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Science 10

Second Quarter
Module No. 1 of 3
Electromagnetic Waves
Writer: Roland R. Agra

HONOR CODE
AS A MEMBER OF THE NAMUAC ACADEMY EAGLES FAMILY, I WILL CONDUCT
MYSELF WITH INTEGRITY & SINCERITY AT ALL TIMES, DEMONSTRATE COMPASSION &
JUSTICE IN ALL MY ACTIONS, UPHOLD THE VALUE OF EXCELLENCE, AND ABIDE BY THE
EXPECTATIONS SET FORTH IN THE STUDENT HANDBOOK.
I MAKE THIS PLEDGE IN THE SPIRIT OF HONOR & TRUST.

INTEGRATIVE PERFORMANCE TASK IN SCIENCE and ARALING PANLIPUNAN 10

SUBJECT PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR FIRST QUARTER

Science Demonstrate ways to ensure disaster preparedness during earthquakes,
tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions and suggest ways by which he/she can
contribute to government efforts in reducing damage due to earthquakes,
tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions
Araling Panlipunan Ang mag-aaral ay nakabubuo ng angkop na plano sa pagtugon sa hamong
pangkapaligiran tungo sa pagpapabuti ng pamumuhay ng tao.

GOAL To design a scheme to inform local folks in your hometown about the
possibilities of earthquakes, tsunami, and other geologic activities in
your area
ROLE Geologist, civil engineer, DRRM officer, local official

AUDIENCE Townspeople
SITUATION The local government in the community you live in plans to put up a housing
project for low-income families. One of the requirements before the project
commences is a safety and feasibility study to determine geologic hazards
since the proposed site is sandwiched between the sea and a mountain. As
a respected civil engineer-geologist, you were commissioned to conduct the
study and found out that it is not only the prosed housing site is susceptible
to tectonic activities-related disasters but the barangay as well. Thus, the
government decided to communicate your findings to the local folks. You
partnered with the PHILVOCS and MDDRMO to inform your barangay
mates aabout the possibilities of earthquakes, tsunami, and other geologic
activities in the area and what are the ways to mitigate the effects of tectonic
activities-related disasters.
PRODUCT Informative material
STANDARDS Accuracy, Clarity, Content and Organization

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21ST CENTURY SKILLS CORE VALUE TASK

CRITICAL THINKING Excellence How to present the tectonic related-disasters and
ways to mitigate their effects
CREATIVITY Excellence To come up with the best informative material.
COLLABORATION Justice The students will work together as members of the
team.
CROSS CULTURAL
UNDERSTANDING
COMPUTER/ICT Excellence Using technology in designing the best way to
communicate their goal
CAREER/SELF RELIANCE
COMMUNICATION Integrity Students will communicate mitigating measures to
lessen the dangers of tectonic related-disasters to
the people.

SCORING RUBRIC FOR THE PERFORMANCE TASK

CRITERIA 4 3 2 1
Content and All components All components are All components All components are
Organization are included in the included in the are included in the included in the
output. output. output. output. Relationship
Relationship Relationship Relationship between disaster
between disaster between disaster between disaster preparedness and
preparedness and preparedness and preparedness and improving the quality
improving the improving the improving the of life were
quality of life were quality of life were quality of life were inadequately
extensively discussed. somewhat discussed.
discussed. Mitigating and discussed. Mitigating and
Mitigating and adaptation Mitigating and adaptation
adaptation measures were adaptation measures were
measures were presented. measures inadequately
clearly presented. somewhat presented.
presented.
Accuracy Concepts were Concepts were Concepts were Some of the
relevant, accurate relevant, accurate relevant and concepts were not
and effective in and somewhat somewhat relevant, accurate
conveying the effective in accurate and and effective in
information. conveying the effective in conveying the
information. conveying the information.
information.
Clarity Established a Established a clear Established a Moderately
clear purpose that purpose that is clear purpose that established a clear
is relevant to the relevant to the goal is moderately purpose that is
goal and and demonstrated relevant to the relevant to the goal
demonstrated a understanding of goal and and demonstrated a
clear the topic. demonstrated an vague
understanding of unclear understanding of the
the topic. understanding of topic.
the topic.

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EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe how an electromagnetic (EM) wave is produced and propagated;
2. Find out who the significant proponents are on the formulation of electromagnetic theory;
and
3. Compare the relative frequencies and wavelengths of each EM wave.
4. Describe how an electromagnetic (EM) wave is produced and propagated;
5. Find out who the significant proponents are on the formulation of electromagnetic theory;
and
6. Compare the relative frequencies and wavelengths of each EM wave.
7. Identify the non-ionizing radiations and its effects to living things and environment;
8. Identify the ionizing radiations and its effects to living things and environment;
9. Find out solutions on how to reduce EM radiation hazards.

PRE-TEST
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for each question.
Use a separate sheet for your answers.

1. In the electromagnetic wave, what is the direction of the propagation of the wave?
a. Always to the right c. Parallel to electric and magnetic field directions
b. Cannot be determined d. Perpendicular to the electric and magnetic field directions

2. Which of the following forms of electromagnetic waves has the widest frequency range?
a. Microwave c. Ultraviolet b. Radio waves d. X-ray

3. Who showed the experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light?
a. André-Marie Ampere c. James Clerk Maxwell
b. Heinrich Hertz d. Michael Faraday

4. Which of the following correctly lists electromagnetic waves in the order from the longest to the
shortest wavelength?
a. Gamma rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves
b. Microwaves, ultraviolet, visible light, gamma rays
c. Radio waves, infrared, gamma rays, ultraviolet
d. Radio waves, infrared, visible light, X-rays

5. What is the frequency range of UV radiation?

a. 3.5x109 – 3x1011 Hz c. 7.5x1014 – 3x1016 Hz
b. 3.5x1011 – 4x1014 Hz d. 7.5x1016 – 3x1019 Hz

6. Which of the following energy transformations occur at the receiving station?

a. Sound energy to electrical energy
b. Electromagnetic energy to sound energy
c. Electrical energy to electromagnetic energy
d. Electromagnetic energy to electrical energy

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7. What type of radio waves are used to broadcast FM station?

a. Ultra-High Frequency c. Very High Frequency
b. Extremely High Frequency d. Low Frequency Satellite

8. What is the strongest ionizing radiation?

a. Alpha radiation c. neutron radiation
b. Beta radiation d. gamma radiation

9. This occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay.

a. Alpha radiation c. neutron radiation
b. Beta radiation d. gamma radiation

10. This form of radiation is more penetrating than alpha particle, but are less damaging to living
tissue and DNA.
a. Alpha radiation c. beta radiation
b. Gamma ray d. X-ray

OVERVIEW

In this module, you will learn about the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This
module will lead you to understand how electromagnetic waves transport energy. It also consists of
activities that will enrich your understanding on the application of electromagnetic waves in our everyday
living, and consequently, how these waves affect living things and the environment.

