RuraDeelopyent

Rural Development [Concept of Agricultural Marketing

It is a comprehernsive term which essentialiy focuses on action Agricultural services involved in moving
marketing covers the
for the development of areas that are lagging behind in the an agricultural product from the
farm to the consumer.
overall development of the village economy.

Measures to Improve Agricultural

|Key Areas in Rural Development Marketing System
(i) Development of productive resources () Regulation of markets
(i) Development of human resources
(ii) Development of land reforms (i) Improvements in physical infrastructure
(iv) Development of infrastructure (ii) Cooperative marketing

Rural Credit Diversification into Agricultural

It is a small amount of rnoney which is provided to the poor Activities/Productive Activities
peoples i.e., small scaie farmers, unernployed persons, etc.
Diversification is an emerging challenge in the context of rural
development. it has two aspects
() Diversification of crop production
Types of Rural Credit
(1) Diversification of productive activity.
(i) Long-term Credit These loans are required for a period of 5 to
20 years.
(ii) Medium-term Credit it is required for about 1 to 5 year period.
(i) Short-term Credit These loans are required for a period of 6 to |Agricultural Diversification in India
12 months. () Animal Husbandry In India, the farming community uses
the mixed crop-live stock farming system. Cattle, goats,
fowi are the widely held species.
(ii) Fisheries Presently, fish production from inland
Sources of Rural Credit sources
contributes about 61% to the total fish production and the
(i) Non-institutionalSources of Rural Credit The major non balance 39% comes from the marine sector.
institutional sources of rural credit are moneylenders, (ii) Horticulture Due to varying clirmate and soil
friends, relatives, landlords, shopkeepers and commission conditions,
India has adopted growing of diverse horticultural crops
agents.
(ii) Institutional Sources of Rural Credit Such as fruits, vegetables tube crops, etc. It has been
(a) Commercial banks estimated that this sector provides employment to around
19% of the total labour force.
(b) Cooperative credit societies
(iv) Other Alternate Livelihood Options The
(c) Regional rural banks information
(d) National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development technology has revolutionised many sectors in the Indian
[NABARD] economy. It plays a very significant role in achieving
(e) Self help group and micro credit programmes Sustainable development and food security.
(f) The poor women's bank

|Sustainable Development and Organic Farming

Rural Banking : ACritical Appraisal Organic farming is such technology which restores,
and enhances the ecological balance. There is an maintains
The rapid expansion of the banking system in rural areas has
raised the level of rural tarm and non-tarm output, income and demand for organically grown food to enhance foodincreasin8
Revolution throught out the world. Many countries have around satety
employment especially after the Green their food system under organic 10%% 0T
farming
 6
Rural
Development
Mahatma
Agriculture is the major source of livelihood in the rural sector.
not mean only the industrial
Gandhi once said that "real progress of India did
of India's
growth but also the development of villages because two-third still live in
population depends on agriculture". One-third of rural Indians
India.
poverty. This is the reason, why there is need to develop rurai

Topic1 Rural Development

and Rural Credit
Rural development is a comprehensive term which essentially focuses on
action for the development of areas that are lagging behind in the overall
development of the village economy. It is a process whereby the standard of living
of rural people, especially poor people, rises continuously.
Key Areas in Rural Development
Some of the areas which are challenging and need freshinitiatives for development
in rural India are as follows
() Development of the productive resources of each locality.
(ii) Development of human resources inluding literacy (more specifically
female literacy) cducation and skill development.
(ii) Development of human resources like health, addressing both sanitation and
publichealth.
(i) Honest implementation of land reforms.
(v) Infrastructure development like clecuricity, irrigation, credit, marketing,
transport facilities incuding construction of village roads and feeder roads to
nearby highways, facilities for agriculture research and extension and
information dissemination.
 (r) Special measures for alleviation of poverty and bringing about significant improvement in the living conditions of tne
weaker secrions of the populations emphasising access to productive employment opportunities.
The share of agriculture sector'scontribution to GDP was on a decline, the population dependent on this sector did not
show any SIgn1ficant change. Further, after the initiaion of reforms, the growth rate of agriculture sector decelerated to
2.3% per annum during the 1990s, which was lower than the earlicr years.

