Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 39 (2024), No. 3, pp.

575–583
https://doi.org/10.4134/CKMS.c230266
pISSN: 1225-1763 / eISSN: 2234-3024

(m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION

Mohammad Hamoda and Mohammed Issoual

Reprinted from the

Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
Vol. 39, No. 3, July 2024
©2024 Korean Mathematical Society
Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 39 (2024), No. 3, pp. 575–583
https://doi.org/10.4134/CKMS.c230266
pISSN: 1225-1763 / eISSN: 2234-3024

(m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION

Mohammad Hamoda and Mohammed Issoual

Abstract. Let R be a commutative ring with 1 ̸= 0. Let Id(R) be the

set of all ideals of R and let δ : Id(R) −→ Id(R) be a function. Then
δ is called an expansion function of the ideals of R if whenever L, I, J
are ideals of R with J ⊆ I, then L ⊆ δ(L) and δ(J) ⊆ δ(I). Let δ be
an expansion function of the ideals of R and m ≥ n > 0 be positive
integers. Then a proper ideal I of R is called an (m, n)-closed δ-primary
ideal (resp., weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal) if am ∈ I for some
a ∈ R implies an ∈ δ(I) (resp., if 0 ̸= am ∈ I for some a ∈ R implies
an ∈ δ(I)). Let f : A −→ B be a ring homomorphism and let J be an
ideal of B. This paper investigates the concept of (m, n)-closed δ-primary
ideals in the amalgamation of A with B along J with respect to f denoted
by A ▷◁f J.

1. Introduction
We assume throughout the whole paper that all rings are commutative with
1 ̸= 0. The notion of an (m, n)-closed ideal was introduced and defined by
Anderson and Badawi in [1], as follows: Let R be a ring, and m and n be
two positive integers with 1 ≤ n < m. A proper ideal I of R is called an
(m, n)-closed ideal of R if whenever am ∈ I for some a ∈ R implies an ∈
I. Later Anderson et al. introduced in [2] the concept of a weakly (m, n)-
closed ideal. According to [2], a proper ideal I of R is called a weakly (m, n)-
closed ideal of R if whenever 0 ̸= am ∈ I for some a ∈ R implies an ∈ I.
In [3], the authors studied the notions of (m, n)-closed ideals in the trivial
ring extension. Let A be a commutative ring and E be an A-module. The
trivial ring extension of A by E (also called the idealization of E over A)
is the ring R := A(+)E whose underlying group is A × E with multiplication
given by (a, e)(a′ , e′ ) = (aa′ , ae′ + a′ e). Trivial ring extension have been studied
extensively. Considerable work, part of which is summarized in Huckaba’s book
[11], has been concerned with trivial ring extensions; these extensions have been
useful for solving many open problems and conjectures. We recall that if I is a

Received October 8, 2023; Accepted February 29, 2024.

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 13E015, 13E10, 13E99.
Key words and phrases. δ-primary ideal, (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal, weakly (m, n)-
closed δ-primary ideal, Amalgamation, trivial extension.

©2024 Korean Mathematical Society

575
576 M. HAMODA AND M. ISSOUAL

proper ideal of A, then I(+)E is an ideal of A(+)E. And if F is a submodule

of E such that IE ⊆ F, then I(+)F is an ideal of A(+)E.
Let (A, B) be a pair of rings, f : A −→ B be a ring homomorphism and J be
an ideal of B. In this setting, we can consider the following subring of A × B :
A ▷◁f J := {(a, f (a) + j)|a ∈ A, j ∈ J}
called the amalgamation of A and B along J with respect to f , introduced
and studied by D’Anna, Finocchiaro and Fontana in [4–6]. In particular, they
have studied amalgamations in the frame of pull-backs which allowed them to
establish numerous(prime) ideals and ring-theoretic basic properties for this
new construction. This construction is a generalization of the amalgamated
duplication of a ring along an ideal (introduced and studied by D’Anna and
Fontanna in [7, 8]. The interest of amalgamation resides, partly, in its stability
to cover several basic constructions in commutative algebra, including pull-back
and trivial ring extensions (also called Nagat’s idealizations)(cf. [13, page 2])
In [12], Issoual et al. studied the concept of an (m, n)-closed ideal in amal-
gamated algebras along an ideal. In this paper, we will study a new type of
concept of ideals called (m, n)-closed δ-primary and weakly (m, n)-closed δ-
primary ideals, by continuing the study already made in the [9, 10].
Let Id(A) be the set of all ideals of R. Zhao [14] introduced the concept of
expansion of ideals of R. We recall from [14] that a function δ : Id(A) −→ Id(A)
is called an expansion function of the ideals of R if whenever L, I, J are ideals
of R with J ⊆ I, then L ⊆ δ(L) and δ(I) ⊆ δ(I). Recall from [14] that a proper
ideal of R is said to be δ-primary ideal of R if a, b ∈ R with ab ∈ I implies
a ∈ I or b ∈ δ(I), where δ is an expansion function of ideals of R. The concept
of a δ-primary ideal was extended to the context of an (m, n)-closed-δ-primary
ideal. Recall from [9] that a proper ideal I of R is said to be an (m, n)-closed-
δ-primary ideal of R if whenever am ∈ I for some a ∈ R, then an ∈ δ(I). In
[10], the authors studied the concept of a weakly (m, n)-closed-δ-primary ideal.
In this paper, we study the notion of a weakly (m, n)-closed-δ-primary ideal in
the amalgamation of A with B along an ideal J with respect to f denoted by
A ▷◁f J.

