moves in the direction of flow of represented by  (dot)

current, then the direction of rotation of the thumb gives the

direction of magnetic lines of force.

(2) Right hand thumb rule : According

to this rule if a straight current carrying

60
conductor is held in the right hand such

that the thumb of the hand represents the B

In : Magnetic field is away from the observer or
direction of current flow, then the direction perpendicular inwards.
Fig. 21.4
of folding fingers will represent the

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Out : Magnetic field is towards the observer or
direction of magnetic lines of force.
perpendicular outwards.

Ampere’s Law
Amperes law gives another method to calculate the
(3) Right hand thumb rule of circular currents : According to
this rule if the direction of
current in circular conducting
coil is in the direction of
B
ID magnetic field due to a given current distribution.

Line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed

curve is equal to  0 times the B
folding fingers of right hand,
U
i 
net current i threading through
then the direction of i5
Fig. 21.5 the area enclosed by the curve i3
magnetic field will be in the i1
i.e.
YG

i2
direction of stretched thumb.
i4
 B  dI   0  i   0 (i1  i3  i2 ) Fig. 21.8

Also using B  0 H (where H = magnetising field)

(4) Right hand palm rule

If we stretch our right hand

  H .dl   i   H.dl   i
0 0
D

Total current crossing the above area is (i1  i3  i2 ) . Any

such that fingers point towards

the point. At which magnetic field current outside the area is not included in net current. (Outward
U

is required while thumb is in the   +ve, Inward   – ve)

B
direction of current then normal to Table 21.1 : Biot-Savart's law v/s Ampere's law
ST

Fig. 21.6
the palm will show the direction of
Biot-Savart's law Ampere's law
magnetic field.
this law is valid for all current This law is valid for symmetrical

distributions current distributions

This law is the differential form of Basically this law is the integral
Meaning of Cross  and dot 
B or H from of B or H
If magnetic field is directed perpendicular and into the plane
This law is based only on the This law is based on the
of the paper it is represented by  (cross) while if magnetic field
principle of magnetism principle of electromagnetism.

i i
i i CW ACW
B B B B

Out In In Out In Out

Fig. 21.7
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1175
dB
(i) At these points B varies linearly with x  
Magnetic Field Due to Circular Current dx
d2B
If a coil of radius r, carrying current i then magnetic field on constant  0.
dx 2
it's axis at a distance x from its centre given by (Application of r
(ii) These are located at x   from the centre of the coil
2
Biot-Savart's law)
r r 4  0 Ni
and the magnetic field at x  is B 
P O 2 5 5r
B
O x
(7) Helmholtz coils

60
i
(i) This is the set-up of two coaxial coils of same radius
Fig. 21.9
such that distance between their centres is equal to their radius.

(ii) At axial mid point O, magnetic field is given by

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8 0 Ni 0 Ni 0 Ni
2
B  0 .716  1 .432 B , where B 
μ0 2 πNir 5 5R R 2R
(1) Baxis  . ; where N = number of turns in coil.
4 π (x 2  r 2 )3 / 2
(iii) Current direction is same in both coils otherwise this
 2Ni  Ni
(2) At centre x = 0  Bcentre  0 . = 0  Bmax arrangement is not called Helmholtz’s coil arrangement.

and on it's axis is given by

B centre
B axis
4


r

x 
2r

(3) The ratio of magnetic field at the centre of circular coil

 1  2 
2
3/2
ID (iv) Number of points of inflextion  Three (A, A, A)

Resultant field (Uniform)

 r 
U
0 2 Nir2 0 2 NiA a a A
(4) If x >> r  Baxis   A A
. . 3 O
4 x3 4 x
O1 O2
YG

where A = r2 = Area of each turn of the coil. O1 O O2 x

+ + a a
(5) B-x curve : The variation of magnetic field due to a x   x 
– –
2 2
circular coil as the distance x varies as shown in the figure. Fig. 21.11

B varies non-linearly with distance x as shown in figure and

is maximum when x 2  min  0 , i.e., the point is at the centre of
D

the coil and it is zero at x =  .