LESSON PROPER

Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are produced by a charge that changes its direction or speed. Electrons
are charged particles that can produce electric and magnetic fields. But in order to create the vibrating
electric and magnetic fields that are the characteristics of an electromagnetic wave, electrons must move.
A charged particle, such as an electron, moves back and forth, or vibrate. A changing magnetic field
produces an electric field and in the same manner, a changing electric field produces a magnetic field.
After knowing about how electromagnetic waves are produced, this time, read on to be informed on how
they move into different directions.

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An electromagnetic wave is made up of an electric field and a magnetic field positioned at right
angles to each other and to the direction of motion of the wave (see Figure 1.1). Since these fields are
located at the right angles to the direction of motion of the wave, electromagnetic waves are considered
as transverse waves. This means that both electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each
other and to the direction of the propagating wave.

Like other waves, such as water waves and waves on a rope, electromagnetic waves carry
energy from one place to another. But unlike other waves, electromagnetic waves do not carry energy
by causing matter to vibrate. It is the electric and magnetic fields that vibrate. This explains why
electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum (where there is no matter). But it does not mean that
electromagnetic waves cannot travel through a medium. They certainly can. Light, for example, can be
transmitted with a medium - as through the atmosphere - or without a medium - as through space.

Electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s and denoted as c, the speed
of light. The speed is slightly slower in air, glass, and any other material. To appreciate just how great
this speed is, consider this: Light from the sun travels 150 million kilometers to Earth in about 8 minutes!
Nothing known in the universe travels faster than the speed of light. Since all EM waves have the same
speed which is equal to the speed of light, this means that as the wavelength decreases, the frequency
of the wave increases.

Electromagnetic waves are known to possess the following properties:

a. They are produced by accelerated or oscillating charge.
b. They do not require any material or medium for propagation.
c. They travel in free space at the speed of 3x108 m/s.

Proponents of Electromagnetic Wave Theory

The history of Electromagnetic Wave Theory begins with ancient measures to understand
atmospheric electricity, in particular, lightning. People then had little understanding of electricity and were
unable to explain the phenomena. Scientific understanding about the nature of electricity grew throughout
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the work of researchers.

During the19th century, it had become clear that electricity and magnetism were related, and their
theories were unified: Whenever charges are in motion, electric current results, and magnetism is due to
electric current. The source for electric field is electric charge, whereas that for magnetic field is the
electric current (charges in motion).

When you studied wave motion, you have known that a disturbance produces waves that can be
transmitted through a medium. In the same way, electromagnetic waves are also produced by a
disturbance caused by a vibrating charge. When the charge is moved, the electric field around it is
changed.

Recall Oersted’s discovery which states that “A changing electric field produces a magnetic
field”. A changing magnetic field is therefore produced around the vibrating charge. In turn, this changing
magnetic field produces an electric field.

Do you remember Faraday’s Law? The cycle goes on. The changing magnetic and electric fields
are perpendicular to each other and to their direction of propagation. Therefore, they are seen as
transverse waves.

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The following prominent scientists each made a significant contribution in resolving how
electromagnetic waves behave.

1. James Clerk Maxwell (1876), an

English scientist who developed a
scientific theory to better explain
electromagnetic waves. When Maxwell
used this field theory to assume that
light was an electromagnetic wave, and
then correctly deduced the finite velocity
of light, it was a powerful logical
argument for the existence of the
electromagnetic force field. He noticed
that electrical fields and magnetic fields
can couple together to form
electromagnetic waves. Maxwell
discovered that a changing magnetic
field will induce a changing electric field
and vice versa.

2. Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who applied Maxwell’s

theories to the production and reception of radio waves. The unit
of frequency of a radio wave - one cycle per second - is named the
hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz. He proved the existence of radio
waves in the late 1880s. He used two rods that served as a
receiver and a spark gap as the receiving antennae. Where the
waves were picked up, a corresponding spark would jump. Hertz
showed in his experiments that these signals possessed all of the
properties of electromagnetic waves.

3. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) is probably best known for his

discovery of electromagnetic induction. His contributions to electrical engineering and
electrochemistry or due to the fact that he was responsible for introducing the concept of field in
physics to describe electromagnetic interaction are enough for him to be highly recognized. But
perhaps, it is not so well known that he had also made fundamental contributions to the
electromagnetic theory of light.

4. André-Marie Ampère made the revolutionary discovery that a wire carrying electric current can
attract or repel another wire next to it that’s also carrying electric current. The attraction is
magnetic, but no magnets are necessary for the effect to be seen. He went on to formulate
Ampere’s Law of Electromagnetism and produced the best definition of electric current during
his time.

5. Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that the electric
current in a wire can deflect a magnetized compass needle, a phenomenon the importance of
which was rapidly recognized and which inspired the development of electromagnetic theory.

The Basic Principles of EM Wave Theory

After years of rigorous studies and experiments, the following principles came about to explain
the Electromagnetic Wave Theory.

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a. Many natural phenomena exhibit wave-like behaviors. All of them – water waves, earthquake
waves, and sound waves require a medium to propagate. These are examples of mechanical
waves.
b. Light can also be described as a wave – a wave of changing electric and magnetic fields that
propagate outward from their sources. These waves, however, do not require a medium to
propagate.
c. They propagate at 300,000,000 meters per second through a vacuum.
d. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. In simpler terms, the changing electric and
magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the propagating
waves. These changing electric and magnetic fields generate each other through Faraday’s Law
of Induction and Ampere’s Law of Electromagnetism. These changing fields dissociate from the
oscillating charge and propagate out into space at the speed of light.
e. When the oscillating charge accelerates, the moving charge’s electric fields change, too.

EM Waves: Frequencies and Wavelengths

The electromagnetic waves (EM) are often arranged in the order of wavelength and frequency
in what is known as the electromagnetic spectrum. Because all EM waves travel at the same speed, if
the frequency of a wave changes, then the wavelength must change as well. Waves with the longest
wavelengths have the lowest frequencies while the waves with the shortest wavelengths have the highest
frequencies. The amount of energy carried by an electromagnetic wave increases with its frequency.

Arranged according to increasing frequency, the EM spectrum displays the following waves:
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays at the high-
frequency (short wavelength) end. It is important to note that these waves do not have an exact dividing
region.

Since all EM waves travel at the speed of light, then the spectrum of wavelengths is exactly
opposite to the spectrum of frequencies. In other words, wavelength and frequency are inversely
proportional to each other. As frequencies increase on the EM spectrum, wavelengths decrease. So, that
means radio waves have the longest wavelengths and gamma rays have the shortest

The different types of electromagnetic waves are defined by the amount of energy carried by
their photons. Photons are bundles of wave energy. From among the EM waves, gamma rays carry
photons of high energies while radio waves own photons with the lowest energies. With regard to the
wavelength properties, radio waves can be likened to the size of a football field while gamma rays are as
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small as the nuclei of an atom. Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing
radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions.

