• we use th~ comparative form + than to compare two Spelling

people, things, places, etc.

Rob is stronger than Tim.
• One-syllable adjectives ending in -e take -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form .
• we use th~ + superlative form + of/in to compare a
nice - nicer - nicest
person, thing or place with the whole group they
• Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y turn the -y into I
belong to. we use in when we talk about places. and then take -er/est. funny- funnier - funniest
sue ts the shortest of her friends. Lisbon is the most
• Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between two
beautiful city in Europe.
consonants double the final consonant and take -er/-est.
Form big - bigger - biggest BUT strong - stronger - strongest
• we add -(e)rl-(e)st to one-syllable and two-syllable Irregular forms
adjectives to form their comparative and superlative Adjective comparative superlative
forms. good better the best
tall - taller (than) - the tallest (of/in) bad worse the worst
• Adjectives of two or more syllables take more and much/many] more the most
most. a lot of
crowded - more crowded - the most crowded little less the least
beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful far further/farther the furthest/farthest
Note: The comparative and superlative forms of Note:
clever, common, .cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, • further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance) The bus
pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet are station is further/farther away than the train station.
formed with -er/-est or more/most. • further (adj) = more For further details please call the
gentle - gentler - the gentlest Also: gentle - more club secretary
gentle- the most gentle.

• as + adjective + as (to show that two people or • the + comparative ... , the + comparative (shows
things are similar/different in some way). In negative that two things change together, or that one thing
sentences we use not as/so ... as. depends on another thing).
My bedroom is as big as my sister's. The more you exercise, the fitter you become.
Ron's new job is not as/so we/I-paid as his old one. • the same as
• less + adjective + than (expresses the difference Your family's car is the same as ours.
between two people or things). The opposite is more • twice/three times/half, etc as + adjective + as
He's worked here twice as long as I have.
... than.
The food in the new restaurant wasn't half as good as
This jacket is less expensive than that one.
• the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person !imagined.
or thing with two or more people or things of the
same group). The opposite is the most ... of/In .
Jackie is the least confident student in the class.
• comparative + and + comparative (to show that
something is increasing or decreasing).
There are fewer and fewer green spaces in our city

75
 4 Put the words in brackets into the correct form,
1 Write the comparative and superlative forms of as In the example, adding any necessary words.
the following adjectives, as in the example.

Adjective comparative superlative

Hi, James!
hot hotter the hottest I had a great time in Prague. It's such a beautiful place!

................................ ···· ···· ·· ·· ................. . The first sight to see was Prague Castle. It appears in
lovely
the Guinness World Records as 1) the oldest (old) and
much ·· ······· ·· ········ ···· ··••" '' '
................. ............. 2) .................. ........ .................... (big) castle in Europe.
····························" It also houses some of 3) ............ ................................ ..
bad ··················· ··········· ··
(amazing) art collections from the Bohemian era.
healthy ···· ········· ··········•·"'''" Another must-see is the Astronomical Clock. Travellers
amazing to Prague often say that they haven't seen a
4) ................................................... (impressive) clock
intelligent ········ ······ ·······•" '''' '" " than this anywhere else. The clock not only shows the
long time of day but also the months and seasons!
expensive Also, it isn't 5) .............................................. (difficult)
as you think to move around the city. Prague has one
big of 6) ...................................................... (good) public
transportation systems in Europe. To be honest the
2 Fill in the gaps with than, the, of or in, as in the metro 1s . 7) ................... ........................... (convenient)
'

example. way to get around.

I really enjoyed my trip.
1 The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous Talk soon,
monuments in the world. Carrie
2 John's new house is bigger ............ his old one.
3 Travelling by train is cheaper .... ........ travelling by
plane.
4 These sunglasses are ...... ...... most popular brand
5 Compare ~nd contrast the two hotels using
comparative and superlative forms, as in the
............ all . example.
5 My daughter is one of .. .... ...... cleverest students
...... .. .... her class.
1h8 .
6 This building is .. ...... .... oldest ............ the city.
7 My sister Sally is ............ yo ungest ............ my family.
.

3 Put the adjectives into the comparative or

superlative form, as in the example.
Rooms: comfortable*** comfortable **
1 It was the deepest (deep) lake I have ever swum in.
Maid service: good*** good***
2 Your lecture on modern art was
.. ......... .. .. .. ........ .............. ..... (inte;~~tl.~g)·~·~;~·~·~;~~ Room service: fast** fast***
3 Titanic was one of · Prices: expensive *** expensive **
.... ............... .... <suc~~~~>.tii~~·~/;;h·~·~·99o;:··. .......... Location: convenient ** convenient ***
4 Of all the students on the course, Penny is .. ...... .. .. ..
.. .. ... ..................... ............. .............. (popular). The rooms at the King Hotel are more
5 That rock concert was than the rooms at the Rose Hotel. comfortable
(bad) I've ever been to:.. .................... .......... .... ...... .. .. .
The rooms at the Rose Hot I
6 His puppy is ............ .......... ...... ........ . as the rooms at the King H:t:.e not as/ so comfortable
(young) than yours. .. .................... .... .
The rooms at the Rose Hotel ar
7 Little Angie is
(quiet) baby I . ... . .. .. .. .. .... ... . . . the rooms at the King Hotel. e less comfortable than I

8 Your house is
76 (far) away fro~·~h~ ·;~~~~·~·~·~k~t·ih·~·~.. . . . . ...... .
 Adverbs
Positive Comparative
adverbs having the same form as their Superlative Irregular forms
adjectives add -er/-est fast faster the fastest well better best
early drops the -y and adds -ier/-iest badly worse worst
early earlier the earliest
two-syllable adverbs and those formed by much more most
often more often most often little less least
adding -ly to their adjectives take more/most
Note: simply more simply most simply
• very+ adjective/adverb: It was very kind of you to
come • too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive (to show that
• much/a lot/even/a bit/a little/far/slightly + something is more, or at a higher degree, than
comparative form of adjective/adverb: I always feel necessary). We are both too short to go on that ride.
slightly nervous before an exam • adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive (to show
• by far + superlative form of adjective/adverb: She that there is as much of something as it is wanted, or
is by far the most knowledgeable person I know. at the necessary degree). She is old enough to
watch the film

6 Write the comparative and superlative degree of

8 Choose the correct item, as in the example.
the following adverbs, as in the example.

1 softly more softly the most softly

1 This is by far/very the most interesting book I've read.
2 fast 2 My baby sister got the same/three times as many
presents as me!
3 early
3 This food is too/enough salty - I can't eat it.
4 badly
4 It's bit/far warmer today than it was yesterday.
s much
s More/Much and more people are using public
transport these days.
7 Put the adverbs into the comparative or 6 Your gloves are twice/the same as mine.
superlative form, as in the example. 7 The harder/hardest you try, the more you'll achieve.

1 Evelyn was the most elegantly (elegant) dressed 8 Kevin walks by far/very slowly.
woman in the room. 9 My teacher thinks my invention is good enough
winning/to win the competition.
2 Of all the teams in the cup, ours has been playing
..... ...... ... ............... ..... ........ .................... (badly). 10 The sequel wasn't half/slightly as interesting as
the first film.
3 That vase costs .................... ........ ................ ...... ...... .. ..
(little) than this one.
4 No one cooks .................. .... ...... ................ .................. · 9 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the
(well) than my mum. adjective/adverb in brackets, as in the example.
5 The new sports centre is located a little .................... . 1 Getting his university degree was the proudest
.................... .. .... .. (far) along the road. (proud) moment of Steve's life.
6 Students use their bicycles .. ...... ......... f•~;~·~·~·~;rt·. . . . 2 My sister exercises ......................... (often) than I do.
...... ........ .. (often) than other means o 3 The people at the back can't hear you, so you'll have
7 Lisa can solve Maths problems .. .......... ...................... · to speak ............................. ............. (loudly).
............ ..................... (easily) than me. 4 If you need .................................... ... (far) information,
please feel free to contact me.
s Jim drives .................................................................. :..... .
(carefully) than his friend Paul, who's a terrible driver.
6 This winter is .......................... (cold) than last winter.
7 Luckily, Mike's injuries were .. .................... .. ............. .. .
(serious) than we feared. 77
 • countable nouns are those that can be counted. They have singular and plural forms (one peach, two peaches, etc).
We use a/an with singular countable nouns. .
• uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted (milk, flour, etc). uncountable nouns take a singular verb and
are not used with a/an. These are:
types of food (bread, cheese, etc) natural phenomena (rain, fog, etc)
liquids (water, petrol, etc) certain nouns (advice, dirt, education, luck, news, peace,
subjects of study (History, Chemistry, etc) traffic, weather, homework, music, accommodation,
languages (English, Portuguese, etc) information, shopping, trouble, work, furniture , money,
sports (tennis, baseball, etc) rubbish,jewe/lery, luggage, etc)
diseases (malaria, flu, etc)
• we use some in the affirmative with either countable nouns In the plural or uncountable nouns.
Singular Plural
I love eating chocolate. He left a box of chocolates on my desk.
would you like a glass of Juice? (a container for drinking) My grandpa always forgets where he puts his glasses.
The table is made of glass. (the material) (spectacles)
Ellie has got fair hair. (all the hair on her head) I found two hairs in my soup. (single hairs)
It'll take me some time to finish the washing-up. (period of time) She has travelled abroad a couple of times. (occasions)
Write your name on a piece of paper. (the writing material) t left the papers on my desk in the office. (documents)

ut.rill3~G3
We can use both uncountable nouns and countable nouns after phrases of quantity such as:
a jar/bottle/piece/loaf/cup/glass/ki/o/carton/bowl/canltin/slice/packet etc of.
She ate two slices of bread. I need a kilo of tomatoes.