Magnetic Field at Centre O in Different Conditions
of Circular Current
U

A B0 A
Condition Figure Magnetic field
ST

x = – r/2 x=0 x = r/2 i

Fig. 21.10
Arc subtends 0  i
B .
 4 r
angle  at the r
O
(6) Point of inflection (A and A) : Also known as points of centre

curvature change or points of zero curvature.

Arc subtends

O r

 1176 Magnetic Effect of Current
angle (2 – ) 0 (2   ) i opposite
B .
4 r
at the centre direction

B2 B  B12  B 22

i1  0
i Concentric  i12  i22
2r
Semi-circular 0 i 0 i loops but their
B . 
4 r 4r B1
arc planes are  i2
O r

60
perpendicular

to each other

 
 2   i
0  2

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B .
Three quarter r 4 r B2
O
3 0 i 
semi-circular  Concentric i1
8r
current loops but their

B1
B12  B22
carrying arc B
planes are at   2 B1 B2 cos 

Circular
O
r
B
0 2i
4 r

0 i
ID
an

with
angle

each

i2

 other
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current 2r
carrying arc
i
YG

Distribution of
i current O B=0
Concentric  1 1
i B1  0 2i    across the
r2 4  r1 r2 
co-planer r1
diameter
D

circular loops

carries
U

current in the
Distribution of i
same
current
direction
ST

O
between any
B=0
two points on

the
i
Concentric circumference
i
r2
co-planer r1 0 1 1 
B2  2i  
4  r1 r2 
circular loops Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire
carries

current in the
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1177
Magnetic field due to a current carrying wire at a point P
B=0
which lies at a perpendicular distance r from the wire as shown

is given as 
Y

0 i 2
Magnetic Field Due to a Cylindrical Wire
B . (sin1  sin 2 ) P
4 r 1
i r Magnetic field due to a cylindrical wire is obtained by the
From figure   (90 o  1 )  application of Ampere's law
X
and   (90 o   2 ) (1) Outside the cylinder

60
Fig. 21.12

o i P P
Hence B  . (cos   cos  )
4 r
R R r
(1) For a wire of finite length : Magnetic field at a point i i

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which lies on perpendicular bisector of finite length wire
Y (A) Solid cylinder (B) Thin hollow cylinder

1   2   P

 P
 i r
So B  0 . (2 sin ) i R1
r
4 r
X
Fig. 21.13
ID R2
i

(C) Thick hollow cylinder

Fig. 21.17
U
(2) For a wire of infinite length : When the linear conductor

XY is of infinite length and the point P lies near the centre of

YG

the conductor 1 = 2 = 90o.

In all above cases magnetic field outside the wire at P
 i
So, B  0 [sin90 o  sin90 o ]  i
4 r Y
 
B.dl   0 i  B dl  0 i  B  2r  0 i  B out  0
2r
 0 2i P i
 In all the above cases Bsurface  0
4 r i 2R
D

(2) Inside the hollow cylinder : Magnetic field inside the

X Fig. 21.14 hollow cylinder is zero.
U

B0
(3) For a wire of semi-infinite length : When the linear
B=0 B=0
conductor is of infinite length and the point P lies near the end Y
ST

Y
or X. 1  90 o and  2  0 o
(A) Thin hollow cylinder (B) Thick hollow cylinder
0 i Fig. 21.18
So, B  [sin90 o  sin0 o ]
4 r
i
i X
 0 P
4 r Fig. 21.15 (3) Inside the solid cylinder : Current enclosed by loop (i) is
lesser then the total current (i)

(4) For axial position of wire : When point P lies on axial

R r r Loop
position of current carrying conductor then magnetic field at P i
i Loop
P
Fig. 21.16
Fig. 21.19
 1178 Magnetic Effect of Current
The current enclosed by the loop is i = jl. Therefore,
0 j
according to Ampere’s law 2 Bl  0 ( jl) or B 
2

A'  r2  Solenoid
Current density is uniform i.e. J = J  i'  i   i  2 

A R 
 0 ir
Hence at inside point  Bin. d l  0 i'  B  .
2 R 2
(4) Inside the thick portion of hollow cylinder : Current

