Journal of Scientific Research & Reports

9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

ISSN: 2320-0227

SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org

Geology and Hydrogeology of Part of Suleja North

Central Nigeria
O. J. Akano1, A. Idris-Nda1* and S. H. Waziri1
1
Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author OJA did all the fieldwork to
generate primary and secondary data for the study, prepared the thin section and also did the
typesetting. Author AIN did all interpretations of the chemical parameters and water level and
potentiometric maps. Author SHW interpreted the thin section microscopy and identification
of the minerals.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2016/21577
Editor(s):
(1) Shahid Naseem, Department of Geology, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Reviewers:
(1) Himanshu Mittal, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
(2) Alhussein Adham Basheer Mohammed, Helwan University, Egypt.
(3) Jian Liu, Southwest Jiaotong University, China.
(4) Anonymous, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA.
(5) Rolland Andrade, Central Water and Power Research Station, Ministry of Water Resources, Pune, India.
Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/12228

th
Received 24 August 2015
Accepted 30th October 2015
Original Research Article th
Published 10 November 2015

ABSTRACT

A study on the geology and hydrogeology of part of Suleja north central Nigeria was carried out
using geological and hydrogeological mapping and Electrical Resistivity method of geophysical
surveys. The study area was divided into portions of almost equal parts to aid easy identification
naming and identification of samples. Rock samples were collected and thin sections were
produced from three of these samples. Thirty six (36) hand dug wells were examined for static
water level measurements while only fifteen of the water samples were examined in the laboratory
for chemistry and bacteriological content. Sixty four (64) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were
also carried out using the Schlumberger array. Two major rock types were identified in the area
and they are Gneiss and Granite. The water chemistry test showed little dissolution of the rock
constituent in the water but rather the effect of sewage, pit latrines and wastewater sources
situated around the wells in some areas. Also, the Vertical electrical Sounding (VES) results
revealed good groundwater potentials in the larger portions of the study area. The area underlain

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

by Granite have the lowest groundwater yield in hand dug wells and as well as from the result of
Vertical electrical Sounding. Groundwater occurrence and flow in the area is generally controlled by
the topography.

Keywords: Groundwater; geology; hydrogeology; Suleja; Nigeria; basement complex.

1. BACKGROUND The portion this research work covers lies

between Latitude 9° 11' 36''N and 9° 13' 59.9''N
Groundwater occurs in the subsurface and forms and Longitude 7° 9' 30'' E and 7° 11' 36''E with
an important part of the hydrologic cycle. About an aerial extent of about 19 km2, Fig. 1.
95% of the freshwater in the world apart from the
glaciers and ice caps is found beneath the earth. Climatic condition comprises of two seasons
Groundwater support and gives the steady, base which are the dry and wet season. Relative
flow of rivers and wetlands. Modern man like his humidity is 72% in rainy season and very low
primitive ancestors is heavily dependent on water during dry season. July and August usually have
for his sustenance, the use of groundwater as the highest rainfall while the mean annual rainfall
2
the major source of potable water in both urban is about 1334 mm . March usually have the
and rural areas in Nigeria has assumed such a highest temperature of about 30°C and lowest in
high proportion that attention has turned fully to it the month of august at about 25°C due to the
[1]. Water scarcity issue will become an frequency of rainfall. The vegetation is savannah
unresolved one in the future for different reasons mainly dominated by shrubs, grasses and light
linked to each other like uneven precipitation vegetation sparsely populated by trees of
distribution all over the world which leads to great moderate height and sizes.
reduction in the groundwater recharge thereby
affecting the availability of water resources Soil weathered from rock in Suleja is very rich in
worldwide [2]. Nigeria is just waking up to the humus and favoured production of crops like
responsibility of water resources management as guinea corn, maize, melon and groundnuts with
great need is arising for it. An understanding of yam and rice which can all serve as cash crops
the geology and hydrogeology of part of Suleja and food crops.
will help in no small way in determining
conditions affecting water availability now and in 2.1 Geology and Hydrogeology of Suleja
the near future. In a country like Nigeria, a large Area
volume of drinking water is extracted from earth,
so its occurrence, and the control geology has on
Nigeria is basically underlain by crystalline rocks
its protection is of utmost importance and this
of the Basement Complex system and the
gives the reason why the geology of an area of
Sedimentary rocks occurring in seven basins,
exploitation must be well understood. Suleja sits
one of which is prolific in petroleum resources.
on crystalline Basement rocks which commonly
The rocks underlying Suleja belongs to the
serve as groundwater aquifer due to their wide
Basement Complex system and comprises of the
extent though they are usually of low yields
Migmatite-gneiss complex and the older granite.
which results into drying up of borehole and well
They are identified to be older than the late
during drought [3].
Proterozoic metasediment [5,6], which forms part
The likelihood of igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Nigerian Basement Complex but was not
to act as aquifers can be related to the found occurring at Suleja. The Migmatite –
occurrence of fracture intersecting each other, Gneiss Complex is generally considered as the
and to highly weathered granite rock, which acts basement complex sensu stricto [7,8]. The
as a porous medium [4]. Migmatite-Gneiss Complex also termed by some
workers as the “migmatite-gneiss-quartzite
2. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION complex” makes up about 60% of the surface
area of the Nigerian basement [9]. These rocks
The area of study is part of Suleja and it is a record three major geological events [10]; the
major satellite town close to the Federal Capital earliest, at 2,500 Ma, involved initiation of crust
Territory densely populated by the low income forming processes. The granite bodies are wide
earners of about two hundred and fifteen spread and range in sizes from sub elliptical
thousand people (National population census, plutons to masses of batholiths [11]. Older
2006). The indigenes here are the Gbagys. Granite as introduced by [12]. They are generally