1Q Fill in the gaps with is, are, a or some, as in 11 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate partitive +
the example. of to indicate quantity, as in the example.

::•1
I

·o
1 Physics is my favourite subject.
2 I need ..... ............ loaf of bread.
3 Let me give you ................. advice.

• --- y
~¼p,_, - -
4 The fog ................. very thick, I can't see.
s Where .. .. ............. the milk?
6 The papers on the shelf ................. for you .
D
7 Apples .. .. ............. my least favourite fruit.

I.·~-$ .:
8 The furniture .......... ............ in storage until the new ' Q ,g ., G) --../, i
house is ready.

• •
9 I've got ................. good news.
I
10 The traffic ........ .... .... . terrible in the city centre .
11 I found .. ........ .. ....... hair in my food at the restaurant.
12 The chocolates I bought from the supermarket
.. .. .................. ... in the kitchen. 1 a carton of orange juice
6 ............. .......... . coffee
13 Where ...... ................... the money I left on the table? 2 ................. ....... water 7 ....................... . milk
14 Where ..................... .. .. my sunglasses? 3 ........................ popcorn 8
........ .. .. .. .. ........ soda
15 Jenny's hair ........................ . long and curly. 4 ........................ pizza 9 .... .................. .. cake
5 ..... ...... .. ........... bread 10 .. .. .. .. .......... mayonnaise
78
 Adjectives Pronouns Adverbs
people things places
some someone/somebody something somewhere
every everyone/everybody everything everywhere
no/not any no one/not anyone/nobody/not anybody nothing/not anything nowhere/not anywhere
any anyone/anybody anything anywhere
• some and its compounds (someone, something, etc) Is there anything I can do for the event? (question)
are normally used in positive sentences. They can They can also be used in positive sentences meaning
also be used in questions to make an offer, a "It doesn't matter how/what/when/where/which/ .
request or when we expect a positive answer. who, etc." You can ask anybody to go with you. (= it
t bought some books yesterday (positive) doesn't matter who)
would you like something to drink? (offer) Any and its compounds can be used after if in a
can I have something to eat? (request) positive sentence. If you need anything, please tell me.
LUcy can't help us with our research. Shall we ask They are also used with negative words (hardly,
someone else? (we expect a positive answer) never, without, seldom, rarely, etc)
• Every is used with singular countable nouns. Every She never goes out with anyone from work.
student has a library card. The compounds everyone/
(NOT: She never goes out with R9-6Re from work.)
everybody, everything and everywhere are used in
positive and interrogative sentences and are followed by • No/Not any and their compounds (no one/not anyone,
a singular verb. Everything is fine. Is everybody ready? nothing/not anything, etc) are used in negations.
• Any and its compounds (anyone, anything, etc) are There is no milk. (= There isn't any milk.) There's no
normally used in questions and negations. one in the house. (= There isn't anyone in the house.)
There aren't any apples left. (negation)

12 Choose the correct word, as in the example. 13 Fill in the gaps with some, any, no, every or
one of their compounds, as in the example.
1 Nobody/Somebody is allowed to park in front of
this building. 1 A: How was your skiing weekend?
2 I had any/no time to go to the post office today. B: Terrible! There was hardly any snow.
3 Are you going nowhere/anywhere nice for your 2 A: There are ........................... really fascinating
holidays? exhibits at the new museum.
4 There was anyone/no one left at the gallery by two B: Really? I must go.
o'clock. 3 A: Hurry up! There's ........................... time to waste.
5 Somebody/Anybody broke into our house today. The bus will be here soon.
6 Have I done anything/nothing to offend you? B: I'm nearly ready.
7 If no one/anyone is looking for me, tell them I've 4 A: I'd love to come and visit you in Paris.
gone home. B: You can come ....................... time you like.
8 It will take you any/some time to get used to such a 5 A: Do you want to go to the cinema tonight?
hot climate. B: No, thanks. There's .......................... I want to see.
9 Where is my tablet? I've looked everywhere/ 6 A: can I get you ........................... from the shop?
somewhere in the house!
B: Just a bag of crisps, thanks.
10 Maggie can't drink her coffee; there's nothing/no
7 A: I bought ........................... great books from the
milk in it.
book fair this afternoon.
11 There is someone/anyone at the door for you.
B: Really? Let me see.
12 Can I please have some/any tomato sauce on my
8 A: What time's the meeting?
spaghetti?
B: We'll start as soon as ........................... gets here.
79
 countable uncountable Examples
There are some apples in the fridge. There is some flour in the .
some some cupboard. There are a lot of/lots of books on the shelf There is
affirmative
a lot of (lots of) a lot of (lots of)
a lot of/lots of sugar in the coffee.
Are there any pens in your pencil case? Is there any milk in your
any any
interrogative tea? Are there many children in the class? Is there much petrol
many much
in the car?
no no There are no biscuits left. There is no salt in the food. There aren'
negative not any not any any napkins in the kitchen. There isn't any cola in the bottle. The~
not many not much aren't many chips in the bowl. I don't need much 011mmy salad.
(very) few (very) little A few people showed up at the event. Very few people send
(= not enough) (= not enough) letters today A little pepper adds spice to our food. We have
a few (= some) a little (= some) very little milk, we'll have to buy some.
• some and any are used with uncountable and • Enough is used with countable and uncountable
countable plural nouns. Some is usually used in nouns in the affirmative, negative and interrogative to
affirmative sentences, and also in interrogative show that there is as much of something as required.
sentences, when we expect a positive answer; for we've got enough eggs to make a cake. We haven't
example, when we make a request or an offer. got enough flour Have we got enough butter?
Any is used in interrogative and negative sentences. • A couple of/Hundreds of/Three of etc are used with
There are some biscuits in the jar countable nouns. They are normally used in
Could I have some juice? affirmative sentences. The of is omitted when
Is there any mustard in the jar? No, there isn't any left. a couple/hundred/plenty/three etc are not followed
• No is used with uncountable and countable plural by a noun. I've got a couple of cartons of juice. How
nouns instead of not any in negative sentences. many cartons of juice have we got? A couple.
There are no pockets in these trousers. (= There aren't • A bit of is used with uncountable nouns. It is normally
any pockets in these trousers.)
used in affirmative sentences or interrogatives. The of
She has got no money (= She hasn't got any money.)
is omitted when a bit is not followed by a noun.
• A lot of/lots of/plenty of are used with uncountable
We've got a bit of milk. Have we got a bit of rice?
and countable plural nouns in affirmative sentences. We 've got a bit.
A lot of/Lots of posters are hanging in the classroom.
• We use few (= not many, almost none)/a few (=
The group played a lot of/lots of great music.
some/not many) with plural countable nouns.
There are plenty of clean towels in the cupboard.
Few people liked the performance. (= almost none)
• Much and many are normally used in questions and
I've got a few oranges. (= a small number, not many)
negations. Much is used with uncountable nouns
and many is used with plural countable nouns. • We use little (= not much, almost noneva little (=
There isn't much coffee in the jar some/not much) with uncountable nouns.
Have you got many books? There is little milk left (= almost none)
• How much and how many are used in questions. I'd like a little sugar in my coffee, please. (= not much)
How much + uncountable noun -. amount • Several (of) (= more than three but not many) is used
How much sugar do we need? Not much with countable nouns. There are several bananas in
How many+ countable noun -. number the fruit bowl. several of the bananas aren't ripe.
How many people came to the lecture?Twenty • Both (= two) and all(= the whole quantity) are used
• Too many is used with countable nouns and too with countable and uncountable nouns. Both oranges
much is used with uncountable nouns to show that and k1w1 frwt contain vitamin c. I used all the sugar to
make the cake.
there is more than the required quantity of
something. There are too many nuts in this cereal.
You've given me too much pasta - I can't eat it all.

80
14 Choose the correct answer, as in the example.
17 Fill in the gaps with How many or How much,
1 I can give you ~/an information on the as in the example.
· upcoming project.
1 How much yoghurt? 9 .................. .. . peppers?
2 There isn't any/some water in the bottle. 2 ····················· books? 10 ...... .............. . cabbage?
3 The food isn't spicy. Why don't you add any/some 3 ..................... soap? 11 ......... ............ biscuits?
chilli?
4 ..................... onions? 12 ..................... water?
4 Helen doesn't spend much/no time cooking. 5 ......... ............ glue? 13 ..................... paper?
s Are the students making any/some progress with 6 .... ................. cheese? 14 ..................... cherries?
their project?
7 ..................... keys? 15 ..................... milk?
6 Toby has won a lot of/much medals in various
competitions. 8 ................ ..... coffee? 16 ..................... popcorn?

7 I only have a few/lots of CDs, so I'd like to buy

some more.
18 FIii in the dialogue below with much, many,
s could you help me put any/some of these clothes how much or how many, as in the example.
in the wardrobe, please?

15 Fill in the gaps with a few or a little, as in the

example.

1 A: Could I have a few more ice cubes in my drink,

please?
B: Certainly.
2 A: Are you going to buy that jacket you saw today?
B: No. I've only got ..................... money left so I
can't afford it. A: Let's make lasagne for dinner tonight!
3 A: What would you like in your coffee? B: Great idea! 1) How much minced meat do we
B: Just .............. ....... sugar, please. need?
4 A: There are still ..................... tickets left for the · A: Not 2) ................. ...... .. ...... . Half a kilo will do.
concert on Friday night. B: OK. 3) ............................... tomatoes?
B: Great. I'll go and buy one now. A: About three big ones.
s A: Only .... ................. people know that Karen used B: 4) ............................... cheese should I buy?
to be a famous opera singer. A: Get about half a kilo of mozzarella.
B: Really? I had no idea. B: Right. Now, 5) ............................ ... packets of
lasagne will we need?