All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other types of waves, they
can also travel in a vacuum or empty space. They travel in a vacuum at the speed of 3x108 m/s and
denoted as c, the speed of light. The wave speed, frequency and wavelength are related as shown in the
following equation:

v = λf

where v is the wave speed, expressed in meters per second, the frequency f is expressed in Hertz and
the wavelength λ is expressed in meters.

Sample Problems:
(Assume that the waves propagate in a vacuum.)

1. What is the frequency of radio waves with the wavelength of 20 m?

Given: v = c = 3x108 m/s (constant)
λ = 20 m (2.0x101 m)
f =?

Solution:
Formula: v=c=f

Derived: f=c
λ

= 3x108m/s
2.0x101 m
= 1.5x10(8-1) Hz
(Answer) f = 1.5x107Hz

2. What is the frequency of light waves with the wavelength of 5x10-7 m?

Given: v = c = 3x108 m/s (constant)
λ = 5x10-7 m
f =?

Solution:
Formula: v=c=f

Derived: f=c
λ
= 3x108m/s
5x10-7 m
= 0.6x10(8-(-7) Hz
= 6x10(15-1) Hz

(Answer) f = 6x1014Hz

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Applications of Radio Waves in Communication

Today, conversations, data and even

music can be transmitted through air over millions
of kilometers because of radio waves. Wireless
communication has become possible through
transmission and reception of these radio waves.
Remember, radio waves can be transmitted
through empty space!

Radio waves have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are produced
by making electrons vibrate in an antenna.

Medium and high frequency waves are used for broadcasting by local radio stations. In a radio
station, sound is converted by a microphone into patterns of electric current variations called audio-
frequency (AF) signals. High frequency radio waves called radio-frequency (RF) carriers can be
modulated to match the electronic signal. In amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude of the radio waves
(RF carrier) changes to match that of the audio-frequency (AF) signal. This is used in standard
broadcasting because it can be sent over long distances. Very high frequency waves provide a higher
quality broadcasting including stereo sound. In this process, instead of the amplitude of the RF carrier, it
is the frequency of the waves that changes to match that of the signal. This is called frequency modulation
(FM). When the radio wave is received by the antenna of a radio or television, the pattern is converted
back to its original form. The sound portions of most television broadcasts are carried as AM waves while
the picture portions are carried as FM waves. They are used to transmit sound and picture information
over long distances.

Radio waves have a very wide range of wavelengths. The whole region of the radio waves is
divided into smaller regions of wavebands. Each waveband is allocated by law to a specific radio service.

Low frequency waves are suitable for communication over great distance. But the curvature of
the earths limits the range to about 80 km. To extend the range, a repeater is used. The repeater receives
the signal and re-transmits it to the receiving station. High frequency waves can be reflected by the
ionosphere. This enables the waves to be transmitted over great distances.

Did you know…

Frequency is an important characteristics of radio wave. AM broadcast frequency
is about 1,000,000 cycles per second (Hertz). For example, when you tune in to
your favorite AM radio station at 630 on the dial, the radio is tuning to the radio
wave with the frequency of 630,000 cycles per second! On the other hand, FM
radio operates on 100,000,000 cycles per second. So, when you turn to 101.1 FM,
your radio is tuning to 101,100,000 cycles per second frequency.

Applications of Microwaves in Satellite Communication

We know for a fact that radio waves travel in straight line. Why then are we able to receive
messages or information from other parts of the world?

First, let’s take a short review of some facts we learned in earth science. One layer of the
atmosphere is composed of ionized gases. This layer is called ionosphere. The high frequency waves
penetrate into the ionosphere and to the space. Therefore, communication satellites are used to reflect
these waves back to earth which are then captured by the receiving antennas. Communication satellites
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travel around the earth at an altitude of 35, 000 km

above the equator. They move at a speed of 11,300
km/h and revolve around the earth every 24 hours,
the same rate as the rotation of the earth. This
makes them appear stationary when seen on Earth.
Antennae are mounted to point in fixed directions
towards these satellites.

Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere

of the earth. This is the reason why they are used
for satellite communications. Microwaves signals re
transmitted by an antenna to a satellite which amplifies and re-transmits the signal to an antenna in other
parts of the world. This is how we communicate with the rest of the world.

Most communication satellites are used to send and receive radio signals for telephone services
while the rest are for television broadcasting, scientific research and weather forecast.

RADAR

Microwaves have short wavelengths and

are reflected by small objects. This property is used
in radars. RADAR is an acronym of Radio Detection
and Ranging. A radar system consists of an antenna,
transmitter, and a receiver. The antenna whirls
around continuously to scan the surrounding area.
The transmitter sends out a narrow beam of
microwaves in short pulses. A distant object reflects
some of the signal back to the receiver. The direction
to which the signal was received gives the direction
of the object. The distance of the object can be
calculated from the time lag between the transmitted pulse and the reflected pulse.

Terrestrial Communication

Do you notice that a lot of people now resort to

Cable TV for news, entertainment and educational
programs? CATV or cable TV is now used because of
its wide range of channels and clearer sound and
picture. Moreover, some cable companies provide
internet access to users. How does this amazing CATV
work?

Microwaves are used to transmit television

news coverage from mobile broadcast vehicles back to
the station. The news crew can also set up a small
antenna to send signals to a communication satellite. This is how news are broadcasted and watched
live around the world.

A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves. Cellular phone is a very
sophisticated radio, but still a radio nonetheless. It is today’s answer to the emerging demand for mobile
communication. Cellular phones depend on overlapping network of cells or areas of land several
kilometers in diameter. Each cell has its tower that receives and sends microwaves signals.
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Other Application of Microwaves

Microwave Oven

In a microwave oven, foods absorb certain

microwave frequencies very strongly. The microwaves
penetrate the food being heated. it will agitate the water
molecules within the food, thus creating molecular
friction which then produces heat that will cook it.

Applications of Invisible Heat

Infrared waves are in the

lower-middle range of frequencies in
the EM spectrum. Infrared radiation
lies beyond the red end of the visible
light. The size of infrared waves
ranges from a few millimeters down
to microscopic lengths. The longer-
wavelength infrared waves produce
heat and include radiation emitted by
fire, the sun and other heat-
producing objects; shorter-
wavelength infrared rays do not
produce much heat and are used in
remote controls and imaging technologies.

The amount and wavelength of radiation depend on temperature. Below 5000C, an object emits
only infrared radiation. Above 5000C, an object glows and emits both infrared and visible light. The
difference in color determine the differences in temperature. For examples shades of blue and green
indicate regions of colder temperature; and red and yellow indicate warmer temperature.