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 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

high level intrusions and anatexis has played an 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
important role [13]. The Older Granites are the
obvious products of the Pan-African orogeny and The work is aimed at assessing groundwater
represent notable additions of materials (up to occurrence and quality of Suleja area based on
70% in some places) to the crust [13]. Dada [8] geological and hydrogeological factors.
gave the opinion that the term “Pan African
Granitoids” can also be used for the Older The objectives include:
Granites not only for the reason of their age
which was not available at the time they were I. To study the geology of the area
named Older Granites, but because it covers II. To study the hydrogeology and
several important petrologic groups formed at the groundwater quality of Suleja environs
same time. In northern Nigeria, the Pan-African III. To determine the health implications of
granites tend to increase eastward. It occurs as the water of this area.
isolated intrusions in West of Zaria [6]. IV. To produce geological and
hydrogeological maps of the area.
Groundwater commonly occurs in structural units V. To determine safe groundwater
known as aquifers, in crystalline rock terrain such abstraction methods and groundwater
as one underlying Suleja area, groundwater potential of Suleja and environs
occurs in the weathered portion overlying the
fresh rock and also in fracturing occurring within 4. METHODOLOGY
the rocks. Weathering profile is quite shallow in
the area, groundwater therefore occurs mostly The research work was carried out in three
within the fracturing in the rock, hand dug wells phases; preliminary studies, fieldwork and
are mostly dry at the onset of the dry season. laboratory analysis.

Fig. 1. Map of Suleja in Niger state (inset is the map of Nigeria showing Suleja)

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 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

4.1 Preliminary Studies map as they outcropped on the earth surface

using the geographical positioning system and
Preliminary studies involved gathering of related Samples were collected from the rock bodies
materials and reconnaissance visit to Suleja and with the use of hammer for laboratory analysis.
environs. Geophysical survey was carried out using
electrical resistivity meter. Electrical Resistivity
survey method adopted involved conducting
4.2 Fieldwork
Electrical Resistivity Profiling (ERP) along seven
profile lines running N-S and E-W covering the
Fieldwork was conducted using the topographical entire area with each profile line been five
map of Abuja Sheet 186 South West on a scale hundred meters long. Five Electrical Resistivity
of 1:10,000. Geological traverse method was Sounding (VES) points were established at one
employed. The area was divided into rows A to H hundred meters intervals along each profile line
of equal portions as well as column from 1 to 8 to get the vertical variations in resistivity.
for easy reference and identification of samples
and portions. Hydrogeological mapping involved Fourteen water samples were taken using the
measurement of static water level data from one litre capacity sampling bottles and labelled
hand-dug wells as well as determining the in-situ using a permanent marker. Table 1 shows the
water physical parameters like pH, salinity and locations where the various data used for the
temperature of the water. studies were taken while Fig. 2 is the map of the
study area showing water sampling points, the
Geological mapping was done such that rock contour lines represent elevation above mean
types were noted and represented on the base sea level.