16 Fill in: both, all of, enough, too much, a bit of,
several, hundreds of, as in the example.
A: One packet will be enough.
B: What about onions? We haven't got
6) ...... ......................... left.
1 We served hundreds of people at the restaurant last
A: we only need two. Is there any milk in the fridge?
night!
B: Well, there is some but not 7) ............................... .
2 ..................... the students on my course bring their
A: You'd better buy a carton then. And get some flour
laptops to lectures.
as well.
3 I added .............. ...... sal~ to the sauce. It tastes awful!
B: 8) .... .... .. ..................... flour shall I buy?
4 There's .................... soup left in the pot but not much.
A: A small packet will be enough.
5 ........................ Tony and Ron are vegetarians.
B: OK. I'll be back in about an hour.
6 I've got .......... ........ ...... friends who want to be chefs.
7 There isn't ........................ bread to make sandwiches
for lunch.
81
 Clauses of purpose
We use clauses of purpose to express the purpose of an action, i.e. why someone does something. They are
introduced with:
• to + infinitive: /'m going to the shop to get a newspaper.
• in order to (formal): She went to the bank in order to apply for a loan.
In negative sentences we use in order not to/so as not to.
He set the alarm clock in order not to/so as not to wake up late. (NOT: /:19 &ot tho ala;m c!Gck RGt tG 1•,,ta~ up /.at@.)
• so that/in order that + can/Will/simple present (present or future reference). we use can and will when the
verb in the main clause is in a present or future tense. She studies every day so that she can pass her exams.
• so that/in order that + could/would/simple past (past reference). we use could and would when the main verb
is in the past tense. They booked their tickets in advance so that they wouldn't have to queue.
Note: In order that has the same meaning as so that, but it is not used very often because it is formal.
She checks her mail every day in order that she can collect/collects her bills on time.
• in case + present tense (present/future reference) /'II take a pen in case I need to take notes. (NOT: ... in Ga&o I wit!

• in case + past tense (past reference) She took a jacket in case she felt cold.
Note: in case is never used with will or would. He took a snack in case he got hungry (NOT: ... in ca&o ho '1101:J!d ggt ...)
• for+ noun (expresses the purpose of an action) She stopped at the supermarket for some milk.
• for+ -ing form (expresses the purpose of sth or its function) This is a tin for baking heart-shaped cakes.
• with a view to + -ing form He's visiting Canada with a view to finding a job there.
• prevent + noun/pronoun (+ from) + -ing form The new pipe prevents the sink from leaking
• avoid + -ing form They cancelled their plans to avoid going out in the snow.
• so that+ can't/won't (present/future reference) /'II make a list so that I won't forget what/ need to buy
• so that+ couldn't/wouldn't (past reference) She gave him a lift so that he wouldn't walk home in the rain.

1 Underline the correct word(s), as in the example. 2 Join the following sentences using to, as in the
example.
1 She went to the chemist's so that/to get some
cough syrup. 1 We stopped using plastic bags. we wanted to
2 He bought a video in order to/so that record his protect the environment.
favourite programmes. We stopped using plastic bags to protect the
environment.
3 They left the house early so that/to they would
arrive on time. 2 We should all volunteer to patrol our forests. we
4 He goes to the gym every day in order to/so that want to protect them from fires........ ......... ........... .. .. .
he can lose some weight. ···························· ························································"
5 I always carry some cash with me in case/in order 3 The government has introduced stricter traffic laws.
that I need to take a taxi. They want to reduce road accidents.........................
6 They sold their house so that/to buy a bungalow. ··················································································• "''
7 They arrived early in order not to/not to miss the 4 She spent the summer in Rome. She wanted to
fireworks display. improve her Italian
. ········· ····· ···································•"·
8 Is this knife to/for cutting bread? ··········································· ····· ································•·"··
5 8?b called his brother. He wanted to tell him about
9 I ordered a Mexican takeaway in order to/so that 1
wouldn't have to cook. his new job..................................... ..... .. ...... .. ............ ..
10 Jerry didn't tell her the truth so as not/in order to 6
upset her.
present for her friend
. ········································••"'''"
······················································································

82
3 vou are going on a camping trip to the 4 Join the sentences using the word(s) in
mountains and you are talking to a friend about brackets, as in the example.
what you should take with you. First, match
items 1-8 to purposes a-h, then ask and answer
questions, as in the example.

I . .I

1 @ matches 2 0 penknife

1 Jake's enrolled in a college course. He wants to

become a teacher. (to)
Jake 's enrolled in a college course to become a
teacher.
2 She circled the day on her calendar. She didn't want
to miss the appointment. (prevent) ..... .. .. .............. ..
3 0 sleeping bag 4 0 tent
3 She bought a phone card. She wanted to make some
phone calls. (in order to) ................................ ........ .

4 He wrote down the address. He didn't want to forget

it. (in order not to) .. ................................................ .

s O radio 6 0 torch s Pierre is taking cookery classes. He wants to

become a chef. (with a view to) .. ................ .. .. .... ..

0
~-- . 6 He is learning karate. He wants to be able to defend
himself. (SO that) .............. .. ........................ .. ............ .

7
~-'L ~
0 insect repellent

a to sleep in
8 0 •
compass
7 We went to the butcher's. We wanted some meat.
(for) .. .. ......... .. ....... .............. .................................... .... .

8 She went to bed at ten o'clock. She didn't want to

wake up late the next morning. (in order not to)
b to stay in
9 Ann is working hard. She wants to finish her report
c to see in the dark
on time. (so that) ...................... .. ............................ ..
d to not be bitten by mosquitoes
············· ··· ···· ·· ······ ········ ············· ·············· ·· ···· ········ ······ ···
e to light a fire 10 I'll pack a lot of warm clothes. I think the weather
f to find your way might turn cold. (in case) .................... .. .... .. ........ .... ..
g to open canned food ··· ······· ······ ···· ······ ······ ··· ······· ········ ····· ·· ······· ········· ·····
h to listen to the weather forecast 11 Sue called her best friend. She wanted to tell her
the great news. (to) .. .... ........ .. ....... .... .... .......... ......... ..
A: Should I take matches with me? ······· ·· ·· ·· ··· ·· ···· ·· ···· ········ ······· ······· ················ ····· ···············
B: Yes. Take matches so that you can/in order to 12 He bought a second-hand car. He didn't want to
light a fire. spend too much money. (to avoid) .. ................ ...... ..

I ······················································································
83
 We use clauses of reason to express the reason for something. They are introduced with :
• as/since (= because) She got up late as/since it was Sunday
• because t ate a sandwich because t was hungry
• because of/on account of/due to + noun The road was closed because of/ on account of/ due to bad weather
• due to the fact that Due to the fact that there was bad weather, the roads were closed.
• the/a reason for+ nounl-ing The reason for her delay was (the fact that) she had woken up late.
The fact that she had woken up late was the reason for her delay
• the/a reason why+ clause The reason why she was late was (the fact that) she had woken up late.
• now (that) + clause Now (that) he's passed his exams, he can go to university
• for(= because) in formal written style I couldn't lie to him, for he was my best friend.

5 Choose the correct item, as in the example. 6 Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) in
brackets, as in the example.

1 Kim stayed home because/due to she felt ill.

2 Due to/Since I wasn't experienced, I made a lot of
mistakes.
3 They disconnected his Internet connection as/
because of unpaid bills.
4 I don't understand the reason for/the reason 1 Dennis trained hard. He won the tennis competition.
why you 're still upset with me. (due to the fact that)
Dennis won the tennis competition due to the fact
s I went to bed early last night because of/due to
that he trained hard.
the fact that I had a terrible headache.
2 She went to bed because she was tired. (since) ....
6 She got an umbrella, due/for it looked like rain .
··· ······ ······ ············ ··· ··············· ········ ················ ······ ······ ·····
7 I'm still waiting to hear the reason for/due to your
3 He was late and as a result his manager gave him a
childish behaviour.
warning. (because of) .. ... ......... .... ..... ..... .... ....... ....... .
s As/Because of she had finished the housework,
Laura went for a bike ride. ·· ····················· ·· ···· ················· ···· ······ ······· ···· ··· ·· ··· ···········
4 I can't come with you. I have to help my mum with
9 David stopped playing football because/due to a
the chores. (as) ...... ................ .... .... ........... ....... .... .. .....
serious knee injury.
······ ···· ··············· ····· ···· ··· ········· ··· ···· ·· ··········· ······ ······ ········
10 All fl ights to London were cancelled on account of/ 5 He changed jobs. He had been offered a better
as thick fog.
salary. (the reason why) ....... .... ...... ......... ..... .........
11 Now/Due to I've got more free time, I'm going to .. .. ... .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. ' . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . ..
start a blog. 6 It was raining. I drove to work. (because) ............. ... .
. . . . .. ... .... . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . .... ....

84
 we use clauses of result to express the result of something. They are introduced with:
• as a result/therefore/as a consequence/consequently
The hotel was fully booked and, as a result,/therefore,las a consequence,lconsequently we stayed at another one.
The hotel was fully booked. As a result,/Therefore,/As a consequence,/Consequently, we stayed at another one.
• so He was exhausted so he went to bed early.
• so + adjective/adverb + that The film was so exciting that everyone was on the edge of their seats.
• so many/few+ plural noun+ that There were so many people at the restaurant that we couldn't find a table.
• so much/little + uncountable noun + that She had so much money in her wallet that she could buy anything she
wanted at the mall.
• such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun + that She is such an intelligent woman that everybody admires her.
• such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun + that They were such difficult questions that nobody could answer
them. It was such delicious food (that) we all had second helpings.
• such a lot of+ plural/uncountable noun + that There is such a lot of noise in the room that I can't concentrate.