The human eye is not sensitive to the infrared light used by television remote controls. To send
a signal to a television, remote controls often use a diode that emits light. Some digital cameras have
filters to block near-infrared light, but most can detect it. It shows up on the screen as if it were visible
light. When you press a button on the remote control, the camera may show a pulsing light emitted by
the remote.

The following are some useful applications of Infrared radiation:

a. Infrared photographs taken from a satellite with special films provide useful details of the
vegetation on the Earth’s surface.
b. Infrared scanners are used to show the temperature variation of the body. This can be
used for medical diagnosis.
c. Infrared remote controls are used in TV’s, video, cassette recorders, and other electronic
appliances
d. Infrared camera has transmitter that sends out infrared pulses.
e. A night-vision google.

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Applications of Visible Light

When white light passes through a prism, it is

separated into its constituent colors: the red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors do not
distinctly separate but they continuously change from red
to violet. Red color has the longest wavelength from
among these colors and violet has the shortest.

Our eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic waves

of wavelengths that ranges from 4x10-7 m to 7x10-7 m.
This is the range of wavelengths of white light. Thus, the
spectrum of white light is therefore called the visible
spectrum.

Visible light is essential for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plant
makes food. Forms of energy taken from the sun used by plants and microorganisms million years ago
are locked up in coal and oil used as energy resources today.

Production of light

There are several ways in which a luminous object can be made to give off energy in the form of
light. A luminous object can produce incandescent light, fluorescent light and neon light.
a. Incandescent Light is a form of light produced by heat. Ordinary light bulbs in your home are
incandescent. They produce light when electricity is applied to them. Inside the glass bulb of a
light bulb is a thin wire filament made of metal tungsten. Tungsten can be heated to over 20000C
without melting.
b. Fluorescent Light is cooler and uses much less energy than incandescent light. Instead of being
used up to build up heat, electrons in fluorescent lights are used to bombard molecules of gas
kept at low pressure in a tube. The color that a fluorescent bulb produces depends on the
phosphors used.
c. Neon Light can be seen in thin glass tubes of brightly colored lights. It is a cool light similar to
fluorescent light. When electrons pass through the glass tubes filled with certain gases, light is
produced. The most common type of gas used is neon gas which produced bright red. If other
gases are added, however, different colors are produced.

Application of Ultraviolet Radiation

Ultraviolet radiation lies just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. Ultraviolet waves have
shorter wavelengths than the visible light and carry more energy.

The sun is our main source of ultraviolet radiation but there are also artificial sources of UV light.
Ultraviolet radiation in UV lamps are used by banks to check the signature on a passbook. The signature
is marked on the passbook with fluorescent ink. It becomes visible when viewed under an UV lamp.
These lamps are also used to identify fake banknotes.

UV radiation is also used in sterilizing water from drinking fountains. Some washing powder also
contains fluorescent chemicals which glow in sunlight. This makes your shirt look whiter than white light
in daylight.

UV radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives us tanning effect.
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Applications of X-Ray (Penetrating Radiation)

X-rays come just after the

ultraviolet rays. They are of shorter
wavelength but carries higher energy than
the UV.

X-rays are produced using an X-

ray tube. They are emitted when fast
moving electrons hit a metal target. X-rays
were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen in 1895.

Long wavelength X-rays can

penetrate the flesh but not the bones. They
are used in X-ray photography to help
doctors look inside the body. They are useful in diagnosing bone fractures and tumors.

Short wavelength X-rays can penetrate even through metals. They are used in industry to inspect
welded joints for faults.

Applications of Gamma Rays (Nuclear Energy)

Gamma rays lie at the other end of the

electromagnetic spectrum. They are shortest in
wavelength and highest in frequency. Gamma rays are
emitted by only the most energetic cosmic objects such
pulsars, neutron stars, supernova and black holes.
Terrestrial sources include lightning, nuclear explosions
and radioactive decay.

Gamma wave wavelengths are measured on the

subatomic level and can actually pass through the empty
space within an atom. Gamma rays can destroy living cells; fortunately, the Earth's atmosphere absorbs
any gamma rays that reach the planet.

Gamma rays carry the highest amount of energy thus, they are more dangerous. They can also
be blocked with lead and thick concrete. Gamma rays are very strong that they can kill living cells.
Gamma rays are used to treat cancer through the process called radiotherapy. They are also used for
sterilization of drinking water.

Risks of Non-Ionizing Radiation

Non-Ionizing Radiation is a type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to
remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule. Most types of non-ionizing radiation
have not been found to cause cancer. This radiation exists all around us from many sources.

Non-ionizing radiation includes visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light; microwaves; radio waves;
and radiofrequency energy from cell phones.

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The dividing line between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation occurs in the ultraviolet part of the
electromagnetic spectrum [shown in the illustration of the electromagnetic spectrum below]. Radiation in
the ultraviolet band and at lower energies (to the left of ultraviolet) is called non-ionizing radiation, while
at the higher energies to the right of the ultraviolet band is called ionizing radiation.

Examples of Non-Ionizing Radiation

1. Ultraviolet. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation comes from the sun, welding, black lights and UV lasers.
The sun emits UVA, UVB and UVC rays. UVC rays are absorbed by the ozone layer and never
actually reach the Earth. Both UVA and UVB light are important for humans in the production of
Vitamin D. However, the effects of overexposure to UV rays can be negative and can be
immediate or delayed. Sunburn, skin cancer and cataracts develop over time with excessive
exposure.

2. Visible Light. The visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can be seen by humans,
animals and other organisms. This type of light consists of seven colors: red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet. When all the colors are present at one time, the light is white.
Rainbows are created when visible light passes through raindrops. The raindrops act like a prism
and break the light down into its individual colors. Overexposure to visible light can damage both
the eyes and skin.

3. Infrared. Everything on Earth gives off some amount of infrared (IR) radiation. The human eye
can’t see most of the IR spectrum, but we can feel it as heat. IR radiation is used in furnaces,
heat lamps, toasters, night-vision goggles and the lasers seen on TV remote controls. About half
of the total energy the sun gives off is in the form of IR radiation, which we feel as heat. In large
amounts, this type of radiation can damage the eyes and even cause blindness.

IR radiation from the sun is normally absorbed by the Earth’s surface and the clouds, then
released as heat into the atmosphere. When the atmosphere has a lot of water vapor, along with
nitrogen, sulfur and fluorocarbons, the IR radiation gets trapped and causes the atmospheric
temperature to rise. This is called the greenhouse effect. Temperature increases like this cause
changes in the weather patterns on Earth and lead to climate change.