60
A' (r 2  R12 )
enclosed by loop is given as i'  i   i 2
A (R 2  R12 )

Q
Q Loop
R1

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i
R2

Fig. 21.20
A cylinderical coil of many tightly wound turns of insulated

wire with generally diameter of the coil smaller than its length is

Hence at point Q

Magnetic Field Due to an Infinite Sheet Carrying

 B. d l   0 i'  B 
0 i (r 2  R12 )
.
2r (R22  R12 )
ID called a solenoid.

B=0

Current
U
S N
B
The figure shows an infinite sheet of current with linear

current density j (A/m). Due to symmetry the field line pattern i Solenoid i
YG

above and below the sheet is uniform. Consider a square loop Fig. 21.22

of side l as shown
P in the figure. B

c d
i
l
A magnetic field is produced around and within the
D

b l a solenoid. The magnetic field within the solenoid is uniform and

parallel to the axis of solenoid.

Fig. 21.21
U

(1) Finite length solenoid :

If N = total number of turns, l =


ST

length of the solenoid, n = r 

b c d a number of turns per unit length P

a
B.dl   b
B.dl  c
B.dl  d
B.dl  0 i (By Ampere’s law)
N

l
Since B  dl along the path b  c and d  a, therefore, Fig. 21.23
c a (i) Magnetic field inside the
b
B.dl  0 ; d
B.dl  0
0
solenoid at point P is given by B  (2 ni)[sin  sin  ]
4
Also, B || dl along the path a  b and c  d, thus
b a

a
B.dl  d
B.dl  2 Bl
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1179
(ii) Infinite length solenoid : If the solenoid is of infinite (ii) Neutral particle i.e. q = 0  F = 0

length and the point is well inside the solenoid i.e. (iii) Rest charge i.e. v = 0  F = 0
    ( / 2) .
(iv) Moving charge i.e.  = 0o or  = 180o  F = 0
So Bin  μ0 ni
(2) Direction of force : The force F is always perpendicular
(iii) If the solenoid is of infinite length and the point is near one
to both the velocity v and the field B in accordance with Right
1
end i.e.  0 and   ( / 2) so Bend  (  0ni ) Hand Screw Rule, though v and B themselves may or may not
2

60

1 be perpendicular to each
 other.
( B end  B in ) Fm
2 Fm

 
Toroid B  B
  v
v 90°
A toroid can be considered as a ring shaped closed

E3
solenoid. Hence it is like an endless cylindrical solenoid.
Fig. 21.26

Winding
Core
 r P

i
r

Fig. 21.24
dl
B
O
ID Direction of force on charged particle in magnetic field can

also be find by Fleming's Left Hand Rule (FLHR).

F
U
Consider a toroid having n turns per unit length. Magnetic B
YG

field at a point P in the figure is given as

 0 Ni N v
B   o ni where n 
2r 2r Fig. 21.27

Force On a Charged Particle in Magnetic Field

If a particle carrying a positive charge q and moving with
D

velocity v enters a magnetic field B then it experiences a force F

Here, First finger (indicates)  Direction of magnetic field
which is given by the expression F  q(v  B)  F  qvB sin
U

Middle finger  Direction of motion of positive charge or

where v  velocity of the particle, B  magnetic field direction, Opposite to the motion of negative charge.
ST

      
B Thumb  Direction of force
    v  
q, m
      Trajectory of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic
      Field
Fig. 21.25
(1) Straight line : If the direction of a v is parallel or

antiparallel to B ,  = 0 or  = 180o and therefore F = 0. Hence

(1) Zero force : Force on charged particle will be zero
the trajectory of the particle is a straight line.
( i.e. F = 0) if
 = 0o
(i) No field i.e. B = 0  F = 0 q v
B
q
 = 180o

Fig. 21.28
 1180 Magnetic Effect of Current

m ( vsin θ )
(i) The radius of this helical path is r 
qB
(ii) Time period and frequency do not depend on velocity
2 m qB
(2) Circular path : If v is perpendicular to B i.e.  = 90o, and so they are given by T  and  
qB 2 m
hence particle will experience a maximum magnetic force
(iii) The pitch of the helix, (i.e., linear distance travelled in