2. On some (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideals of amalgamation A ▷◁f J

To avoid unnecessary repetition, let us fix the notation for the rest of the
paper. Let f : A −→ B be a ring homomorphism and J be an ideal of B. All
along this paper, A ▷◁f J will denote the amalgamation of A and B along J
with respect to f. Let I be an ideal of A and K be an ideal of f (A) + J. Notice
f
that I ▷◁f J := {(i, f (i) + j)|i ∈ I, j ∈ J} and K := {(a, f (a) + j)|a ∈ A, j ∈
f
J, f (a) + j ∈ K} are ideals of A ▷◁ J. Our first result gives a necessary and
f
sufficient condition for the ideals I ▷◁f J and K to be (m, n)-closed-δ-primary
ideals of A ▷◁f J, for all positive integers m and n, with 1 ≤ n < m and an
arbitrary expansion δ.
 (m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION 577

Now, let δ : Id(A) → Id(A) and δ1 : Id(f (A) + J) → Id(f (A) + J)

are expansion functions of Id(A) and Id(f (A) + J), respectively. We define a
function δ▷◁f : Id(A ▷◁f J) −→ Id(A ▷◁f J) such that
δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J) = δ(I) ▷◁f J
for every ideal I of A and
f
δ▷◁f (K ) = {(a, f (a) + j)|a ∈ A, j ∈ J, f (a) + j ∈ δ1 (K)}
for every ideal K of f (A) + J. Then, δ▷◁f is an expansion function of ideals of
A ▷◁f J.
Recall the notions of an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal defined in the intro-
duction. According to [9], a proper ideal I of a commutative ring R is said to
be an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of R if am ∈ I implies that an ∈ δ(I) for
each a ∈ A, where m and n, with m > n are positive integers.
Our first result gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the ideals I ▷◁f J
f
and K to be (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideals of A ▷◁f J for all positive integers
m and n, with 1 ≤ n < m and an arbitrary expansion δ.
Theorem 2.1. Under the above notations, the following statements hold.
(1) I ▷◁f J is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J if and only if
I is an (m, n)-close δ-primary ideal of A.
f
(2) K is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J if and only if K
is an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J.
Proof. (1) Suppose that I is an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A and let
(a, f (a) + j)m ∈ I ▷◁f J for some (a, f (a) + j) ∈ A ▷◁f J. Then, am ∈ I.
The fact that I is an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A, gives an ∈ δ(I), which
implies (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ δ(I) ▷◁f J = δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J). Hence, I ▷◁f J is an (m, n)-
closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. Conversely, suppose that I ▷◁f J is an
(m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. Let am ∈ I for some a ∈ A. Then,
(a, f (a))m ∈ I ▷◁f J which implies (a, f (a))n ∈ δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J) = δ(I) ▷◁f J.
Then, an ∈ δ(I). Hence, I is an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A, as desired
f
(2) Suppose that K is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. We
claim that K is an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J. Indeed, let
f
(f (a) + j)m ∈ K with f (a) + j ∈ f (A) + J. Thus, (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ K .
f f
Since K is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal, so (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ δ▷◁f (K ) =
{(a, f (a) + j)| a ∈ A, j ∈ J, f (a) + j ∈ δ1 (K)}. Therefore, (f (a) + j)n ∈ δ1 (K).
Hence, K is an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J. Conversely, assume
f
that K is an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A)+J. Let (a, f (a)+j)m ∈ K
f m
with (a, f (a)+j) ∈ A ▷◁ J. Obviously, f (a)+j ∈ f (A)+j and (f (a)+j) ∈ K,
which is an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal. So, (f (a) + j)n ∈ δ1 (K), which
f f
implies (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ δ▷◁f (K ). Hence, K is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary
ideal of A ▷◁f J, as desired. □
578 M. HAMODA AND M. ISSOUAL