4. Microwaves. Microwave radiation (MW) comes from microwave ovens, radar, transmission
towers, satellite transmissions, the sun and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation.
CMB is radiation left over from the Big Bang when the universe began. A microwave oven works
because microwaves excite the water molecules in food and cause them to vibrate, generating

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

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heat and cooking the food. Atoms and molecules can also emit and absorb MW radiation.
Overexposure to MW radiation can cause cataracts and skin burns.

There are three subcategories of MW radiation. Extremely high frequency (EHF) waves are
used in remote sensors and radio astronomy. Super high frequency (SHF) waves are
commonly used in microwave ovens, radar transmitters, cell phones and satellite
communications. Finally, the ultra-high frequency (UHF) is used in television broadcasts,
walkie-talkies and cordless phones. Microwaves are sometimes grouped with radio waves
because these two types of non-ionizing radiation have some overlap on the electromagnetic
spectrum.

a. Radio Frequencies. AM and FM radio broadcasts, Wi-Fi signals, cell phones, amateur
radio, television and airport security scanners use radio frequency (RF) waves. This type of
non-ionizing radiation is absorbed throughout the body. The effects of RF waves on the body
are similar to MW radiation in terms of heat generation. Exposure to electromagnetic fields
in this frequency range can warm up exposed tissues because these absorb the radio wave
and convert these into heat. The frequency level determines the depth of penetration into
the body. For example, using a cell phone causes the ear and/or head to get warm. Warming
up by this radiation is the most dangerous for the brain, eyes, genitals, stomach, liver and
kidneys. Like MW radiation, RF waves are divided into categories: high frequency (HF),
medium frequency (MF), low frequency (LF) and very low frequency (VLF). There is no
scientific proof that RF non-ionizing radiation increases the risk of cancer or causes any
harmful effects on the body.

b. Extremely Low Frequencies. Extremely low frequency (ELF) waves are on the far end of
the electromagnetic spectrum and come from power lines, electrical equipment and wiring,
and electrical appliances such as electric blankets, refrigerators, razors and hair dryers. ELF
waves can go through water so they are also used for detection by submarines. According
to the National Cancer Institute, there is no experimental evidence showing that normal
levels of ELF radiation are dangerous to humans.

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c. Lasers. Lasers aren’t a form of non-

ionizing radiation, but they are made
from it. The word laser is an
acronym for Light Amplification by
the Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. Lasers stimulate atoms
and molecules and cause them to
produce light and concentrate it into
a beam of radiation. Lasers can be
made from visible light, UV and IR
waves. Store checkout scanners,
CD and DVD players, remote
controls, dental drills, laser pointers
and laser printers all use lasers.
They have many industrial and medical applications as well. Masers work in the same way,
except they amplify MW and RF waves (the “M” stands for microwave). Lasers are also made
from the elements, argon, helium and neon, ruby crystals, chemicals and liquid dyes. When
not used properly, lasers burn and cause severe damage to tissues, especially in the eye.
The narrow beam of light concentrates the effects on the retina, causing blind spots

Ionizing Radiation and Its Risks

Ionizing radiation is a type of

energy released by atoms that travels
in the form of electromagnetic waves
(gamma or X-rays) or particles
(neutrons, beta or alpha). The
spontaneous disintegration of atoms
is called radioactivity, and the excess
energy emitted is a form of ionizing
radiation. Unstable elements which
disintegrate and emit ionizing
radiation are called radionuclides.

Ionizing radiation takes a few

forms: Alpha, beta, and neutron
particles, and gamma and X-rays. All types are caused by unstable atoms, which have either an excess
of energy or mass (or both). In order to reach a stable state, they must release that extra energy or mass
in the form of radiation.

It is well known that high doses of ionizing radiation can cause harm, but there is continuing
scientific uncertainty about effects at low doses. At levels of dose routinely encountered by members of
the public and most present-day radiation workers, there is little or no epidemiological evidence of health
effects. Radiation protection standards recognize that it is not possible to eliminate all radiation exposure,
but they do provide for a system of control to avoid unnecessary exposure and to keep doses in the low
dose range.

1. Alpha Radiation. Alpha radiation occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay, giving off
a particle (called an alpha particle) consisting of two protons and two neutrons (essentially the
nucleus of a helium-4 atom), changing the originating atom to one element with an atomic
number 2 less and atomic weight 4 less than it started with. Due to their charge and mass, alpha
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 17

particles interact
strongly with matter, and
only travel a few
centimeters in air. Alpha
particles are unable to
penetrate the outer layer
of dead skin cells, but
are capable, if an alpha
emitting substance is
ingested in food or air, of
causing serious cell
damage.

Alexander Litvinenko is
a famous example. He
was a British-naturalised
Russian defector and
former officer of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) who specialized in
tackling organized crime. He was poisoned by polonium-210, an alpha emitter, in his tea
sometime in November 2006.

The health effect from

exposure to alpha
particles depends greatly
on how a person is
exposed. Alpha particles
lack the energy to
penetrate even the outer
layer of skin, so exposure
to the outside of the body
is not a major concern.
Inside the body, however,
they can be very harmful.
If alpha-emitters are
inhaled, swallowed, or get
into the body through a
cut, the alpha particles
can damage sensitive
living tissue. The way
these large, heavy
particles cause damage,
makes them more
dangerous than other
types of radiation. The ionizations they cause are very close together - they can release all their
energy in a few cells. This results in more severe damage to cells and DNA.

2. Beta Radiation. Beta radiation takes the form of either an electron or a positron (a particle with
the size and mass of an electron, but with a positive charge) being emitted from an atom. Due to
the smaller mass, it is able to travel further in air, up to a few meters, and can be stopped by a
thick piece of plastic, or even a stack of paper. It can penetrate skin a few centimeters, posing
somewhat of an external health risk. However, the main threat is still primarily from internal
emission from ingested material.
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Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha

particles, but are less damaging to living tissue
and DNA because the ionizations they
produce are more widely spaced. They travel
farther in air than alpha particles, but can be
stopped by a layer of clothing or by a thin layer
of a substance such as aluminum. Some beta
particles are capable of penetrating the skin
and causing damage such as skin burns.
However, as with alpha-emitters, beta-
emitters are most hazardous when they are
inhaled or swallowed.

3. Gamma Radiation/Gamma radiation, unlike

alpha or beta, does not consist of any
particles, instead consisting of a photon of
energy being emitted from an unstable
nucleus. Having no mass or charge, gamma
radiation can travel much farther through air
than alpha or beta, losing (on average) half its
energy for every 500 feet. Gamma waves can
be stopped by a thick or dense enough layer
material, with high atomic number materials
such as lead or depleted uranium being the
most effective form of shielding.