7 Fill in the gaps with so, such or such a (an), as in 8 Rewrite the sentences using the word in
the example. brackets, as in the example.

1 Heather is very talented. Many people believe she

will become a star. (so)
Heather is so talented that many people believe she
will become a star.
2 The girls are good friends. They have never argued
about anything. (such) .. ........................................... .

3 The film was very long. My little sister fell asleep in

the cinema. (such) ..................................... ............. .. .

4 Rita did a lot of gardening this morning. Now she

1 A: I love this restaurant. feels very tired . (so) ............................. .................... ..
B: so do I! The food is so delicious that I come here
every Friday. s Pam missed her flight, which made her late for the
2 A: Are you going to the cinema tonight?
conference. (result) .......... ........... ............... .............. .
B: I don't think so. I have .................................... bad
6 There were few people at the event. It finished early.
headache that I think I'll stay at home.
(SO) ...... ... .................... .. ..... .......... ..... ..... .. ..... ...... ....... ..
3 A: How was dinner at Pete's on Friday?
B: Fantastic! He had cooked ........................... ........ . 7 The information is confidential. Only a few people
delicious food that we couldn't stop eating. know about it. (therefore) .................... ...... ............ ..
4 A: Did you go to the park yesterday?
B: No, it was ............... .. ......... .. ........ windy that we 8 Many people signed up for French lessons. They
stayed in instead. hired an extra teacher. (so) ............ ................. ...... .. .. .
5 A: Why were you so late to work, Paula?
B: There was .................................. .. lot of traffic on 9 Lynn had too many clothes. She gave some of them
the road that I decided to take a short cut, but 1 away. (so) ............ ......... ........ ...... ........................ ... .... ..
ended up lost.
6 A: Is there any salad left?
B: No, sorry. It was .................................... tasty th at
we ate it all.
85
 every - each h h we talk about two people or
• Every and each are used with singular countable nouns. we normally use ~ac w ~nteam scored the same number of
things. we use every/each when we talk about three or more people or things. Eac
goals. (NOT: ... in evefY team .. .) / enjoyed every/each day of our holidays in Greece. . .
• Every one and each (one) can be followed by of. Every one of the students was given a book to read dunng the
summer holidays. , II' , b dy/everything'
• we use every when we are thinking of people or things together, in a group, to mean a , every O ·
There's a TV in every room of the house. (all rooms) . . .
we use each when we are thinking of people or things separately, one at a time. Each employee will be g,ven a holiday
bonus.
• we use every to show how often something happens. She travels abroad every year. . .
• we use every, but not each, with words and expressions such as almost, nearly, practically and without
exception. He goes jogging almost every day (NOT: eael:I day)
Note:
• each other= one another Kendra and Lucy never liked each other.
• every other = alternate We visit our grandparents every other Sunday.
• another = one more part from those already mentioned. Another can also be used with expressions of distance,
money and time. / would like another cup of tea, please. Let's wait another ten minutes; I'm sure she'll call us.
both/neither - all/whole/none - either
• Both refers to two people, things or groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb. Both Kevin and
Darren are doctors.
• Neither refers to two people, things or groups, and has a negative meaning. Neither of+ plural noun phrase can be
followed by either a singular or plural verb in the affirmative. Neither of the two boys is/are tall. BUT Neither Jumper
fits me.
• All refers to more than two people, things or groups. It has a positive meaning and is followed by a plural verb. All the
students got their report cards. All of them are very happy
• Both/All can go: a) after the verb to be. They are both/all top students.
b) after a modal/auxiliary verb, but before the main verb. You should a/I/both spend less time on
your computers.
• Whole is used with singular countable nouns. We use a/the/this/my, etc + whole + noun. Kirsten ate the whole cake
herself! ALSO: Kirsten ate all the cake herself! We don't use whole with uncountable nouns. He drank all the coffee in
the coffee pot.. (NOT: ... #le WRef.e coffee ...) All+ day/morning/week/year= the whole+ day/morning/Week/year
She had been studying all morning/the whole morning
• None of refers to more than two people, things or groups, and has a negative meaning. It is used with nouns or
object pronouns, and is followed by either a singular or plural verb. None of my friends plays/play the piano. BUT
'How many apples are there in the fridge?' 'None.'
• Either refers to two people, things or groups, and is followed by a singular countable noun. Either of+ plural noun
phrase can be followed by either a singular or plural verb. Either of the two hotels bags is/are heavy for me to
carry BUT Either bag is heavy for me. We can use not ... either of instead of neither of. Either can also be used at
the end of a negative sentence. I have two tablets, but I don't use either of them. (= 1have two tablets, but I use
neither of them.) Mary doesn't like vanilla ice cream and I don't either.
• Both ... and ... is followed by a plural verb. Both Jim and Ellie live in the city centre ..
• Neither ... nor/Either ... or take either a singular or plural verb, depending on the subject which follows nor or or.
Neither Gary nor Stuart is a teacher. Either Mandy or her sisters are going to the cinema tonight.

86
 ±:±:

I9 Choose the correct item, as in the example.

11 Fill in: a//, both, neither, none, whole, every or
either, as in the example.
1 Neither/Both Victoria nor Christina has got a
smartphone.
2 We spent four days on the coast and we swam in
the ocean each/every day.
3 Both/Neither brothers work in the fam ily business.
4 All/None of us are fluent in German, unfortunately.
s None/Neither of the two shirts looks good on me.
6 Pam has two pink dresses, but she doesn't like
neither/either of them.
7 can I have another/other slice of cake?
s our team plays a football match every/each other
Sunday.
9 He posts selfies on line practically every/each day!
10 My brothers had an argument, and now they aren't
speaking to every/each other.
1 I sent an email to Mike and Susan but neither of
1Q Fill in the gaps with a//, both, neither or none,
them answered me.
as in the example. 2 You two should ........................ learn German.
3 I wanted to be a teacher my ........................ life.
4 .... .. ........... .... ... Sam nor Jenny has a new smartphone.
s Luckily, .... .................... of the students failed the
science exam.
6 .... .............. .. .... my parents are English teachers.
7 I saw ........................ your books on the floor in your
bedroom.
..
8 .. .......... ........ .. .. of her ten friends called her to remind
,' her about the science test.