Let I be a proper ideal of A. The (amalgamated) duplication of A along I

is a special amalgamation given by
A ▷◁ I := A ▷◁idA I = {(a, a + i)|a ∈ A, i ∈ I}.
Let J and K be two proper ideals of A, we recall that J ▷◁ I := {(a, a + i)|a ∈
A, i ∈ I} and K := {(a, a + i)|a ∈ A, i ∈ I, a + i ∈ K} are ideals of A ▷◁ I.
Now, let δ : Id(A) → Id(A) be an expansion function of Id(A). We define
a function δ▷◁ : Id(A ▷◁ I) −→ Id(A ▷◁ I) such that
δ▷◁ (J ▷◁ I) = δ(J) ▷◁f I
for every ideal J of A and
δ▷◁ (K) = {(a, a + i)| a ∈ A, i ∈ I, a + i ∈ δ(K)}
for every ideal K of A. Then, δ▷◁ is an expansion function of ideals of A ▷◁ I.
The next corollary is an immediate consequence of Theorem 2.1.
Corollary 2.2. Let A be ring and I be an ideal of A. Consider K an ideal of
A. Then the following statements hold:
(1) J ▷◁ I is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁ -primary ideal of A ▷◁ I if and only if I is
an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A.
(2) K is an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁ -primary ideal of A ▷◁ I if and only if K is an
(m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A.
Example 2.3. The Nagat’s idealization can be interpreted as a particular case
of the general amalgamation construction. Let A be a ring, M be an A-module
and B = A(+)M be the trivial extension of A by M. Let I be an ideal of A,
and set J = 0(+)M. Consider the ring homomorphism f : A −→ B defined by
f (a) = (a, 0). The, the ring A ▷◁f J coincides with the amalgamation A ▷◁f J.
Then I(+)M is an (m, n)-closed δf -primary ideal of A(+)M if and only if I is
an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A.

3. On some weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A ▷◁f J

Recall the notions of a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal defined in the
introduction. According to [10], a proper ideal I of a commutative ring R is
said to be a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of R if 0 ̸= am ∈ I implies
that an ∈ δ(I) for each a ∈ A, where m and n, with m > n are positive integers.
Definition. Let R be a commutative ring and I be a proper ideal of R. Let
a ∈ R. We say that a is a δ-(m, n)-unbreakable element of I if am = 0 and
an ∈
/ δ(I).
Remark 3.1. If I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal without δ-(m, n)-
unbreakable element, then I is an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of R.
Our goal is to study the necessary and sufficient conditions for I ▷◁f J
and K to be weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideals of A ▷◁f J that are not
(m, n)-closed δ-primary ideals.
 (m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION 579