60
Fmax = qvB which act's in a direction perpendicular to the motion m
one rotation) will be given by p  T (v cos  )  2 (v cos  )
of charged particle.
× Therefore
× × the trajectory
× × × of the particle is a
qB
v + v
circle. × × × × × × × (iv) If pitch value is p, then number of pitches obtained in
× × × × × × × length l given as
+ F +

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× × × × × × ×
l l
× × × × × × × Number of pitches  and time required t 
v + v p v cos 
× × × × × × ×

Fig. 21.29 Lorentz Force

When the moving charged particle is subjected

(i) In this case path of charged particle is circular and

ID simultaneously to both electric field E and magnetic field B ,
the moving charged particle will experience electric force
Fe  q E and magnetic force Fm  q(v  B) ; so the net force on it
will be F  q [ E  ( v  B )] . Which is the famous ‘Lorentz-force
U
magnetic force provides the necessary centripetal force i.e.
equation’.
mv 2
qvB   radius of path
r Depending on the directions of v, E and B following
YG

mv p 2mK 1 2 mV situations are possible

r   
qB qB qB B q
(i) When v, E and B all the three are collinear : In this
where p = momentum of charged particle and K = kinetic situation the magnetic force on it will be zero and only electric
 
energy of charged particle (gained by charged particle after  F qE
force will act and so a  
m m
D

accelerating through potential difference V) then

(ii) The particle will pass through the field following a
p  mv  2mK  2mqV
straight-line path (parallel field) with change in its speed. So in
U

2m this situation speed, velocity, momentum and kinetic energy all
(ii) If T is the time period of the particle then T  (i.e.,
qB
will change without change in direction of motion as shown
time period (or frequency) is independent of speed of particle). 
ST

E
(3) Helical path : When the charged particle is moving at an v
q 
B
angle to the field (other than 0o, 90o, or 180o). Particle describes Fig. 21.31
a path called helix.


(iii) v , E and B are mutually perpendicular : In this
 Y p B
 B situation if E and B are such that F  Fe  Fm  0 i.e.,
v v sin v r 
a  (F / m)  0 y E
 
q, m X
v cos Fe
Z +q +q
v x
Fig. 21.30 
B Fm
z
Fig. 21.32
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1181
(2) Maximum energy of particle : Maximum energy gained

 q2B2  2
by the charged particle Emax   r

 2m 

where r0 = maximum radius of the circular path followed by

as shown in figure, the particle will pass through the field
the positive ion.
with same velocity, without any deviation in path.

And in this situation, as Fe  Fm i.e., qE  qvB v  E / B Hall Effect

The Phenomenon of producing a transverse emf in a

60
This principle is used in ‘velocity-selector’ to get a charged
beam having a specific velocity. current carrying conductor on applying a magnetic field

Cyclotron perpendicular to the direction of the current is called Hall effect.

Cyclotron is a device used to accelerated positively Hall effect helps us to know the nature and number of

E3
charged particles (like, -particles, deutrons etc.) to acquire charge carriers in a conductor.
enough energy to carry out nuclear disintegration etc.
Consider a conductor having electrons as current carriers.
It is based on
The electrons move with drift velocity v opposite to the
the fact that the

electric

accelerates
field

a
High frequency
oscillator
N

D2
ID direction of flow of current

z

B (1)
D1 Energetic
U
charged particle + + + + + +
W proton beam y 
and the magnetic v  –
Target F VH
x
field keeps it (2) – – – – – – –
YG

S
revolving in circular
Fig. 21.33 Fig. 21.34
orbits of constant

frequency.