, ':\ 9 .. ........ .... .... .. .... of the two boys are short; they took
after their dad, who is very tall.
·i : \,.' 10 .. .. .... .. .. ............ one of us enjoyed the film last night.
j \i,'\ 11 .... .... .. ........ .... .. Alex or James will pick us up.
12 I can't believe you ate the ........................ packet of
1 Both wolves and cats are mammals; ........................... biscuits by yourself!
of them are birds.
2 .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. .. ............ .. .. of the animals have horns.
3 .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...................... cats and birds can be
domesticated.
4 .. ... ... ................. .. ... ... ... ..... . of the animals have tails.
5 cats and wolves are
~~~~.i~~;~~;·::·.·.::·. ::·.:·.:·. ·.·.:·.·.·.·.::.. ................. of them are
herbivores.
6 ............ .. .. .......... ... ... ...... .. .. of the animals have claws.
7
.......... :...... .............. .. ......... wolves of and catshave
them have
noses, ....... ........ .. ... .................. .. ..
beaks.

87
 causative form
. .. d f someone to do something for us.
• we use have + obJect + past part1c1ple to say that we arrang~ or (Sh d"dn't paint it herself_ the painter did it.)
I
sue hired a painter to paint the house sue had the _house pamted. he d b cause if it is, the meaning of the
• The order of words (i.e. have + object + past participle) must not be c ange e
sentence will be changed. h d h ged the tyres (= He
He had the tyres changed. (= He employed someone to change the tyres.) BUT He a c an ·
(himself) changed the tyres.) . . "d • h t imple
• Questions and negations are formed with do/does m the present simple ~nd di in t e pas s ·
Do you have your hair cut every six months? I didn't have the fence pamted last week. . . .
• we can also use have something done to say that something unpleasant happened to someone. Tim had his bike
stolen yesterday (= Tim's bike was stolen.)
Form
Present simple Bil/ washes his car. Bil/ has his car washed.
Present continuous Bil/ is washing his car. Bil/ is having his car washed.
Past simple Bil/ washed his car. Bil/ had his car washed.
Past continuous Bil/ was washing his car. Bill was having his car washed.
Future simple Bil/ will wash his car. Bil/ will have his car washed.
Future continuous Bil/ will be washing his car. Bil/ will be having his car washed.
Present perfect simple Bil/ has washed his car. Bil/ has had his car washed.
Present perfect continuous Bil/ has been washing his car. Bill has been having his car washed.
Past perfect Bil/ had washed his car. Bil/ had had his car washed.
Past perfect continuous Bil/ had been washing his car. Bill had been having his car washed.
Infinitive Bil/ wants to wash his car. Bil/ wants to have his car washed.
-ingform It's worth washing Bi/f's car. It's worth having Bi/f's car washed.
Modals Bil/ can wash his car. Bil/ can have his car washed.
Notes:
• make/have + object (person) + bare Infinitive • get + object (person) + to-infinitive
Mum made me tidy my bedroom. (Mum insisted that We got Dad to buy us a new dog (We persuaded
I tidy my bedroom) He had Ann send a fax. (He asked Dad to buy us a new dog.) we use get instead of
Ann to send a fax.) have only in informal conversation.

12 complete the sentences by putting the verb

13 Each of the following people had something
have into the correct form, as in the example.
unpleasant happen to them last week. Make
1 Emily has her newspaper delivered every morning sentences using the causative form, as in the
by her neighbour's son . example.

2 The Campbells ......................... .............. their kitchen 1 Meg (her flat/break into) by burglars.
painted at the moment. Meg had her flat broken into by burglars.
3 I ....................................... my hair cut short last week 2 Gary (his motorcycle/steal) from outside the shop.
because I needed a change.
··· ·· ······· ········ ·· ····· ······ ·· ·· ····· ·· ··············· ·· ·· ······ ······ ···· ··· ····
4 He ..................... .... .............. his car serviced by the 3 The Smiths (basement/flood) by heavy rain.
mechanic next Tuesday.
·· ··· ··· ······ ······ ·········· ·· ········· ···· ·· ·············· ····· ····················
5 She ..... ........ .................... her carpets fitted yesterday
4 Ann (her favourite dress/tear) by her friend .
when I called.
············ ········ ······ ······ ······ ··· ···· ·· ······ ·············· ··· ··· ········ ·····
6 I ................... ......... ...... ..... just ...... ............. .......... ....... ..
my picture taken by a professional photographer.
s Thomas (his CD player/break) by his little brother.
··· ········· ·· ······· ······ ······ ··· ··· ···· ···· ······· ·· ··· ··· ····· ··· ···· ···· ·· ······
7 I might ................ ... .......... .......... my jeans shortened
6 Mary (window/smash) by a ball.
tomorrow.
············ ·· ··· ·········· ········· ······ ····· ···· ···· ··· ····· ······ ···· ·· ·· ·· ····· ··
8 I always .. ............ .... my rubbish collected on Fridays.
88 7 Charles (car/damage) by a falling tree.
··· ····· ······················· ··· ···· ······ ······ ······· ··· ·· ··· ··· ··· ··· ·· ··· ······ ·
14 Jennifer Baker is a successful
businesswoman who has many things done 16 Rewrite the following sentences in the
for her. Look at the notes below and make causative form, as in the example.
sentences, as in the example.
1 Holly will ask the seamstress to mend her dress.
She will have her dress mended (by the seamstress).
2 Someone has tidied the garden for Mark.
···· ··· ······ ·· ··· ············ ·· ··· ···· ···· ·· ··· ··· ·· ···· ···· ·· ·· ··· ·· ···· ·· ·· ······ ··
·· ·············· ·· ··· ····· ···· ·· ··· ····· ····· ···· ····· ·········· ·· ·· ···· ···· ·· ···· ··· ·
3 He wants them to fix his telephone.
····················· ·· ··· ········· ·· ··· ············· ··· ····· ··· ·· ····· ··· ············
············································· ··················· ···· ··················
4 Pat pays someone to clean the windows every
week.
······················································································
········· ··· ··········································································
5 Can you tell someone to move those boxes?
1 hair/cut (by her personal hairdresser) ········ ········· ···· ····· ························································· ···
She has her hair cut by her personal hairdresser. ·················· ········ ····························································
2 nails/paint (by a manicurist) 6 When will they deliver Dan's sofa?

·············· ········· ·· ···· ························································· ··········································· ···· ····· ············ ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··· ··· ·· ····
3 shopping/do (by her housekeeper) ····· ·· ····· ·· ···· ···· ···· ··· ··· ·· ····· ·· ····· ·· ····· ·· ···· ··· ··· ·· ·· ········ ··· ··· ···
7 There's no point asking the travel agent to book our
··· ·· ················ ······ ·········· ······················· ··················· ······· tickets.
4 telephone/answer (by her secretary)
··· ···· ·············· ·· ··········· ·· ·· ··············· ·· ··· ····· ············ ·· ··· ·· ··· ·
······· ···············································································
··· ··· ·· ···· ·········· ··· ··· ····· ············ ·· ···· ·· ··· ···· ··· ···· ··· ····· ······· ·· ··
5 letters/type (by her secretary)
8 Howard should ask someone to deliver the package.
········ ······ ····························· ··········································· ·· ····· ·· ··· ······ ············ ············ ·· ······················· ······ ···· ··· ··· ·· ·
6 appointments/make (by her secretary)
····· ····················· ··· ······ ·· ··· ······ ·· ······················ -- ·· ······ ·· ····
9 When will you service the car?
7 fresh flowers/deliver to her office every morning (by ··········· ·· ·· ··········· ·· ··· ····· ·················· ··· ················ ···· ·········
the florist) ·············· ···························· ······· ·· ··· ·· ·· ··· ···· ····· ··········· ··· ··
···· ·· ··.. .... .. .. ........... ......... .·············································
, ,
10 Pay someone to make the curtains for you.
8 house/clean (by a cleaner) ··········· ··· ···· ·· ················ ···· ···· ················· ···· ···· ··· ·· ····· ·· ·· ···
····················································· ··· ···· ··· ··· ····· ·· ·· ·· ···· ·····
11 someone has shortened Alison's skirt.

15 Rephrase the following using have, get or ············· ·· ······ ·· ·· ··· ·· ·· ····· ··· ····· ·· ·· ····· ··· ·· ·· ··· ·· ··· ··· ······· ·· ·····
····· ···· ···· ··· ·· ····· ·· ··· ···· ····· ···· ···· ··· ···· ···· ··· ·· ··· ······················
make, as in the example.
12 Doug will ask the bank to pay some bills for him.
1 My sister insisted that I prepare lunch. ····· ··· ·· ·· ·· ············ ··· ··· ···· ·· ··· ·· ·· ···· ···· ····· ····························
My sister made me prepare lunch. ··· ················· ······ ·· ·· ······· ·· ·· ·· ···· ··· ··· ·· ················ ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·
2 Will Henry ask a mechanic to fix his car? 13 The mechanic had been repairing the car for Jeremy
······· .................... . all day yesterday.
3 Margaret persuade d her s·1ster to 1 ·oin a gym. ······ ·· ·· ·· ··· ·· ·· ········ ···· ········ ·· ··· ·· ··· ··· ·· ··· ····· ···· ·· ···· ·· ··· ······ ···
············.. •·· ............... .......... ... .. ·············································································· ········
······································· . his football practice.
4 William insisted that I take him to
........ .... .. ................ ..............
········ ···· ······ ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· ··· ···_·· ·· ·· to deliver her new
5 Paula will ask the furniture shop
sofa on Monday.
··········· ···· ··· ··· ···· ····· ····· ··· do the dishes.
6 Tim persuaded his roommate to .... .......
........... .. ..................... ... .··········· ...........
....... .. ... .. . 89
 Revision (Units 1-12)

1 choose the correct item.

4 FIii in a, an or some.

1 A' What did you have for lunch?

1 At 10 am tomorrow they will be meeting/meet in B:· 1wasn't very hungry; JUS
. t ........ ........ .. . apple and
person for the first time.
.. ......... ........ yoghurt.
2 George had sped/was speeding down S~rrey
Road when his car started making a strange noise. 2 A: would you like ................... tea?
B: No. I've just had ................... cup, th anks.
3 These roses are smelling/smell lovely.
3 A: What ................... pity the snow has melted!
4 Jeremy hopes he will/is going to become a
professional tennis player one day. B: Isn't it? I wanted to make ................... enormous
s This house would/used to belong to a famous actress. snowman.
6 The plane had landed/has landed an hour before 4 A: Do you want to take .......... .. .... ... break?
we got to the airport. B: Sure. Let's go outside to get ................... fresh air.
7 The first moon landing took/has taken place over
40 years ago.
s sue has/is having coffee with her friends at the
5 choose the correct item.

moment. 1 You always get better seats if you book/will book

9 Theo rarely takes/takes rarely time off work to go your tickets in advance.
on holiday.
2 If we had looked online, we would find/would