Theorem 3.2. Under the above notations in Section 2, the following state-
ments are equivalent:
(1) I ▷◁f J is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J that is
not (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary.
(2) I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A that is not (m, n)-
closed δ-primary and for every δ-(m, n)-unbreakable-zero element a of
I, we have (f (a) + j)m = 0 for every j ∈ J.
Proof. (1) ⇒ (2). Assume that I ▷◁f J is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary
ideal of A ▷◁f J. Let 0 ̸= am ∈ I. Then, 0 ̸= (a, f (a))m ∈ I ▷◁f J which implies
(a, f (a))n ∈ δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J) = δ(I) ▷◁f J. Thus, an ∈ δ(I) and consequently I is a
weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A. On the other hand, by the Theorem
2.1, we have I is not an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A. So, there exists a
δ-(m, n)-unbreakable-zero element a of I. We will show that (f (a) + j)m = 0
for every j in J. By the way of contradiction, suppose that 0 ̸= (f (a) + j)m
for some j ∈ J. Then, 0 ̸= (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ I ▷◁f J. As I ▷◁f J is a weakly
(m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary, we get (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J), which implies
an ∈ δ(I). As desired contradiction.
(2) ⇒ (1). Let 0 ̸= (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ I ▷◁f J for some a ∈ A and j ∈ J.
Then, am ∈ I. If 0 ̸= am , as I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal, we
get an ∈ δ(I). Hence, (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ δ▷◁f (I ▷◁f J). Now assume that am = 0,
necessarily an ∈ δ(I). Suppose on the contrary that an ∈ / δ(I), then a is a δ-
(m, n)-unbreakable-zero element of I. So, by assumption we have (f (a)+j)m =
0. This implies (a, f (a) + j)m = 0, which is a contradiction. Hence, I ▷◁f J is
a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. □
Corollary 3.3. Suppose that char(f (A) + J) = m and J m = 0. Then the
following statements are equivalent:
(1) I ▷◁f J is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A ▷◁f J that is not
(m, n)-closed δ-primary.
(2) I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A that is not (m, n)-clo-
sed δ-primary.
Proof. It suffices to show that (f (a) + j)m = 0 for each (m, n)-δ-unbreakable
element a of I. Indeed, for every j ∈ J, we have
m−1
X m 
m m
(f (a) + j) = f (a ) + f (am−k )j k + j m .
k
k=1
m m
 J  = 0, we got j = 0 for every j ∈ J. On theother hand, we have
As
m m
= 0 since char(f (A) + j) = m and m divides . By using the
k k
Binomial theorem, it follows that (f (a) + j)m = 0. Now, the result follows from
the Theorem 3.2. □
Corollary 3.4. Let A be a commutative ring, and I be a proper ideal of A.
Let K be a proper ideal of A. Then the following statements are equivalent:
580 M. HAMODA AND M. ISSOUAL

(1) K ▷◁ I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁ -primary ideal of A ▷◁ I which is

not (m, n)-closed δ▷◁ -primary.
(2) K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A which is not (m, n)-cl-
osed δ-primary and (a+i)m = 0 for every δ-(m, n)-unbreakable element
a of K and every element i ∈ I.
Proof. Take A = B and f = idA in Theorem 3.2, where idA is the identity
map idA : A → A. □

Corollary 3.5. Let I be a proper ideal of A and m ≥ n > 0 be two positive

integers. Then the following are equivalent:
(1) I ▷◁f J is a weakly (m, n)-closed ideal of A ▷◁f J that is not (m, n)-
closed.
(2) I is a weakly (m, n)-closed ideal of A that is not (m, n)-closed and for
every (m, n)-unbreakable element a of I, we have (f (a) + j)m = 0 for
each j ∈ J.
Proof. It suffices to check δ = idId(A) in the Theorem 3.2. □

Corollary 3.6. Let A be a commutative ring, M be an A-module. Let I be a

proper ideal of A. Then the following statements are equivalent:
(1) I(+)M is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ(+) -primary ideal of A(+)M that is
not (m, n)-closed δ(+) -primary.
(2) I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A that is not (m, n)-
clo-sed δ-primary and m(am−1 )M = 0 for every δ-(m, n)-unbreakable
element a of I.
Proof. Let f : A → B be the canonical homomorphism defined by f (a) = (a, 0)
for every a ∈ A and J := 0 ∝ M. It not difficult to check that A ∝ E is
naturally isomorphic to A ▷◁f J, and the ideal I ▷◁f J is canonically isomorphic
to I ∝ M. By Theorem 3.2, we have I(+)M is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ(+) -
primary ideal of A(+)M which is not (m, n)-closed δ(+) -primary if and only if
I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A which is not (m, n)-closed δ-
primary and for every (m, n)-unbreakable element a of I, we have (f (a)+j)m =
0 for every j ∈ J = (0)(+)M. Now, if x ∈ M, then ((a, 0) + (0, x))m =
(am , mam−1 x) = 0, thus m(am−1 x) = 0. Hence, m(am−1 M ) = 0. □

Remark 3.7. If I is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A, then I ▷◁f B

need not to be a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. Let A = Z8 .
Then, I = {0} is clearly a weakly (3, 1)-closed δ√I -primary ideal that not (3, 1)-
closed δ√I -primary, since 23 ∈ {0} but 22 ∈ / {0}. Let M be an A-module and
set J := 0(+)M. Let f : A ,→ A(+)M be the canonical homomorphism defined
by f (a) = (a, 0) for every a ∈ A. It is clear to see that 0 ▷◁f J is isomorphic to
0(+)M. Since 3(22 )(0(+)M ) ̸= 0 by the Corollary 3.6, we conclude that 0 ▷◁f J
is not a weakly (3, 1)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J.
 (m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION 581