It consists of two hollow D-shaped metallic chambers D1 Force acting on electron Fm  e(v  B). This force acts
D

and D2 called dees. The two dees are placed horizontally with a along x-axis and hence electrons will move towards face (2) and
small gap separating them. The dees are connected to the it becomes negatively charged.
U

source of high frequency electric field. The dees are enclosed in Force On a Current Carrying Conductor In
a metal box containing a gas at a low pressure of the order of Magnetic Field
ST

10–3 mm mercury. The whole apparatus is placed between the In case of current carrying conductor in a magnetic field

two poles of a strong electromagnet NS as shown in fig. The force experienced by its small length element is d F  idl  B ;
idl = current element d F  i(d l  B)
magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the dees.
× × × × × × ×
(1) Cyclotron frequency : Time taken by ion to describe a × × × × × × ×
r m × × × × × ×
semicircular path is given by t   dF
v qB × × × × × × ×
B
If T = time period of oscillating electric field then × ×
i × × × ×
dl
2 m 1 Bq × × × × × × ×
T  2t  the cyclotron frequency   
qB T 2m
Fig. 21.35
 1182 Magnetic Effect of Current
Right-hand palm rule : Stretch the fingers and thumb of
right hand at right angles to each other. Then if the fingers point

in the direction of field B and thumb in the direction of current i,

 
Total magnetic force F  d F  i(d l  B) . If magnetic field
then normal to the palm will point in Current
the direction of force

is uniform i.e., B = constant F  i[ dl]  B  i(L  B)

 dl  L'  vector sum of all the length elements from initial Magnetic
to final point. Which is in accordance with the law of vector field

60
addition is equal to length vector L joining initial to final point. Force

(For a straight conductor F  Bil sin ) Fig. 21.38

Direction of force : The direction of force is always

E3
perpendicular to the plane containing idl and B and is same
as that of cross-product of two vectors ( A  B) with A  i dl . Force Between Two Parallel Current Carrying
 Conductors
dF
The force on a length l of each of two long, straight, parallel


i dl 
P 
B


dF
P
 i dl

B
ID wires carrying currents i1 and i2 and separated by a distance a is

F
0 2i1i2
4

a
l
U
Fig. 21.36 i1 i2
Hence force per unit length
F  0 2i1 i2  N  F 2i1 i2  dyne 
    or    a
YG

l 4 a m  l a  cm 

The direction of force when current element i dl and B are
Fig. 21.39
perpendicular to each other can also be determined by applying
Direction of force : If conductors carries current in same
either of the following rules
direction, then force between them will be attractive. If
Fleming’s left-hand rule : Stretch the fore-finger, central
D

conductor carries current in opposite direction, then force

finger and thumb of left hand mutually perpendicular. Then if the
 1 2 1 2
between them will be× repulsive.
× × × × ×
fore-finger points in the direction of field B and the central in i
1 
i2 i1 i2
× × × × × ×
U

  × × × × × ×
the direction of current i, the thumb will point in the direction of F1 F2 F1 F2
  × × × × × ×
force.   × × × × × ×
ST

  × × × × × ×
F
Fig. 21.40

v
Fig. 21.37
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1183
Force Between Two Moving Charges l Fixed i1
Movable
If two charges q1 and q2 are moving with velocities v1 and X i2 Y
h h
i2
v2 respectively and at any instant the distance between them is
Movable
Fixed i1 X Y
r, then l
Fig. 21.43
Fe q1 q2 Fe Fe v1 F Fm v2 F
m e

r q1 r q2
Stationary charges Moving charges

60
Fig. 21.41 In both the situations for equilibrium of XY it's downward
μ0 2 i1i 2
weight = upward magnetic force i.e. mg  . .l
4π h

E3
 0 q1 q 2 v1v 2 Case 3 : Current carrying spring : If current is passed
Magnetic force between them is Fm  . .... (i)
4 r2
through a spring, then it will contract because current will flow
1 q1 q 2
and Electric force between them is Fe  . .... (ii)
4 0 r2 through all the turns in the same direction.
Fm 1
From equation (i) and (ii)   0  0 v 2 but  0  0  2 ; +
Fe

F v 
where c is the velocity of light in vacuum. So m   
Fe c
c
2
ID Spring Spring
–

As v < c so Fm < Fe m Hg
U
Standard Cases For Force on Current Carrying If current makes to flow through If switch is closed then current start
Conductors
spring, then spring will contract flowing, spring will execute
YG

Case 1 : When an arbitrary current carrying loop placed in a and weight lift up oscillation in vertical plane
Fig. 21.44
magnetic field ( to the plane of loop), each element of loop

experiences a magnetic force due to which loop stretches and

open into circular loop and tension developed in it’s each part.
D

Case 4 : Tension less strings : In the following figure the

T A B T
B value and direction of current through the conductor XY so that
d
strings becomes tensionless?
U

B R
O
Strings becomes tensionless if weight of conductor XY
ST

balanced by magnetic force (Fm ) .