Fig. 2. Map of Suleja area showing locations of the water samples

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Table 1. Water sample, location and descriptions of locations

S/no Sample Sample Location latitude Description

ID type longitude
1 Z Borehole 09°14'27'' 07°11'49.2'' Entrance of Zariyawa community
2 B3 Well 09°13'36.7'' 07°10'11'' Agwan Gwarri
3 B7 Well 09°13'37'' 07°11'35'' Tungan Tsauni
4 C4 Well 09°13'18'' 07°10'34'' Around MFM church
5 D2 Well 09°12'56'' 07°10'3'' By the river opposite Kwamba pry sch
6 E2 Well 09°12'33.7'' 07°10'0.8'' Around Ambest bakery
7 E6 Well 09°12'44.4'' 07°11'30'' Rafin Chinaka
8 E8 Well 09°13'39.7'' 07°10'92'' Off tungan Tsauni rd, opp Rafin Chinaka
9 F2 Well 09°12'28'' 07°10'3'' Behind Suleja stadium
10 F7 Well 09°12'24.8'' 07°11'38' -----
11 H1 Well 09°11'45'' 07°09'48'' Down the depressio n, Bakkasi road
12 H3 Well 09°11'39'' 07°10'6'' Uphill, Bakkasi road
13 H6 Well 09°11'40'' 07°11'21'' Behind Berger rd, field base area
14 H8 Well 09°11'46'' 07°11'48'' Close to field base second gate

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION study area and towards the right hand corner at
the portions B7 and B8. The Gneiss complex is
Below are the results of the measurements and found all over the place at different stages of
analyses that were carried out during the course weathering. They are also found with geological
of this work and they are presented in the order structures. The rocks of the area have high
in which the work was done. content of feldspar and when feldspathic
minerals come in contact with water, it weathers
5.1 Geology readily [14] and this weathered zone gives space
for water storage in the subsurface.
The part of Suleja mapped is composed of
Basement complex rocks consisting mainly 5.2 Hydrogeology
gneisses and coarse grained granites. The peaks
of the elevation at the central part of the area Measurements were taken from the wells using
have its lithology to be granitic while the lower the dip meter and portable physical parameter
part of the area are mostly gneiss weathered to such as temperature, pH and Electrical
different levels with quartz veins on different Conductivity (EC) were carried out in the field
outcrops through the area. Gneiss outcrops using a portable field meter, YOKOGAWA
found here show the linear alignment of minerals Personal pH meter (used to measure pH and
depicting the gneissocity of the rock. temperature of samples) Model PH82 and
YOKOGAWA Personal SC meter (used to
Fig. 3 is the fact map of the area showing exact measure electrical conductivity and temperature
locations of the various outcrops while Fig. 4 is of samples) Model SC82 produced by Yokogawa
the geological map and cross section of the area, Denkiki K.K. Electric Corporation, Japan. Figure
the contour lines in both cases represent 5 is the groundwater potential map of Suleja area
elevation above mean sea level. Granites occupy derived from water level measurements in wells
the north eastern corner and also the central and boreholes as well as surface geophysical
portion. Gneiss is the most widespread rock type surveys. Fig. 6 is the water level contour map
in Suleja area. Thin sections of the rock, plates 1 showing direction of groundwater flow in the
and 2, show that the rock contains predominantly area. Areas with closely spaced contours
quartz, mica and feldspar in various proportions. represent areas of groundwater discharge
suitable for wells and boreholes, while areas with
The basic geological units in this part of Suleja widely spaced contours represent groundwater
are the granite and Gneiss complex. The recharge areas and are not quite suitable for
granites were found to have intruded the Gneiss groundwater development. Care would be taken
complex and thereby causing an increase in the in such areas to prevent effluents getting into the
metamorphism. The granites were found as groundwater system from poor urban
rugged ridges almost at the centre portion of infrastructural development.