The next result provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for K to be
weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideals of A ▷◁f J, which are not (m, n)-closed
δ- primary ideals.
Theorem 3.8. The following statements are equivalent.
f
(1) K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J which is not
(m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary.
(2) K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J which is not
(m, n)-closed δ1 -primary and am = 0 for every δ-(m, n)-unbreakable-
zero f (a) + j of K.
f
Proof. (1) ⇒ (2). Suppose K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal
of A ▷◁f J. We claim that K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of
f (A) + J. Indeed, let 0 ̸= (f (a) + j)m ∈ K with f (a) + j ∈ f (A) + J. Then,
f f
0 ̸= (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ K . Since K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal
f
of A ▷◁f J, we have (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ K . Therefore, f ((a) + j)n ∈ K. Hence, K
is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J. By Theorem 2.1(2), K is
not an (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J. Now, let f (a) + j ∈ f (A) + J
be an (m, n)-unbreakable-zero element of K. We claim that am = 0. Indeed
f f
if 0 ̸= am , we get 0 ̸= (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ K , then (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ K , which
implies (f (a) + j)n ∈ K. This is a contradiction. Hence, am = 0.
(2) ⇒ (1). Suppose that K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of
f
f (A) + J. Let 0 ̸= (a, f (a) + j)m ∈ K for some (a, f (a) + j) ∈ A ▷◁f J. Then,
obviously, f (a) + j ∈ f (A) + J and (f (a) + j)m ∈ K. If 0 ̸= (f (a) + j)m , as K
is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ1 -primary ideal of f (A) + J, we get (f (a) + j)n ∈ K,
f
which implies (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ K . Now, if (f (a) + j)m = 0. We claim that
n
(f (a) + j) ∈ K, for if not, we get f (a) + j is (m, n)-unbreakable-zero. Then by
assumption, we have am = 0 and thus (a, f (a)+j)m = 0. This is a contradiction.
f f
Thus, (f (a) + j)n ∈ K. Therefore, (a, f (a) + j)n ∈ K . Hence, K is a weakly
(m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. On the other hand, by Theorem
f
2.1, we have K is not an (m, n)-closed δ▷◁f -primary ideal of A ▷◁f J. □

Let I be a proper ideal of A. The (amalgamated) duplication of A along I

is a special amalgamation given by
A ▷◁ I := A ▷◁idA I = {(a, a + i)|a ∈ A, i ∈ I}.
If K is an ideal of A, then K := {(a, a + i)|a ∈ A, i ∈ I, a + i ∈ K} is an ideal
of A ▷◁ I.
The next corollary is an immediate consequence of Theorem 3.2.
Corollary 3.9. Let A be a ring and I be a proper ideal of A. Let K be a proper
ideal of A. Then the following are equivalent:
(1) K := {(a, a + i)|a ∈ A, i ∈ I, a + i ∈ K} is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ▷◁ -
primary ideal of A ▷◁ I that is not an (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal.
582 M. HAMODA AND M. ISSOUAL

(2) K is a weakly (m, n)-closed δ-primary ideal of A that is not an (m, n)-
closed δ-primary ideal and (a − i)m = 0 for every δ-(m, n) unbreakable
element a of K and for each i ∈ I.
Proof. (1) =⇒ (2). It follows from the Theorem 3.8 with A = B and f = idA .
Now, if a ∈ A is a δ-(m, n)-unbreakable element of K, that is am = 0 and
an ∈ / δ▷◁ (K). This necessarily implies that (a − i)m = 0
/ δ(K), then (a − i, a) ∈
for every element i ∈ I. This completes the proof of ((1) =⇒ (2)).
(2) =⇒ (1). It follows from the Theorem 3.8. □

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 (m, n)-CLOSED δ-PRIMARY IDEALS IN AMALGAMATION 583

Mohammad Hamoda
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Applied Science
Al-Aqsa University
P. O. Box 4051, Gaza, Palestine
Email address: [email protected]

Mohammed Issoual
Departement of Mathematics
CRMEF Rabat-Salé-Kenitra:
Annexe CRMEF KHMISSET, Morocco
Email address: [email protected]