10 Haven't you received/Didn't you receive your have found a cheaper laptop.
invitation to the exhibition yet?
3 If I went/would go to bed earlier, I wouldn't have
trouble getting up early.
2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 4 When you don't eat, you would get/get hungry.
infinitive or -ing form.
5 Unless you are/will be over 1.20 metres tall, you
1 My grandma misses ................. ...................... ........... . can't go on that ride.
(live) in the countryside.
2 Is your car big enough ............................................... .
(fit) all the luggage in?
6 Turn the following into reported speech.

3 Damian promised .............................. ........................ . 1 "You can ask Kevin for advice," Helen said to James.
(listen) to his mother's advice in the future.
······· ············································································"'
4 I can't stand ............................... (run) when it's hot. 2 "Laura is always late," she said ................................ ..
s Pete says he might .................................................... . ······················································································
(give) us a ride to the gym if he has time. 3 "Will you send me the email?" Lisa asked me. .. .......
············································ ······································•"'
3 Rewrite the sentences using the modals in the 4 "Put your hands up!" the policeman said to them.
list.
······················································································
• would • can't • must • was able to • needn't 5 "I'll need your help tomorrow," he said to me.......... .

1 It's not necessary to finish the project today.

······················································································
······················································································
2 Do you want me to make you some hot chocolate?
7 Choose the correct item.

······················································································
3 You're obliged to pay the speeding ticket. 1 You can park anywhere/somewhere except here.
2 Could I have any/some more coffee?
······················································································
4 In the end, he managed to escape the burning 3 Martha has never tasted nothing/anything 1·1ke it
building. before.

·············································· ········································ 4 Some/Every item on that shelf is 509tO off

5 I'm sure he isn't hungry. He's just had lunch! 5 s .
. o~e_o~e/Anyone can learn how to boil an egg· it
······················································································ 1sn t difficult! '
90
 Revision (Units 1-12)

8 put the verbs in brackets into the correct 11 choose the correct item.
causative form.
1 You are coming to the concert, .... ..... .?
1 Kelly ............ ..... .......... ... ..... .............. ...................... .... ..
A aren't you c won't you
..................................... (her nails/do) once a week.
B will you D are you
2 Quinn ....... ............ ... ......................... ................ ........... .
.............................. (her album/release) next week. 2 Fred must .......... now.

3 Adam ..................... ...... .............. ......... ....................... ..

A sleep c be sleeping
(his temperature/take) in hospital by a nurse now. B have slept D having slept
4 She ..... .................... ... ...... ................ ..... ...... ...... ......... .. 3 The Selfish Giant was .......... by Oscar Wilde.
(the carpets/hoover) by her roommate last week. A write B writing C wrote D written
5 They ............................... .............................................. 4 A: would you like some more soup?
... ............. (their house/break) into twice this year. B: Just .......... , please.
A a little B a few C little D few
9 Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets, 5 Zack fixed the car by .......... .
adding any necessary words. B himself C his D itself
A him
....... ... my three brothers can play the guitar.
A Londoner Abroad
6
A Both B All C Whole D Every
7 I love feeding ducks in .......... Hyde Park.
A - B a c the D one
8 I wish I .......... my favourite bracelet.
A hadn't lost c haven't lost
B lost D was losing
9 Anne didn't pay someone to paint her house; she
.......... by her brother.
c
I 'm here in Kenya with the Kalenjin people. Their name A has it done had it done
means 'I tell you' and it suits them perfectly because they are B did it D was done
1) .................................... (easy) people to talk to that I've ever
met. Most of them are about 2) ..................................... (tall) as 10 He is .......... the best student on the course.
I am, but slightly s) ..................................... (slim) me. They're A far B a lot c much D by far
also by far 4) ............ ............... ... (fit) group of people I've ever
known. They seem to go everywhere on foot, and quickly! In
fact, very few people can run 5) .................................... (fast) them
in long distance races. In fact, Kalenjin runners have won a
12 complete each sentence with two to five
words, including the word in bold.
huge number of Olympic medals. Nobody knows for sure why
the Kalenjin people are 6) ........................................ (successful) 1 I'm sure he has finished typing the letters.
runners from surrounding areas, but one theory is that because MUST He ............................................. the letters.
they have 7) .................................. (thin) legs than ~ost peo.ple,
2 I should hire a photographer. I want someone to
they use s) .................................. (little) energy while runnmg.
Whatever the case, they really are the 'Running Tribe'. take my picture.
TO I should hire ............................................... .
....................................................... picture.

1Q cross out the unnecessary word.

3 When did they move house?
SINCE How long has ............................................ .
house?
1 1have always wanted to study the Medicine.
4 He can't go home yet because his manager wants
2 Bessie is as much clever as Fay. to talk with him.
3 We arrived after the film had been started. UNTIL He can't go home ......................................
4 The most of my relatives live in Portugal. ........................... talked with his manager.
5 Have you still seen my wallet? 5 This cake is really sweet!
6 It was such an awful film so that we left. MUCH There is .................................................... ..
..................................... sugar in this cake. 91
7 He suggested that they should to leave early.
 word formation

Prefixes
Prefixes are syllables which we add before certain words to form new words. The meaning of the new word depends
on the prefix that has been used.
semi- = half (semicircle)
anti- = against (antibacterial) mono- = one (monorail)
bi- =two (bilingual) multi- = many (multipurpose) sub- = under, less than (subzero)
co- = with, together (co-exist) non- = not (non-smoker) super- = big, more than
counter- = opposing or reacting to out- = do/be more than (outrun) (supercomputer)
sth (counterproductive) over- = too much, more than trans- = (travelling) from one side,
ex-= previous, former (ex-member) (overweight) group, etc., to another
inter- = between, among post- = after (postwar) (trans-Siberian)
(intercontinental) pre- = before; in advance (prepaid) tri- = three (triangle)
mis- = done wrongly or badly pro- = in favour of (pro-British) under- = not enough (undervalue)
(misunderstand) re- = again (reunite) uni- = one (unicycle/

The prefixes below are used to express opposite meanings.

de- decompose, deforestation
dis- discomfort, disapprove
in- insensitive, incomplete BUT ii- (before I) illegible im- (before p, m, b) impersonal, immature, imbalanced ir- (before nirregular
un- unhappy, unfortunately, unreal
some prefixes are added to words to form verbs.
en- large - enlarge BUT em- (before p, b) power - empower, bed - embed

Suffixes are syllables which we add to the end of certain words to form new words.
• Nouns referring to people -ure sculpt - sculpture -y storm - stormy
- verb + -er/-or/-ar (paint - painter, -y discover - discovery -ly mother - motherly
invent - inventor, lie - liar) -ed talent - talented
• Nouns formed from adjectives
noun/verb/adjective + -ist
-ance important - importance • Adjectives formed from verbs
(novel- novelist, type - typist,
-cy accurate - accuracy -able rely - reliable
real - realist)
-ence present - presence -ible convert - convertible
verb + -ant/-ent (participate
-ion complete - completion -ive restrict - restrictive
- participant, study- student)
-iness easy - easiness -ate consider - considerate
noun + -ian (library - librarian)
-ness loud - loudness -ent excel - excellent
verb + -ee (passive meaning)
-ity regular - regularity -ing bore - boring
(train - trainee)
-ty casual - casualty -ed excite - excited
• Nouns formed from verbs -y jealous - jealousy
-age waste - wastage • Verbs formed from adjectives
-al deny - denial • Adjectives formed from nouns -en sweet - sweeten
-ance perform - performance -ous glamour - glamorous -ise legal - legalise
-ation narrate - narration -al option - optional -ate active - activate
-ence occur - occurrence -ic economy - economic
-ible horror - horrible • Verbs formed from nouns
-ion elect - election
-ical history - historical -en strength - strengthen
-ing surf - surfing
-ish child - childish -ify beauty - beautify
-ment require - requirement
-ive mass - massive
-sion permit - permission • Abstract nouns from nouns
-fut (= with) skill - skilful
-sis base - basis -ship friend - friendship
-tion reduce - reduction -less (= without) care - careless
-hood child - childhood
-able comfort - comfortable
w~ us~ally for~ a~verbs by adding -ly to the adjective. quick - quickly
AdJect1ves ending m consonant + y drop the -y and take -ily. easy _ easily
Adjectives ending in -I take -ly. careful - carefully
Add\ectt!ves endd!ng !n -,·c udsuallyhtake -ad//y. specific - specifically BUT public _ publicly
A Jee 1ves en mg m -1e rop t e -e an take -y. probable - probably
Adjectives ending in -e take -ly. polite - politely BUT: true - truly
92
r 1 Fill in the gaps With the correct word
from the words in bold.
.
s derived 3
Word formation

Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived

from the words in bold.

Hi Nora,
I am just writing to tell you what a
1) ................ .. ....... ......... .......... holiday we had. MARVEL
We went on a camping holiday to the South
of France and the weather was
2) ............................. ............... . EXCEL
The tent we stayed in was very
3) .................................. .......... . It had a COMFORT
cooker, a fridge and a TV We were in the
heart of the French countryside and some of
the views were great. We were really
Julia Roberts 4) ....... ........ ............. ....... by the campsite itself. IMPRESS
Julia Roberts is a 1) .... ... ...................... actress. TALENT It was well-5) ...................................... and the ORGANISE
She has starred in many 2) ..... ..... ·······.. .. .. .... .. ... ENTERTAIN staff were very 6) ........................... ...... ........... . HELP
films and her film, Notting Hill, is no exception. There was lots to do and, although I'm
She plays a 3) ... .... ... ...... ...... .... film star who GLAMOUR not a very 7) .................... ........................ ACT
