Asian ment —4 FH Question: prove the’ laws of consertvetion: of vlineare momentum, angular. momentum and oad “fore a egstem of inkerca. ettng Parctiales . t dh Answer: 5 Vy Cte) b= Hneare, momenbum+, 2, ¢onsarvatfon. of Uneare mane Follows 2M estara ay a 4 ym 901 ine cel freom ewton’s soeond low .of, eign in the form. , te (mB) = ge mn Hretere> motu is Shared. soassdo adt at bovsrsaqas ss amdaaman stolvpan > ‘Angular mamerbuns cnstden pone: wan on [near momentum Bata position Y relative to the origin 0 Fit anet dean meisy ae pene yeas wet Sdefing: thea gillaie’ ond aay SOT PN TL of the particle” with trespect to the onfain o to be, TaPxP ° and the, Aptequa|siasothe »iingmah bf O, ia. Paneban OP cang © > external: fone = castes tq adt ot svibplan Fo trae 9 ot & oo al tnd syetg NowxP wfaa nae oth =P x JP ade Gp) — SF ae Re ond (rsp?) “Vx nit she SENG Feta“ ai “ap “beth panaiey ofa” “tet z f ; wv $ 5 5 ie oma gps 92 2 Jo & jotet “oe “aE the total torque 4 =O, then o ae ove sombutt Thus angular momentum. é cinsteoe in a obit custaamtont 3 40 The total wo 59 10T re» done, by thes iponticlaxwatll’ heel th oban vies IPPs oe Base[ae dn oe | cbatmtbese simandled -taa bas iF the “dtplacame of ‘the particles dpsiin time dt with velocity x, a Pamp and de =} Hen" bese? 4 Re, OB AIO so fev sn Wie f EG may aes” rumen 3 [eM st 10 wiemot fever aqole na ee + Ami) dt salotostgge a nol or baat elatosttens cin) Shera, Ta sTescteeprrosents chal tkindtel elnenatigig® of? spardidle_ at position. Lads Bs, ResRee ‘alypeb tp bnobnsqob nt volar uretbere yr have ttoss Nasttanod £=-yv a abnjastisios anolod ort baljps & om cation ‘© a te boot ‘iit, L P mab Riis tuodtias aa Suagnolod fo signee ott 4 sola _f{ dv 7 Inlosthene ot EL # ott enillost nsbonithys A Pa ae Ce eee , boatlani on avob “pnibile duostia prildon artodga p bao =VMA sand Copal g oe Yo slqsioxe ao eh ostlg Freon sit ao oil 7 Be, wabna? sloitetog pp = TrtVa = Tet+Ve =eonstant . In genercal Tev= eonshant -th guestion-2¢ Derfine. eonstreaqints « classtf holon Wie and non—holonomie. constraints . efle and example . i 5 dusavonnla ete af seath wand emplain my wth v 1 ant parzamelert Cy cise am Th Answers wt bh = bas constrfants: A constraint on a aren 4 that tie system must obey. .pore,,enarppla- a. box POR y ROMP Oak eliding down a slope, must remain. on the, slope- ® Holonomie constraints tf the, eonstreadint ralationd arte ore ean bo made indapandont of velocity then iL & called halonomre constraint: Morraovert a. holonotte eonstraint i a eonstreaint thot- placer a definite relationchip bakuean the eo-dredtotes we arousing . Example: A eylindarr rolling without sliding down a. tneltnad plana is tho example of holonomie_ eonstraint-. then For every tnfinth- simal distanes. du it must mover a distaner de vb by. do= ; Whore Rts the radiur of the_ eglindars. 2 da- RdO=0 . The em ean be inkegrated to ¢ield, FO) =%-RO=O 5 sine theeonstaint > nsraine ean_lo_it thts eonstnatnt fa holonomie. constraint, siege G) Non- holonomie constraints 1F tha constraint polaty ‘ 77 0g), not holonemie that's theps relations ora trmedy thle. * i en in of velocitien than the constratrs are ealled non—holonomie. - eonstraintn. ae 4 eeExample: Suppose a pardicle fe movi ; na onthe surface of the sphere, wo can write the equation“of the distanea bebvean the dont of the sphere and the parteler an, toe RY Heme 4% are eartesion eo-ordinaten and RG the radtus