Rural Credit
Rural credit is a smallamount of money which is provided to the Moneylenders have an unhealthy efect on
poor people including small scale farmers and unemployed people as agricultural sector because of the following
n to start their own work with the help of development banks or any reasons
their last
other financial institutions. () They intend to exploit labour to
drop of blood.
Types of Rural Credit (i) They charge high rate of interest.
interest
The time of gestation between crop sowing and realisation of (ii) They.acquire land on failure to pay
income after production is quite long, so farmers require credit for and loan.
various purposes. Such as initial investment on seeds, (iv) They manipulate accounts.
fertilisers, implements and other family expenses of marriage, death, Credit
religious ceremonies, etc. 2. Institutional Sources of Rural
On the basis of suchrequirements, the credit can be categorised as In regard to rural credit, major change
occurred after 1969, when India adopted
1. Long-term Credit social banking and multi agency approach to
These loans are required to acquire permanent assets like tractors, adequately meet the needs of rural credit.
Different institutions were formed to provide
land, costly equipments, tube-wells, etc. These loans are for aperiod
of 5 to 20 years. the rural credit.
The major institutional sources ofrural credit are
2. Medium-term Credit
These loans are required for purchasing machinery, constructing o00
() National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
fences and digging wells. Such loans are generally stretch over a Development (NABARD) It was set up in
period of 12months to 5 years. 1982 as an apex body to coordinate the
3. Short-term Credit activities of all institutions involved in the
These loans are required for buying seeds, tools, manure and rural financing system. It has an
fertilisers, etc. This credit is given to the needy borrowers by authorised share capital of 500 crore.
cooperatives, moneylenders and banks.These loans are for a period The RBIhas contributed half of the share
of 6to 12 months. capital while the other half has been
contributed by the Government of India.
Sources of Rural Credit The main functions of NABARDare
Credir in the farm sector is available from two sources (a) To grant long-term loans to the State
Government for subscribing to the
1. Non-institutional Sources of Rural Credit share capital of cooperative societies.
The major non-institutional sources of rural credit are (b) Torake the responsibility of inspecting
moneylenders, friends, relatives, landlords, shopkeepers and cooperative banks, Regional Rural
commission agents. Moneylenders provide about 93.6% of total Banks (RRBs) and primary
financial requirement in 1951-52 and presently it is 30%. The cooperative societies.
short-term credit needs of the farmers are met from commission (c) To promote research in agriculture
agents,friends and relatives which supply roughly 50% of total rural and rural development.
borrowings.
Credit It is a sub-cormponent of the total investments made in agriculture.
Gestation It is the period of time that a process takes for development of something.
 the from thehas
theReforms thefarming,credit
considerably credit
related
in raisefor and
of agricultural was principal the was KCCs for involving
thefrom and annum.
for eligible in
book specified in for
2006-07. guidance function
account timely
crore.
scheme to
by credit eligibile withdrawls into
Farmers cooperative to scheme package
introduced banks credit
Banking
addressing
of 475000 support crore
to
the pass inducted dairy host view Credit a per
upto structure
access scheme, as
are
banks. agricultural
year provide cooperatives
mainprovide of relief 4% l0.78 revival
and (KCC)
5000 make limit
the
commercial tractors, a a offeringwith
farmers. status 2008-09.
loans
of
credit
wasfacilitates card credit the Thein at debt
Schemerural the
can wereundercredit
The Agricultural
latest placed rate About
2011.
(KCCs) ? kisan
of Under
during engaged societies to
operations and crop Card
timely a credit
crore.
regional
credit farmers the disburseetc. Societies
cattle, flow.
besides Currently, is the budget effective implementing
(KCC). They is waiver receiving Credit 1999.October cooperative
It
scheme a
with within credit
of agricultural tube-wells, society
to the 2011-12 13596
card. 46.9% and
Card l1998-99.
and production The share
activelythese credit credit reveal union the
provided Card Banks inputs, Credit farmers, February,
agricultural banks debt adequateupto
Card banks credit bank. cash agricultural
Notably credit
productivity. beenat Kisan
Credit in Credit The was rural of of points in the lakh of
Credit
government kisan of
commercialrelevent Commercial Commercial of of Cooperative
are flow flowagricultural is rural
issued outlay
for are repayments
1972. It
supply
of improved. installationthe of cooperativeStatus in have3 thein Government
of farmers Kisan
eligibile purchase of
societies increased credit announcedprovide
following of introduced short-term
Kisan
Kisan issue
the the
of
fieldAct, needs diverse16-17%
services. Farmers
amountfarmers, been financial
crop
Latest TheThe To had
(v) (vi) The () (ii) (iin) (iv) (v)
credit
theand to from hasfully not
beenand vast Helpformalsmall
farmers fund. were each Such
lakh in theconsumption in
is poverty was an andsavings.
largest
forrural system
as participation
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of
1976.
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small, Nearly
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transferred collateral, 7 generally helped
referred
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social Selfby in from Kudumbashree
implemented
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society supplement
agency credit households linked. thrift
banks to
to small networks.thrift than
created alleged as
thrift up They
rural credit contribution have on women section.
provided
finance holdings.been rural, acclaimed set
refinancingand national
also
of
kind gap,
promotemorecredit to based credit Theas of rural Act etc.
has
Formal SHGs is a been meant
agricultural
development. overall rural credit It confined poor crore
savings. terms As weaker
farmers
providingland fundits has some 2003,
been women. Bank being
and regional artisans, were
this (SHGs) minimum
community
for (RRBS) haveBanks
(SHGs)
It community
development.
of programmes.
credit
part the thrift 1 beenin are
of RRBs
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tenant endreportedly
credit
provisions
are mainly Women's savings
programme encourage
mobilisedAsia These
agicultural inadequate. demand of to of the Their
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as
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savings
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Regional
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outemerged
a empowerment a of
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opened. farmers
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svstem. are banks the loan
NABARD
theproportion proportions
By had micto-credit societies Rural
nationalHelp integrated to society weaker
section.
To To to
proven to Groups Help member. Poor
borrowings In a
purposes. reduction
as objective commercial the
(d) (e) to Self Due SHGs informal been
Regional exclusively
TheRB/ Self Kerala.
Started These
credit marginalof
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(i) also 90%
(iii)
(iv)
 very ofproblems the the ruralthe
areofrequirements
aonly rate.finance in regional
of
need
credit. default inequalities
receive the credit
more
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from institutional credit.
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institutional
dues regionalmoremeet
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marginal
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Limitations
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Marketing
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India
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nutrition
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water
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rampant labour
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because
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