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Fig. 3. Fact map of part of Suleja

From the measurement taken across the study groundwater elevation and flow direction are a
area, it was observed that the average depth of direct reflection of the elevation of the area.
wells are about 6 m with some wells having Groundwater occurrence and flow direction is
depth as low as 1.6 m and some as deep as 7.9 therefore a factor of the surface elevation of the
m and the major source of the recharge is area.
through the regolith. It was observed that water
availability or productivity of the well is mostly 5.3 Hydrochemistry
determined by the elevation of the site where it
was dug relative to the elevation of the adjacent
areas. Wells at point at G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, Hydrochemistry is the qualities of chemical
H5,H6 and H8 have extremely low depth since substances present in a sample of water and
they were located around the foot of a slope and making up its composition chemically [15].
this allow the groundwater from adjacent points Physico-chemical composition of the water
of higher altitude to recharge the point. This samples were examined in order to be able know
shows the structural control the geology has over the quality of water and ascertain its usability for
groundwater availability. The areas having the domestic, agriculture, industry and recreational
best groundwater yield in the area mapped are purposes. Table 2 below show chemical
those having their subsurface rocks to be parameters of both surface and groundwater in
metamorphic rock (Gneiss complex) with better Suleja area. The mean measurement of all the
geological structures and yield tend to reduce parameters from the field and laboratory are as
towards the area with igneous rock. A follows, temperature is 26.7°C, the total
comparison of the elevation maps (Fig. 2) and dissolved solute is 0.20 ppt, pH is 6.4 while
the water level contour map (Fig. 6) shows that conductivity is 320 µS/cm.

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Fig. 4a. Geological map of the study area

Fig. 4b. Geological cross section of the study area

Fig. 7 is the map of Suleja showing areas with and some anthropogenic sources such fertilizer
high nitrate concentration while Fig. 8 is the application in agricultural practices, poor hygiene
graph of mean concentration of measured and mining activities [16]. In the study area, the
parameters of groundwater and Fig. 9 is the major cause of contamination can be traced to
Piper diagram that was used to characterise the poor hygienic practice. Reasonable distance was
water as a calcium-magnesium-sulphate water. not considered in locating their hand dug wells,
Nitrate was isolated because of the slightly sewage and pit latrines.
higher concentration and also been an indicator
of pollution from poor sanitary conditions. In From the test results, it can be deduced that the
characterising the water using Piper, Nitrate was dominant chemical constituent of the waters
added to chloride to give a sulphate – chloride – tested are defined by the rocks. From the Piper
nitrate combination. diagram, water sample also show sulphatic as
main water type and this could be inferred to the
Impurities can enter into the groundwater through relative proximity of groundwater to sewage
many ways like soil leaching, rock weathering, disposal systems. Some trace elements can also

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 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

be observed almost crossing the boundary of probability of getting it contaminated in the next
Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. few years. In almost all the wells, soak away and
There are few instances of some water points pit latrines were not given reasonable gaps from
having their Nitrate content to be very high and each other and this gives the reasons why all
some are still very low but with very high may be contaminated by the wastes with time.

9° 14‘ 56"
7°
9‘ Zariyawa
30
"
Anguwan Tungan

MFM
NDLEA
Kwamba Pry Groundwater

Ambest Good
Suleja Tech
Medium
Low
Stadium Local Govt.

NSTA
7°
11‘
54
Bakassi "
Field Base

0 32m 9° 11‘ 36"

Fig. 5. Groundwater potential map of parts of Suleja

Plate 1. Photomicrograph of gneiss complex (Sample F7)

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Plate 2. Photomicrograph of granite (sample C4)

Fig. 6. Water level elevation contour map showing direction of groundwater flow

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 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

Fig. 7. Map of part of Suleja showing wells with high nitrate content

50
45
Mean conentration (mg/l)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Parameter

Fig. 8. Mean concentration of measured parameters in Suleja area

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 Akano et al.; JSRR, 9(5): 1-15, 2016; Article no.JSRR.21577

Table 2. Results of chemical analysis of water in Suleja area

Sample ID Cations (mg/l) Anions (mg/l) Trace elements (mg/l)

Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl– HCO3– SO42- NO3- PO43- F– Fe2+ Cr Zn P
Z 24 3 24.8 8.3 24 21 10 11.1 4 0.81 0.01 0.07 3.5 1.3
B3 60 10 32.8 23.42 69 20 12 44 2 0 0.05 0 3.95 0.65
B7 25 7 23.2 11.73 32 14 10 11.7 2 0 0.11 0.03 3.8 0.65
C4 58 6 14.4 38.06 66 36 10 51.2 6 0.88 0.08 0 5 1.95
D2 116 8 20.8 44.41 150 46 13 58.1 9 0.58 0.1 0.02 4 2.93
E2 57 8 16 29.77 63 27 12 45 4 0.21 0.05 0.01 4 1.3
E6 10 3 16 7.81 15 15 12 6.87 2 0 0.09 0 3.8 0.65
E8 20 20 17.6 13.18 10 36 11 8.5 2 0.02 0.07 0.02 5 0.65
F2 48 8 27.2 18.06 49 21 12 30.1 9 0.34 0.11 0.01 5 2.93
F7 8 4 35.2 1.95 9 22 14 4.27 3 0.67 0.17 0.06 3 0.97
H1 30 8 74.4 1.95 47 48 11 43.7 5 0.06 0.08 0 5 1.63
H3 27 11 12 8.3 30 18 10 10.8 7 1.19 0.04 0.02 4 2.18
H6 24 4 16 2.44 29 13 12 8.3 8 0.49 0.1 0.01 4 2.61
H8 32 6 40 2.44 32 31 10 13.6 5 0.27 0.15 0.08 3.5 1.63
Total 539 106 370.4 211.82 625 368 156 347 68 5.52 1.11 0.33 57.55 22.03
Mean 38.5 7.57 26.46 15.13 44.64 26.28 11.14 24.8 4.86 0.4 0.08 0.02 4.11 1.57

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5.4 Geophysical Survey lines A-H are shown below in Table 3. Fig. 10 is
the geo-electric section while Fig. 11 is the map
The results of geophysical survey using the of Suleja showing overburden thickness as
vertical electrical sounding method along profile determined from geo-electrical surveys.

Fig. 9. Piper diagram showing the water types (modified after Piper, 1944)

Fig. 10. Geoelctric section for profile line A

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Fig. 11. Map of Suleja showing overburden depth

Table 3. Results of vertical electrical sounding along profile line A

AB/2 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
1 438 286 348 411 426 315 90 106
2 401 247 266 331 374 271 118 104
3 374 174 184 284 334 214 131 127
5 298 123 141 386 384 194 152 177
6 326 156 109 421 426 211 173 178
8 381 162 98 486 491 297 246 195
10 314 196 191 524 532 332 318 191
15 386 215 224 639 574 315 373 184
20 346 239 267 742 556 341 301 243
25 420 246 301 801 581 310 336 270
30 382 226 311 942 620 292 328 278
35 364 210 314 1126 746 322 328 321
40 401 284 320 1350 824 366 487 374
50 416 344 379 1780 963 424 295 397
60 474 456 467 1864 1106 674 347 394
70 568 348 446

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It was observed that wells with thicker as application of nitrogen fertiliser to soils for
overburden layer perform better in groundwater agriculture.
yield than those with shallow overburden except
those at the valley of slope. It was also Based on the geology and studies that was
established that yield of a well differs from one carried out in Suleja and environs, it is
point to another mindless of how close they may recommended that groundwater can best be
be. Geophysical surveys carried out in the area developed in this area through the use of well-
reveal that there are reasonable geological designed boreholes. Results of the geophysical
structures (fractures) in the subsurface rock that survey reveal high probability of success in
may support a good groundwater yield if reasonable larger portion of the area and strict
borehole are drilled in these area. laws should be passed by the government
dictating or stating specifically the distance that
6. CONCLUSION should be between boreholes and pit latrines,
soak away.
Groundwater occur in all places but with different
yields due to the structural control the geology COMPETING INTERESTS
has over it and the continual change in
geological conditions from point to point on the Authors have declared that no competing
earth surface and subsurface. The rock type, interests exist.
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© 2016 Akano et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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