String
Fig. 21.42
× × × × × × ×  Fm
B
× × × × × × × i
T T X Y
× × × l× × × ×
X m Y
× × × × × × ×
Case 2 : Equilibrium of a current carrying conductor : When mg
× × × ×
a finite length current carrying wire is kept parallel to another
Fig. 21.45
infinite length current carrying wire, it can suspend freely in air

as shown below
 1184 Magnetic Effect of Current
Hence direction of current is from X  Y and in balanced
mg
condition Fm  mg  B i l  mg  i 
Bl
Fig. 21.48
Case 5 : Sliding of conducting rod on inclined rails : When a
conducting rod slides on conducting rails. 
Behaviour of Current Loop in a Magnetic Field
 X B
B F cos
R (1) Torque : Consider a rectangular
i 
v F 
Insulated

i current carrying coil PQRS having N turns P B

stand

60
Y  mg sin
i
+  and area A, placed in a uniform field B , in S
 – mg

such a way that the normal (nˆ ) to the coil n^
Fig. 21.46
Q
makes an angle  with the direction of B .

E3
R
the coil experiences a torque given by  =
Fig. 21.49
NBiA sin . Vectorially   M  B
In the following situation conducting rod (X, Y) slides at

constant velocity if

F cos  mg sin  B i l cos   mg sin  B 

mg
il
tan 
ID (i)  is zero when  = 0, i.e., when the plane of the coil is

perpendicular to the field.

(ii)  is maximum when   90 o , i.e., the plane of the coil is

U
Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole
parallel to the field  max  NBiA
A current carrying circular coil behaves as a bar magnet
(2) Workdone : If coil is rotated through an angle  from it's
YG

whose magnetic moment is M = NiA; Where N = Number of turns in

equilibrium position then required work. W  MB(1  cos ). It is
the coil, i = Current through the coil and A = Area of the coil
maximum when  = 180o  Wmax = 2 MB

Magnetic moment of a current carrying coil is a vector and (3) Potential energy : U = – MB cos  U   M .B
it's direction is given by right hand thumb rule Moving Coil Galvanometer
D

Scale
Current
S N  Restoring
U

Permanen Pointer
M torque
t magnet

Fig. 21.47 Magnetic

ST

field Soft-iron
Pivoted coil Magnetic
i i
core field torque
(A) (B)
(1) For a given perimeter circular shape have maximum Fig. 21.50

area. Hence maximum magnetic moment.

(2) For a any loop or coil B at centre due to current in loop,

and M are always parallel. In a moving coil galvanometer the coil is suspended between

the pole pieces of a strong horse-shoe magnet. The pole pieces

are made cylindrical and a soft iron cylindrical core is placed

B,M B,M
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1185
within the coil without touching it. This makes the field radial. In of the coil becomes n2 times the previous field i.e. B (n turn) = n2

such a field the plane of the coil always remains parallel to the B(single turn)

field. Therefore   90 o and the deflecting torque always has the  When a current carrying coil is suspended freely in
maximum value. earth's magnetic field, it's plane stays in East-West direction.

 def  NBiA ......(i)  Magnetic field ( B ) produced by a moving charge q is

0 q(v  r ) 0 q(v  rˆ )
Coil deflects, a restoring torque is set up in the suspension given by B   ; where v = velocity of
4 r3 4 r2
fibre. If  is the angle of twist, the restoring torque is charge and v << c (speed of light).