The extremely high energy of gamma rays

allows them to penetrate just about anything. They can even pass through bones and teeth. This
makes gamma rays very dangerous. They can destroy living cells, produce gene mutations, and
cause cancer. Ironically, the deadly effects of gamma rays can be used to treat cancer. In this
type of treatment, a medical device sends out focused gamma rays that target cancerous cells.
The gamma rays kill the cells and destroys the cancer.

4. X-Rays. X-rays are similar to gamma radiation, with the primary difference being that they
originate from the electron cloud. This is generally caused by energy changes in an electron,
such as moving from a higher energy level to a lower one, causing the excess energy to be
released. X-Rays are longer-wavelength and (usually) lower energy than gamma radiation, as
well.

X-rays can cause mutations in our DNA and, therefore, might lead to cancer later in life. For this
reason, X-rays are classified as a carcinogen by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and
the United States government.

While X-rays are linked to a slightly increased risk of cancer, there is an extremely low risk of
short-term side effects.

Exposure to high radiation levels can have a range of effects, such as vomiting, bleeding, fainting,
hair loss, and the loss of skin and hair.

However, X-rays provide such a low dose of radiation that they are not believed to cause any
immediate health problems.
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
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The use of X-rays and radioactive materials in science, medicine, and industry led to the
recognition, documented by reports of radiation burns, that radiation exposure, although helpful
for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, might also be harmful, and protective measures were
taken to limit exposure.

All X-rays are dangerous because they can damage healthy living cells. Of the body. This is the
reason why frequent exposure to X-rays should be avoided. Too much exposure to X-rays can
damage body tissues and can cause cancer.

5. Neutron Radiation. Lastly, neutron radiation consists of a free neutron, usually emitted as a
result of spontaneous or induced nuclear fission. Able to travel hundreds or even thousands of
meters in air, they are however able to be effectively stopped if blocked by a hydrogen-rich
material, such as concrete or water. Not typically able to ionize an atom directly due to their lack
of a charge, neutrons most commonly are indirectly ionizing, in that they are absorbed into a
stable atom, thereby making it unstable and more likely to emit off ionizing radiation of another
type. Neutrons are, in fact, the only type of radiation that is able to turn other materials
radioactive.

In health physics neutron radiation is a type of radiation hazard. Another, sometimes more severe
hazard of neutron radiation, is neutron activation, the ability of neutron radiation to induce
radioactivity in most substances it encounters, including bodily tissues.[2] This occurs through the
capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei, which are transformed to another nuclide, frequently a
radionuclide. This process accounts for much of the radioactive material released by the
detonation of a nuclear weapon. It is also a problem in nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
installations as it gradually renders the equipment radioactive such that eventually it must be
replaced and disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.

How to Reduce EM Radiation?

Common sense and some basic information can greatly reduce radiation exposure and risk for
most people. Here is some basic information to help you minimize your dose and risk.

1. Humans cannot sense ionizing radiation. When we have been in the sun too long our body
usually tells us it’s time to get in the shade. Ionizing radiation is different. We cannot see, hear
or sense ionizing radiation under normal circumstances, unless we have radiation detector to
help us out.
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 20

2. All radiation isn’t the same. Sunlight and light from the stars (and the lights in your home) are
electromagnetic radiation. So is the radiation from your microwave oven. Although there are risks
from exposure to sunlight and microwave radiation, that risk is from a different type of impact
than the risk created by ionizing radiation.
3. Ionizing Radiation comes in Waves. One form of ionizing radiation (gamma radiation) is
electromagnetic (much like the visible light from the stars), but its wavelength is shorter and thus
more penetrating. It has enough energy to alter atoms, molecules and DNA. It can also create
free radicals in the human body.
4. Gamma Radiation and X Rays Share Similar Characteristics. Both are electromagnetic with
wavelengths shorter (and more penetrating) than visible light. Gamma rays are released when
unstable radioactive minerals release energy as they change state and chemical composition.
X-rays are created by humans (usually deliberately) in an electrical mechanical process, typically
for the purpose of medical or industrial imaging. Some energies of gamma and x radiation are
more potentially damaging than others, but that is a big discussion. As a general rule, itʻs good
to limit exposure to gamma and x rays, and other forms of ionizing radiation, to as low as
reasonably achievable.
5. Ionizing Radiation also comes in the form of charged particles. There are subatomic
particles that can ionize matter when released from an atom undergoing transition – and the
most notable of these are alpha and beta particles.
6. Waves and Particles both Matter. There is a lot going on in the invisible subatomic realm. While
gamma and x rays are basically light that has such short wavelength that it is outside the visible
range, particles have mass and weight. Both forms of ionizing radiation can affect matter by
altering other atoms, molecules and DNA (what we are made of).
7. More about Alpha radiation: Although not nearly as penetrating as beta and gamma radiation,
alpha radiation can actually be more damaging if the source is taken internally by respiration or
ingestion.
8. More about Beta Radiation. Beta radiation is often ignored in dosimetry. Risk from beta
radiation is relative depending on the energy of the particle and whether the source is external
or ingested. Certain radionuclides that emit beta radiation, such as Strontium 90, can accumulate
in the bones and create increased health risk.
9. We Should not forget Neutrons. (especially if you work around nuclear reactors). They don’t
have an electrical charge like alpha and beta particles, but they do have mass and can induce
biological effects. If you don’t work around reactors or strategic nuclear materials there is little or
no reason to be concerned about them. If you do work around an operating reactor then you
need special training and specialized instruments to protect yourself. If you are trying to detect
certain materials used in nuclear weapons, neutrons detection can be important.

How to Protect Yourself

1. If you work around radioactive materials it is good to have a radiation detector. Things
change from day to day. Other workers can forget to replace shielding around sources. X-ray
machines can be inadvertently activated. Things can get spilled. It’s good to review your
environment on a regular basis.
2. Counting on a Dosimeter can leave you Vulnerable. Dosimeters generally tell you what dose
you have received after the fact. While this may be useful for regulatory compliance and limiting
your lifetime dose, it does not help you keep your dose minimized on a day to day basis.
3. Use Time Distance and Shielding to Protect Yourself. Putting distance and shielding between
you and a radiation source is an immediately effective way of reducing your exposure. Reducing
the time, you are being exposed is another way.
4. Use a Respirator or Face Mask if You are exposed to airborne sources.
5. Properly Label Sources and keep them Shielded.

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

 21

6. Be Aware of All Sources of Radiation Exposure. We are all exposed to radiation every day
from natural sources, outer space, the earth, radon gas in our homes and businesses. We are
also exposed inadvertently to sources that can include people undergoing medical procedures
and radioactive
7. Be Thoughtful and Informed about Medical X-rays. Medical imaging can provide important
and lifesaving diagnostic information. It is also sometimes used unnecessarily. Sometimes the
same diagnostic information can be obtained by using techniques that reduce dose.

What are EMFs?