becomes friends with an ordinary bookshop person, Ienjoyed swimming and playing
owner, played by Hugh Grant. She is trying to tennis. All in all, it was a very
take a break from her 4) ........ ........ ... .. .... ........ NUMBER 8) ........ .... ....... ........................ holiday. You ENJOY
fans and ends up staying in Grant's flat along should go if you get the chance. Ican send
with his 5) ............. ... .... ... ... ....... flatmate. The MESS you the brochure if you like.
Love,
script is very 6) .... .. .. ...... ...... ... ... ....... .... and FUN
Linda
the film has become very popular. It is a
7) .. ... .. .. .... .............. ...... film not to be missed. WONDER
4 Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived
2 Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived
from the words in bold.

from the words in bold. India

Tom Hanks India is one of the largest and most
1) ........... .................... countries in the world.
l
Tom Hanks is an American actor and AMAZE
Apart from its 2) ............................... cultural FANTASY
1) ........................ and has starred in many PRODUCE
and linguistic variety, it's also known for its
I
popular films, including Sleepless in Seattle
and Philadelphia . food which is extremely 3) ............................... . TASTE
Tom Hanks is a 2) .. ...... ....... ..............
person who likes being around people. He is
CHARM
Its most famous dish is curry. There are hot and
4) .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. curries as well as sweet
and mild ones. With its magnificent
SPICE I
,I
also 3) ............ .............. .... and is not afraid to CARE
monuments, its long 5) ............................. .. SAND
show his feelings for those who are close to
beaches and its unique cuisine, India is a truly
him. His love for his family is apparent when
6) ............................ country well worth visiting. DELIGHT
he talks about them.
In his free time, Tom Hanks enjoys doing
many 4) ·······....................... things. He is quite INTEREST
a 5) .......................... .... person who likes to REST
be busy all the time. For example, he loves
writing scripts as well as directing films.
He has many fans who admire him a lot
because he is a 6) ................. ........ ..... man SKILL
Who has1:n let success change him.

93
 word formation
ct words derived from the words
7
Fill in the corre
5 Fill in the gaps with the correct adverbs derived in bold.
from the adjectives in bold.
1 1knew she was asleep as she was breathing ........... . 1 The professor wrote the words on the
STUDY
.............. .............. (heavy). board for the ..•· •· ···· ········· ········· ··.. ······· ·
TYPE
2 It is ..... ........................... (wide) known that smoking 2 she asked the .. •••·····.. ···························
can cause cancer. to send the report.
TOUR
3 Mr Clark's brother was ................................. (tragic) 3 Prague attracts a lot of ...••············· ... ····· ·
killed in a boating accident last year. during the summer.
4 The figures can't .............. .. ...................... (possible) 4 Every year the company gets an _ .
be wrong! I checked them myself! to check their files. ACCOUNT
································
s The witness answered the lawyer's question ............ . 5 Anne hired an .............. ................ ..... to ELECTRIC
.......................... .. (immediate). repair the damaged wires.
6 Jack was ........... ................................. (true) sorry for
forgetting his business meeting.
S Fill in the gaps with the correct adjectives
derived from the words in bold.
6 Fill in the gaps with the correct opposite derived
from the adjectives in bold. use: dis-, in-, ii-, im-,
ir-, un-.

1 we love living in the country

because life is so ·········•·". ................ COMPLICATED
here.
2 What Alexander did was silly and
LOGICAL
3 Mark cheated in the competition so
he was ·················........... .·········· . QUALIFIED
4 Sarah was completely
...........·································· in what INTERESTED
the teacher was saying. Claude Monet
s The special effects in that film were Claude Monet was an artist who lived in
very ....................................... . REALISTIC France between 1840 and 1926. He is probably
6 You don't need to wear a suit, it's the most 1) .......................................... of all the FAME
a(n) ..................................... meeting. FORMAL Impressionist painters and today visitors can see
7 She is rather ................ ················"·"·' MATURE his 2) ...................................... paintings
· · ·m museums BEAUTY
for her age, don't you think? around the world. Monet was mostly
8 The manager has a very l) .......................................... in painting nature scenes INTEREST
............ .................... manner towards PERSONAL and his most 4) ...................................... works are now IMPRESS
new employees. very S) ····················•........... ·However, at the beginning VALUE
of his career, he found it 6) POSSIBLE
9 This information is ........................... CORRECT
we should check the facts again. to sell any paintings, which meant·~~~-~-·~~·~--~~~·~~
he was poor· In fa ct, he only became very
10 My dad is a shift worker. He works 7) ............................... after his death N d
very ................. ··················· "· hours. REGULAR . owa ays, SUCCESS
I
~eop e can visit Monet's home and admire the
~o~~·-~/~;~··;;~~:····· ga rd ens where he worked for ATTRACT

94
 word formation Y)··.·
A
Fill in the gaps with the correct nouns derived
9 from the words in bold. 11 Fill in the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold.

Hi Steve,
How are you? I'm writing to tell you some
l) ..... .... .............. .. .......... .. ........ news. FASCINATE
You know how much I've always wonted to
be an 2) .... ......... ........ .. .. .. ..... Well, my dream ACT
hos 3) .............. .. .......... .. ...... come true. Lost FINAL
week, I was chosen to ploy the lead role in the
4) ........ .. ... ........... ploy by Shakespeare, King DRAMA
Lear, at Chatsworth Theatre. I'm extremely
5) .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. about the whole NERVE
thing but 6) .. ......... ......... .. .. .. ...... .. ...... I've got LUCK
a great drama teacher. Anyway, the
performance is on Saturday, 5th November.
You can reach the theatre easily by RAIL
7) .... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ............... I hope you con be
1 Matthew has .. ........ .... ...... .... ... ..... . DIFFICULT there.
read ing without his glasses. Yours,
2 Great .... .. .. .. .. .. ............ ...... is placed IMPORTANT
Sam
on experience in this company.
3 Sharon showed her
... .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .... by moving into her INDEPENDENT
own flat. 12 Use appropriate suffixes to form the correct
4 It was the mayor's .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. . POPULAR
words derived from the words in bold .
that helped him win the election.
5 Paul and Danielle's .. .. .. ...... .. ............. HAPPY
made Adrian jealous.
6 All toys should be checked for
SAFE
7 Fran's .. .. .......................... ... .. always SHY
made her blush in public.

1Q Fill in the correct form of the words in b~ld

by forming the opposites of the words given.

1 His behaviour is always .. .. .... .. .... .. •.. .. ·.. .. ·

(predictable); you don't know how he might react! Are you looking for a
1) .... ... .. ... .. ..... .. .. .. .. family car? Well, RELY
2 It was ........ ...... .... .. ..... .. (honest) ofTim to hide
Harry's Car Dealership is the best
the fact that he broke your tablet.
choice for an 2) ... .. ... .. ... .. ............... AFFORD
3 It is ......... .. ...... ... .. .. (legal) to ride a bike without car that won 't let you down. we have
your helmet. a wide range of 3) ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ... . STYLE
4 We didn't leave the waiter a tip as we found him and luxurious cars all offered at
very .. .. ... ..... .. .... .. .. ... .. ... (polite) . 4) .. .. .. ......... .. .... .... ........ prices. So, REASON
5 The event is formal, so you shouldn't wear ••··· · · ·· · ·· come down to Harry's and get the
deal of a lifetime!
(appropriate) clothes.
6 Why does Jill always .... .... ... ... ...... ......... (approve)
Of any new ideas suggested?
95
 word formation

13 Fill in the gaps with the correct words

derived from the words in bold.
15 Fill in the correct adjectives derived from the
word in bold.

A perfect job
really enjoy my job even though it's
1) ............... ... .... ... . . There are a lot of risks
involved but it's also very 2) .. ... ........ . ..... . .
DANGER

REWARD
\
In the past, it was quite 3) ... ........ ........ .... ....
to see a female firefighter and when I was
USUAL
t
a 4) ... .......... .. ....... .... ... , there were hardly TRAIN \
any at all. It was thought that this kind of
job was too 5) .. ... .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. for DEMAND Hi Jenn~.
women but we have proved everyone How are ~ou? R.a~ and I arrived in
wrong. Despite the fact that it is hard Dolphin Ba~ ~esterda~. We are sta~in9 at
work and quite 6) ... ...... ..... .... .... .... .. .. , RISK an 1) ..... ...... .......... .... campsite, on/~ ATTRACT
firefighting is a great job. I have been a five minutes from the beach . The weather
firefighter for years and I have never felt has been hot and 2) .. ............ ... ... .. ... . SUN
7) . ... .. .... .. ... .... .. .. . .. ... . . Everyone I work BORE
It is ver~ 3) .. .... .. ... .......... ... . here as PEACE
with finds it a 8) ... ....... .. ..... ..... .. career to PROMISE
there are no cars. The quiet environment
have and they 9) ............................. agree CERTAIN
makes me feel ver~ 4) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . RELAX
with me that being a woman is not a(n)
It is m~ first time campin9 and I ne~er
10) .... ..... ......... .... ... in being a firefighter. ADVANTAGE
thou9ht I would like it this much. I m
havin9 a areat time.
14 Fill in the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold.
There is a restaurant at the campsite
which serves 5) ..... ........ .... ..... .... .. .... . TRADfTION
food . Just thinkin9 about it makes me
SA¥ARI flOLIDAY 6) ············ ·· ······· ·····! HUNGER
Are you an 1) ................. ........ ... ... person? ADVENTURE See ~ou soon,
Would you like to go on an 2) .. .. .... ... .... .... ... . EXCEPTION Nanc~
holiday this summer? If the answers to
these questions are yes, then you should
book a safari holiday with WILDTIMES. We
offer you the opportunity to see animals in 16 Fill in the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold.
their 3) ............ ............. habitat in the heart NATURE
of Africa. You can spend an 4) . .. .... ..... .... .... . INSPIRE
month travelling around the country where Oysters
you will see both 5) .. ..... ... ... .. ... .... ..... .... INTEREST
Oysters are shellfish which are 1) ....................... USUAL
animals and 6) . ... .......... .... .... ...... .... views. SENSATION
found on the 2) .... ... ... ..... ... .... bottoms of seas ROCK
Our 7) . ... ... .... .... ... .. .... ..... ... ..... tour guides EXPERIENCE
and oceans. Oysters can be eaten, and many
will provide you with 8) ... .... .... ..... ...... ... ..... . EDUCATION
facts about the African wildlife. The hotels people find them 3) ... ... ........ ...... .... .. delicious. EXTREME