60
 rest  C .....(ii) B

where C is the torsional constant of the fibre. r

q v
When the coil is in equilibrium NBiA = C  i  K ,

E3
C
where K  is the galvanometer constant. This linear
NBA
relationship between i and  makes the moving coil  If an electron is revolving in a circular path of radius r
galvanometer useful for current measurement and detection. with speed v then magnetic field produced at the centre of

Current sensitivity (Si) : The current sensitivity of a

galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer per unit current flowing through it.
ID circular path B 
0 ev
.
4 r 2
 r
v
B

 The line integral of magnetising field (H ) for any closed

U
 NBA path called magnetomotive force (MMF). It's S.I. unit is amp.
Si  
i C
 Ratio of dimension of e.m.f. to MMF is equal to the
Voltage sensitivity (SV) : Voltage sensitivity of a
YG

dimension of resistance.
galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
 The positive ions are produced in the gap between the
galvanometer per unit voltage applied to it.
two dees by the ionisation of the gas. To produce proton,
  Si NBA
SV    
V iR R RC hydrogen gas is used; while for producing alpha-particles,
D

helium gas is used.

 Cyclotron frequency is also known as magnetic

U

resonance frequency.

 Cyclotron can not accelerate electrons because they

ST

have very small mass.

 The device whose working principle based on Halmholtz
coils and in which uniform magnetic field is used called as
 The energy of a charged particle moving in a uniform

"Halmholtz galvanometer". magnetic field does not change because it experiences a

force in a direction, perpendicular to it's direction of motion.

 The value of magnetic field induction at a point, on the
Due to which the speed of charged particle remains
centre of separation of two linear parallel conductors carrying
equal currents in the same direction is zero. unchanged and hence it's K.E. remains same.

 If a current carrying circular loop (n = 1) is turned into a  Magnetic force does no work when the charged particle
coil having n identical turns then magnetic field at the centre
 1186 Magnetic Effect of Current
is displaced while electric force does work in displacing the  In the following case if wire XY is slightly displaced from
charged particle. its equilibrium position, it executes SHM and it’s time period

 Magnetic force is velocity dependent, while electric force is given by T  2

h
.
g
is independent of the state of rest or motion of the charged

particle.

 If a particle enters a magnetic field normally to the

60
magnetic field, then it starts moving in a circular orbit. The

point at which it enters the magnetic field lies on the  In the previous case if direction of current in movable wire
circumference. (Most of us confuse it with the centre of the is reversed then it’s instantaneous acceleration produced is 2g

orbit) .

E3
 Deviation of charged particle in magnetic field : If a  Electric force is an absolute concept while magnetic
force is a relative concept for an observer.
charged particle (q, m) enters a uniform magnetic field B
(extends upto a length x) at right angles with speed v as  The nature of force between two parallel charge beams
shown in figure. The speed of the particle in magnetic field
does not change. But it gets deviated in the magnetic field.

 Bq 
Deviation in terms of time t;    t   t
ID
decided by electric force, as it is dominator. The nature of
force between two parallel current carrying wires decided by
magnetic
i1 force. i2
+
+
+
+
+ +
U
 m 
+ +
Deviation in terms of length of the magnetic field;
Fnet = Fm only Fe  repulsion
x
  sin1   . This relation can be used only when x  r .
YG

r Fm  attraction
Fnet  repulsion (Due to
v
For x > r, the deviation will be 180o as shown in the
v    this force these beams
 
following figure 
    diverges)
   
   
   
 r
B  v  
q, m v
D

   
x x
     If a straight current carrying wire is placed along the axis
of a current carrying coil then it will not experience magnetic
U

force because magnetic field produced by the coil is parallel

i to the wire.
ST

 The force acting on a curved wire joining points a and b

 If no magnetic field is present, the loop will still open into
as shown in the figure is the same as that on a straight wire
a circle as in it’s adjacent parts current will be in opposite
joining these points. It is given by the expression F  i L  B
i × × × × × × × × × × 
× × × × × × × × × × × 
×
direction and opposite currents repel each other. b B
× × × × × × × × × × ×
F B
× × × × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × × × × ×  × × × ×
×
 i L
× × × ×L × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
a
l × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ×
Movable
X i2 Y
h

Fixed i1
 Magnetic Effect of Current 1187
 If a current carrying conductor AB is placed transverse to
a long current carrying conductor as shown then force.

i1
Experienced by wire AB i2
A B
0 i1i2  x l
F loge   x l
2  x 

60
E3
ID
U
YG
D
U
ST