EMFs or electromagnetic frequencies are essentially electric and magnetic fields that radiate
energy. The sun gives out EMFs as do power lines. Many appliances and systems that use electricity
also emit EMFs. Low level EMF exposure is not believed to be dangerous and common in microwaves,
cell phones, X-rays, MRIs, power lines and more. EMF exposure decreases as the distance between you
and the object emitting EMF increases.

Today as high as 87 percent of the world’s population uses electricity daily and this number is
expected to go up significantly in the near future, according to the World Bank.

How Can EMF’s Impact Our Health?

Electrical devices produce frequencies that communicate with the electrons and atoms within
our cellular structures. This can cause disruptions in the body chemistry.
Research conducted about EMF exposure has revealed that EMFs can reduce the pineal glands
production of melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone necessary for sleep that also has the powerful ability to
suppress cancer cells.
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 22

Sensitivity to EMF exposure can vary but symptoms include fatigue, poor sleep and a lower
ability to handle stress than previously. Long-term exposure can result in foggy brain and has been linked
to conditions ranging from chronic fatigue to mitochondrial issues, poor neurological health, anxiety and
ADHD.

How Can You Reduce Your EMF Exposure?

Ideally when you use your laptop, put a little barrier between you and the device so that it is not
touching your lap directly. You could use a pad or a pillow barrier or use your laptop on a desk.
Keep your cell phone away from your head. This can be initially a hard habit to change but you
can plug in your headphones or use the phone speaker so you avoid holding it right up to your ear
constantly.

Keeping your cell phone, laptop, tablet and related devices at a distance from you when you
sleep is paramount. Far too many people fall asleep with their cell phones next to their head. If you must
have your cell phone nearby, put it in Airplane Mode and rely on your old-fashioned alarm clock to get
you up in the morning instead. Aim to keep all the other devices out of your bedroom.

Overall, the evidence suggests that the radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic energy (EME)
emissions of mobile phone handsets are not harmful to the user. However, it's impossible to be
completely sure there isn't some risk. This is particularly true for children where there is little research
evidence.

One way to exercise caution is to reduce unnecessary exposure from your handset and to
encourage your children to do this. This can be done easily. Remember, it doesn't have to be for every
phone call and in an emergency, there are better things to worry about.

You can reduce your exposure to RF EME from your mobile phone in three simple ways.
1. Distance. The most effective way to reduce the exposure is to increase the distance
between your mobile phone and your head or body.
2. Time. If there are any harmful effects, then it’s likely that the longer the exposure to RF EME
the greater any risk may be.
3. Power. Usually a phone in an area with good reception will transmit at much lower levels
than in an area with poor reception like a lift or deep within a large building.

Simple Ways to Reduce EMF Exposure

1. Get rid of your microwave. It is easy to get rid of this typical kitchen device, and use more
healthy ways not only for your food's nutrition, but for your personal and family's health. Use a
convention oven or re-heat on the stove, or eat more raw and live foods so you don't have to
worry about this.

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

 23

2. Power down at night. Connect your WI-FI to a switch so you can turn it off at night and when
you do not need it during the day. This helps to lower the exposure in your home environment
and get a better night's sleep.
3. Change your cell phone to airplane mode. If you use your phone as an alarm clock it is best
to turn off the wireless signal so it is not being emitted all night long close to your brain. Also,
when walking or carrying your phone on you, if you do not need it, just put it on airplane mode.
4. Keep all wireless devices out of the kitchen and bedroom. Best to keep all these devices out
of where you eat and sleep as they are the two most highly used spaces of the home and where
you spend much of your time.
5. Do not carry your phone on your body.
6. Use a selfie-stick.
7. Talk on your wireless device using speakerphone.
8. Eat these spices and take a magnesium supplement.
9. Earthing. It can be done by connecting the electrical appliance to earthing systems or electrodes
placed near the soil or below the ground level.

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

 24

POST-ASSESSMENT

A. ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

1. Directions: Unscramble the words in Box B and match these words to fill them into the
appropriate blanks in Box A to complete the statements below. Write the answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

Box A
Box B
1. A moving charge creates _____________. Scrambled Word/s
2. A changing magnetic field causes a
changing ___________ A. ME
3. The successive production of electric and B. PEEDS
magnetic fields results to the creation of C. OESTCJB
________ wave. D. WARDOUT
4. An EM wave propagates _____________ E. CTNGMAEI LDFIE
from the source. F. EEILCTRC IEDFL
5. Electromagnetic waves do not need
____________ to transfer energy.

2. Directions: Below are the applications of radio waves and microwaves. You have to fill in the table
below by stating the types of EM waves and explain how these waves are used in wireless
communication. Write your answer on the separate sheet of paper.

Type of EM Applications Uses (wireless communication)

Waves
FM Radio
RADAR
Cellular phone
Cable TV

3. Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only on a separate
sheet of paper.

a) What happens to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave if its wavelength increases?
i. It decreases. iii. It remains the same. ii. It increases as well. iv. None of the above

b) What is the wavelength of the wave with a frequency of 3x109 Hz?

i. 1.0x10-1 m iii. 1.0x102 m ii. 1.0x10-2 m iv. 3.5x101 m

c) Which EM wave has the highest frequency among the others?

i. Microwaves iii. UV radiation ii. Radio waves iv. Visible light

d) Radio wave is _________ in wavelength than the gamma ray.

i. Higher iii. Lower ii. Longer iv. Smaller
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 25

e) What is the frequency range of UV radiation?

i. 3.5x109 – 3x1011 Hz iii. 7.5x1014 – 3x1016 Hz
ii. 3.5x1011 – 4x1014 Hz iv. 7.5x1016 – 3x1019 Hz

4. TRUE OR FALSE: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if it is not. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
a) Most EM waves has the same speed.
b) EM waves travel at the speed of 4x108 m/s.
c) Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of changing electric fields and
changing magnetic fields.
d) Electromagnetic waves transfer energy through a vacuum.
e) A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy

5. Directions: State whether the following picture below are examples of X-ray or Gamma ray.
Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. ___________________ 2. ___________________

3. ___________________

6. Directions: Look at the picture below. Guess what type of EM waves (infrared, visible light
and UV light) do they belong. Write your answer on the separate sheet of paper.

1. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 26

2. ___________________________
4. ___________________________

5. ___________________________

7. Identifying Effects!

Directions:
a. Referring again to the chart below we can see that Non-Ionizing radiation comes in the forms
of: ELF (extremely low frequency), Radio Frequencies, Microwave Frequencies, Lasers,
Infrared, Visible Spectrum and Ultraviolet

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

 27

b. Write the effects of the different forms of non-ionizing radiations on the table below.
Non-ionizing Radiations Possible Effects to Health
1. Extremely Low Frequency
2. Radio frequencies
3. microwave
4. Lasers
5. Infrared
6. Visible spectrum

8. Referring again to the chart below we can see that Ionizing radiation comes in the forms of: X-
rays, gamma rays, alpha radiation, beta radiations and neutron radiations

Write the effects of the different forms of ionizing radiations on the table below.