we use have 9) ................................ rooms, DELIGHT
However, some types of oysters cannot be
and are not very 10) .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . A EXPENSE eaten, but they produce 4) ........................ LOVE
safari holiday will be one of the most pearls instead. In some places, 5) ........................ DIVE
11) ............................. experiences of your ENJOY go to the bottom of the ocean to collect oysters
life. For more 12) .......................... ... , please INFORM and look inside them for pearls. Jewellery made
call 0800 662823. of pearls is very 6) ......................... to buy. EXPENSE

96
 word formation
-
17 Fill in the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold. 19 Fill in the gaps with the correct words
derived from the words in bold.
My great-grandmother, Frances Thompson,
one cold and 1) ............................ night, a was a very 1) .. .... ... ...... .... ... ... .... .. . woman. GIFT
STORM \
group of treasure- 2) .............................. . HUNT She was a 2) ................................ .. ........ .. TEACH
went on a trip to Dark Towers, which is a but she also loved to paint and draw
3) ......................... castle in a remote part of HISTORY \ things. For years she tried to become a
Scotland. They walked 4) .... .................. into SLOW 3) .. ....... .... ... .. ..... .. ....... artist, but she never SUCCESS
the 5) ............................... castle and began MYSTERY became 4) ..... ... .. .. ..... ...... ..... .... ... . However, RECOGNISE
to look around. There were no lights, so she enjoyed teaching a lot, so she wasn't
they used torches as they searched. The 5) ..... .. ... .......... ....... ..... . She taught in a HAPPY
6) .................................. of the castle was SILENT primary school for forty years and when
very 7) ............................................ , so they FRIGHTEN she retired, she joined a club in order to
stayed together for safety. Suddenly, they meet more people and managed to make
saw a shadow on the stairs. Through the friends 6) · · · ···· · •• OO••ooOO••·• •oo OO • •· · · • I still have EASY
8) ...................... .............. .... they couldn't DARK some of the paintings which she gave to
see what it was, exactly, they could only me years ago.
hear somebody crying. They were so
SCARE
9) ............................ that they all screamed
10) .................. .......... and ran out of the LOUD 20 Fill in the gaps with the ~orrect words
derived from the words m bold.
castle, only to realise that it was a kitten
. .,_. :',.". .; ;__________-==--=----------_,\
crving behind them.

In the future, our lives might be very

t) ............................ from today. Advances in DIFFER
technology will 2) .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... make our PROBABLE
lives easier and more 3) .. .............................. . EXCITE
Robots will be more 4) ........ ...... .. .... .. .. .. than USE
ever and may even replace people in certain
18 Fill in the gaps with the correct nouns jobs. It doesn't take much 5) ............................ IMAGINE
derived from the words in bold. to picture factories without workers and buses
Mark's family background is very intereSt in?. without 6) .................................. Services will be DRIVE
. and hlS ACT very 7) ................................... again because RELY
HIS father is an 1) ................ .. ... .... ... ..H. · Ider SING
. ) IS 0 everything will be done by robots.
mother IS a 2 '.... .... .... .. .. .. .... ......... . His DRUM
brother, John, is a ~) ............................... ·.. :....... DESIGN Travel, housing and medicine will be much
grandfather is a retired 4) ............... .. .. more 8) ................................. in the future. We ADVANCE
. · t she's a very may use strange means of transport or live in
and his grandmother is an artis He also has a PAINT
space-age houses. Also, a cure for every
talented 5) ........ ....... ... ·............ · of an EDIT
9) ............................ in the world may have been
~ousin who is the 6~ .... .. ...... ..... ...... .. hi;· sister
found by 10) .... .. .. .. .................... .... .. .. . Some of
ILL
RESEARCH
international magazine. Mark and .
. i·obs she 1s an these changes are good, but others may prove to
Jane have more ordinary · d EMPLOY
7) ............... ............. ... in a local restaurant an LAW be the opposite.
he is studying to be a 8) ...... .. .. .... ... ... .. .... .. ... ·
97
 Phrasal verbs

Unit 1 Unit 3

look after: to take care of sb/sth run after: to chase

look for: to try to find, to search for sb/sth run into: to meet sb by chance
look forward to: to expect sth with pleasure run out of: to finish; to have no more of sth
look up: to try to find a word, name, number, etc. in a run over: to hit sb/sth with a vehicle
reference book

1 Fill in the correct particle.

3 FIii in the correct particle.

1 A: What do you need from the shop?

1 If you aren't sure how to spell a word, look it .............
B: well, we've run ................ eggs, so get a dozen.
in the dictionary.
2 A: What happened to Sam's bicycle? It's in pieces!
2 Who's going to look .............. the dog while you're
on holiday? B: It was run ............. ... by a bus yesterday.
3 I can't wait for the camping trip; I'm really looking 3 Mike threw the football and the dog ran ................ it.
.. ............ it. 4 A: Have you heard the news? Billy's in town .
4 Tracy has lost her keys. She's been looking ............ .. B: Yes, 1know. I ran ................ him this morning.
them all morning.
s The car turned the corner, lost control and ran
5 When we were young, my grandmother used to ................ a dog.
look .............. us at the weekends.
6 I can't do any more sit-ups. I've run ............... energy
6 "Excuse me. I'm looking .............. Mount Street.
7 The police officer ran ................ the burglar for five
Could you tell me where it is?"
minutes before he finally caught him.
7 A: How can we find the restaurant?
8 I ran ................ an old school friend who I hadn't
B: Let's look it .............. on the Internet. seen for ten years.
8 A: Don't you have a dentist's appointment on Monday?
B: Yes, and I'm not looking ..... ...... ... it at all! Unit 4

take after: to look like, to resemble, to behave like

Unit 2
take off: 1) to remove clothes (opp: put on); 2) (of
break down: to stop working (cars, engines, etc.) aeroplanes) to leave the ground, to depart
take over: to gain control of sth
break into: to enter a place by force
break out: to begin suddenly (wars, fires, fights, etc.) take up: 1) to begin sth new (a hobby, sport, etc.); 2) to fill
(time, space)
break up: 1) to stop for holidays (schools, etc.) 2) to end a
relationship -
4 Fill in the correct particle.
2 Fill in the correct particle.
1 My doctor advised me to take ............... a sport to
1 The fire broke .. ............. early this morning and help me get fit.
destroyed many buildings in the city centre. 2 My new bed takes ............... most of the space in
2 College breaks .. .......... .. for the summer in mid June. my room.
3 The truck broke .. .. .. ... .. .. .. on the motorway and 3 You should check in two hours before your flight is
caused a major traffic jam. scheduled to take
···············.
4
4 The jewellery shop on Lewis Street has been broken She took ·.......... .. .. her coat when she entered the
............... three times this year. house.
s sue and Paul weren't happy together, so they broke 5 M~ husband has beautiful blue eyes I hope our
children Will take ............... him. .
6 A fight broke ............... after the football match 6 Little Tammy loves extreme sports and wants to
yesterday. take ............... caving.
7 When school broke .. .. .. ... ... ... for the summer 7 Despite the bad weather, our flight to Chicago still
holidays last year, Tom went to Spain. took ............... on time.
s Two men wearing masks broke ........ ....... Boyd's 8 While we were sailing, my father let me take
98 Bank and stole £100,000. ............... th e Wheel so he COUid t
res.
It Phrasal verbs

Unit 5 Unit 7

come across: to find sb/sth by chance put on: to place clothes on one's body, to wear
come back: to return put off: to postpone, to arrange for sth to happen at a
come into: to inherit sth later time, date, etc.
come round/over: to visit put out: to stop a fire burning
put sb up: to let sb stay in your house

5 Fill in the correct particle.

7 Fill In the correct particle.
1 As I was cleaning my attic, I came ................... an old
photograph of my grandmother. 1 There were no injuries as firefighters managed to
put ................ the fire quickly.
2 Bill came ... ................ a huge amount of money
2 She didn't put .... ....... ... .. her jacket as it wasn't cold
when his uncle died.
outside.
3 we are having such a wonderful time here in Greece
3 My brother came to visit me and I put him ............... .
that we'd like to come ...... ............. next summer.
for the night.
4 Why don't you come ......... .. ... ..... for a cup of coffee
4 Due to illness, I put ......... ....... my doctor's
after work?
appointment until the following week.
5 When Mrs Winston died, her butler came .................. .
5 It's past your bedtime! Put ....... .... ..... your pyjamas
a small fortune.
and go to bed!
6 Pete came ....... ........ .... an antique table in a
6 Jenny was too scared to stay home alone while her
second-hand shop.
sister was away, so her friend put her ................ for
7 My sister came ............. .. .. .. last night and we played
the week.
some board games.
7 Don't forget to put ..... .. ......... the fire before you go
8 I came ................... a puppy as I was walking through
to bed.
the park. 8 our monthly meeting has been put ............ .... until
Unit 6 next Wednesday.

give sth away: to ruin a surprise, to reveal Unit 8

give back: to return sth
give in: 1) to finally agree to what sb wants; 2) to stop carry on: continue doing sth
fighting or competing carry off: succeed in doing sth
give up: to stop doing sth you did regularly carry out: perform (a task)

6 Fill in the correct particle. 8 Fill in the correct particle.

1 In order to keep healthy, you have to give ...... ... 1 uma had to carry ..... ... . some Internet research for
fatty food. her project.
2 Brian tried not to give .... ..... his brother's upcoming 2 Please stop talking and carry . .. . .. . .. with your
surprise visit from the USA classwork.
3 The shop owner didn't give .. ..... .. to her workers' 3 The fire service are carrying .. ... .... an investigation
demands for higher wages. into the cause of the fire.
4 She promised never to give .. .. ..... my secret. 4 It was a difficult task, but the team carried it ....... . .
perfectly.
5 I think you shouldn't give .. ...... . driving lessons.
5 I'll take a break and then carry . . . . . . . . . with my
6 When are you going to give me my T-shirt ... .... .. ?
homework later.
7 1pressured my friends to take up kickboxing lessons
6 The fire brigade carried the rescue mission .... .. .. .
until they finally gave .. .. ... .. • and saved all the people in the flaming building.
8 The boxer gave ... ...... to his opponent when he
7 You should get past the problem and carry ... .. ... .
realised he couldn't win the match. with your life.
8 Scientists carry . . . . .. . . . experiments to discover
cures to fatal diseases. 99