Ionizing Radiations Effects

1. X-rays
2. Gamma rays
3. Alpha radiation
4. Beta Radiations
5. Neutron radiations

B. POST TEST. Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the speed of the electromagnetic wave in a vacuum?

a. Zero c. It is changing.
b. Always the same as the speed of light d. None of the above

2. How are electromagnetic waves produced?

a. Any disturbance c. Vibrating charge b. Currents d. Voltage source

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025

 28

3. What happens to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave if its wavelength increases?
a. It decreases. c. It remains the same.
b. It increases as well. d. None of the above.

4. In the electromagnetic wave, what is the direction of the propagation of the wave?
a. Always to the right b. Cannot be determined
c. Parallel to electric and magnetic field directions
d. Perpendicular to the electric and magnetic field directions

5. Which of the following forms of electromagnetic waves has the widest frequency range?
a. X-ray c. Ultraviolet b. Microwave d. Radio waves

6. Who contributed in developing equations that showed the relationship of electricity and
magnetism?
a. André-Marie Ampere c. James Clerk Maxwell
b. Heinrich Hertz d. Michael Faraday

7. Who showed experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and its link to light?
a. André-Marie Ampere c. James Clerk Maxwell
b. Heinrich Hertz d. Michael Faraday

8. Which type of wave has the shortest wavelength?

a. Gamma ray c. Ultraviolet b. Microwave d. X-ray

9. What is the other term for electromagnetic waves?

a. Electric waves c. Mechanical waves b. Longitudinal waves d. Transverse waves

10. Which of the following correctly lists electromagnetic waves in the order from the longest to the
shortest wavelength?
a. Gamma rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves
b. Microwaves, ultraviolet, visible light, gamma rays
c. Radio waves, infrared, gamma rays, ultraviolet
d. Radio waves, infrared, visible light, X-rays

11. How is the wavelength of infrared different from the wavelength of ultraviolet?
a. Longer c. The same b. Shorter d. None of the above

12. All EM waves has the same speed. a. True b. False

13. What is the main difference between a radio wave and a light wave?
a. Speed c. Both A and B b. Wavelength d. None of the above

14. Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic wave?

a. Infrared c. Sound b. Light d. Radio

15. What is the frequency range of UV radiation?

a. 3.5x109 – 3x1011 Hz c. 7.5x1014 – 3x1016 Hz
b. 3.5x10 – 4x10 Hz
11 14 d. 7.5x1016 – 3x1019 Hz

16. Which of the following forms of electromagnetic waves is used mostly in communication?
a. Gamma rays c. Radio wave b. Infrared d. X-ray

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17. What substance glows when exposed to ultraviolet light?

a. Neon b. photoelectric b. Phosphors d. Photons

18. What animals can see the ultraviolet light?

a. Dog c. Insect b. Human d. Monkey

19. What type of electromagnetic wave is produced when electrons vibrate in an antenna?
a. Infrared c. Radio wave b. Microwave d. X-ray

20. Which of the following energy transformations occur at the receiving station?
a. Sound energy to electrical energy
b. Electromagnetic energy to sound energy
c. Electrical energy to electromagnetic energy d. Electromagnetic energy to electrical energy

21. Which type of radio waves are used to broadcast FM station?

a. LF c. UHF b. EHF d. VHF

22. What is the main source of UV light?

a. Fluorescent light c. Sun b. Incandescent light d. UV lamp

23. Satellite Communication is an application of what type of wave?

a. Infrared c. Radio wave. B. Microwave d. X-ray

24. Which of the following is used in sterilization of medical equipment?

a. Gamma ray c. Ultraviolet b. Microwave d. X-ray

25. What light is produced from heat?

a. Fluorescent light c. Neon lights b. Illuminated light d. Incandescent light

26. The photosynthesis is a process by which green plants make food. This process used what
type of EM waves?
a. Gamma ray c. Ultraviolet b. Microwaves d. Visible light

27. What form of EM wave is useful in diagnosing bone fracture and tumors?
a. Gamma ray c. Visible light b. UV light d. X-ray

28. Which EM wave is emitted by stars and some radioactive substances?

a. Gamma ray c. Visible light b. UV light d. X-ray

29. Which type of EM wave is also called the penetrating radiation?

a. Microwave c. UV light b. Radio wave c. X-ray

30. What form of EM wave that is useful in nuclear engineering?

a. Gamma ray c. UV light b. Microwave d. X-ray

31. According to the National Cancer Institute, what forms of non-ionizing radiations has no
experimental evidence showing that at normal levels of this radiation are dangerous to humans.
a. Visible light c. microwave b. ELF d. infrared

32. Both UVA and UVB light are important for humans in the production of Vitamin D in the skin and
gives us tanning effects. Overexposure to UV radiation may cause___________.
a. Heart failure c. asthma b. Cancer d. high blood pressure
Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025
 30

33. Exposure to normal levels of extremely low frequency (ELF) waves causes_________
a. Brain damage c. severe burns b. Asthma d. none

34. Children and fetus are in great danger than adults from the exposure of microwave radiation.
a. True b. False

35. Which of the following is NOT an example of non-ionizing radiation?

a. X-ray c. Ultraviolet b. Microwave d. Visible light

36. About half of the total energy the sun gives off is in the form of what type of non-ionizing radiation?
a. Microwaves c. infrared b. Ultraviolet d. visible light

37. Overexposure of microwave radiation can cause__________.

a. Asthma c. brain damage b. No damaging effects d. cataracts

38. The narrow beam of light concentrates the effects on the retina causing blind spot. This is an
effect caused by ___.
a. Lasers c. alpha radiation b. Beta radiation d. ultraviolet

39. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer.

a. True b. False

40. This form of radiation is more penetrating than alpha particle, but are less damaging to living
tissue and DNA.
a. Alpha radiation c. beta radiation b. Gamma ray d. X-ray

41. The strongest ionizing radiation is called ___.

a. Alpha radiation c. neutron radiation b. Beta radiation d. gamma radiation

42. Any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.
a. Mitigation c. prevention b. Reduction d. hazards

43. This occurs when an atom undergoes radioactive decay.

a. Alpha radiation c. neutron radiation b. Beta radiation d. gamma radiation

44. It is classified as a carcinogen by the WHO.

a. X-ray c. gamma ray b. Alpha radiation d. beta radiation

45. It is a decrease or a lessening in amount, or the amount by which something decreases or goes
down.
a. Mitigation c. prevention b. Reduction d. hazard

Science 10 Q2 Module 1 SY 2024-2025