of the sphere. The & an example of holonom'e. eoncdreafte . Now Suppose that the partiele t not bound to move. on the surface of the sphere, in th as qin above. constraints. % eoe2 We cannot orie the - Then it is a example of non—holonomie. radiud a Whereas, the second mons helongmle...eostmay + quod $ algo sroteot ot dave ata fo.kr abuloway sat OW te u¥ilemic to pow - glinsitorsdtom amaldartq oth peat ¥o mod Om pO aro ype What do you mean by degrees scat adn a sit gona. ars) > = PAR PRT, Manet gonesalata rey, slip tac: antithlene dpatitanatically., shicvrsnoe busbuaysbat x snigt ott yO 1 1% Anewere: Tha numbetl’ 6f ie nt ay in. which a mechanical system oan move cath violating ang constraint whieh mig Kas wimpesadi)) °Jeidilad the numbare aha at jepand erpod nwt t eto % sobsastt bo soosD constrained ae move, alon tsdmut adi sO Boosted ag, lot PE: degrees oof ifteadim. efi the: aystam hetbabs tn. indiegted i bi ecthe, least -posstble »!nambon Of ‘o—orede _Nattos to idesarcibe, the sqtten pompletalys a ukert example whan a single porciele., moves. in space, « it has threes. degrees of Froadom. , butif fh, 8. Spaee, Caras it hos eal one. ae im eee relang “abeup 3 ah “95 Pil a eortaty soy axis. We then eonaluds that fi Imposing condreabhe sts a wos of simplify the preoblems mathemateally. tn that the number of equations: &, motfon_meduaad 40 Freedom: Th Q) aysten’ OE paididass Dg eke? kK indepondent constraints expicelasttle” %, 1 equal of the form Ona yao pittoloby Greatkay — TUSTIN TET Deion say Die eames: ty tniosthens 5 The numbare of depreap of Freasdom_ $+ oryhogypobe) thabbisy ody dodk ban. ooldetann f= onk , 43 ‘hot ofea_ ‘ener ipod, fost What & the advantage of abeing them “Bt “guesion 2 irlrettes downsay sobof guiding - preinelples for ees a. suitable: wr of! "geiteralteed @o- ordinater.. fs asiits—30 tstioe trek parole item Grenercalized e0-ondlinahens sta! ides exetba >the: eonfiguitatton_ 7 as ae cleat tha malls x numbers. ,of variables . ® ath actint mre co-ordinates, LO the oysten notes aystem. 4 so Spsenatedy 4 Ts Ton fhion, fap pan spardiale. ear lereiyed in, terms of generaliced pba agin ap, fats PF Cte das = dn) oe ap » d= ee 4, adit Hay saaupiny om 2 ater’ 4) alt na soiado ry gatn D 0-09 cra toca haben » aap /tibpya -09~ by Beee? tS i thal fh gS ORODE B 69 Wpk bluode Bg Alia antage af ‘usin Tha dibs 84° vei 5 ored? already alain aght a‘Bh Advantoge of usin generalised e0-ordinaten: hs . Tha major advantages of using genatealised os-ordinatep that ‘they ean. be ahoosen parependioulars toa eee ding constrain: forcaa and therefore _Hiat spesiffe. consti oreo doep no word for: motion. alo that genarcalised copredinate . Moraover the. constrain motion. doa no core tn the -dérodhion of the conedreamt forces. Son reigid constraint + “Thug generalised @0-oredinatep allows spacifia constraint forcea ty by j nerad in evaluation of the. minimized functional . This freadom of Sleaibilety of chofea OF generalised e0-ordinaten allowed the eortalated mation prroduead by the constraints forcag_ to be_ombeddad caer | into tha choier of independent Generaléed eo orcdinaker and the aelal aonstraintn Yo “Thareeforce ganetcalised eo rales the constr inte 10 take advantage ofA the Fi ‘relia the folal ean bags Of — 20-ordinatep . Tee aan be (gnorad. Ome choopen so ap behy Stention—tie “Obtain the, enpreessitin fon gafidrealtzed dizplacamant, . geome vdloatty grsraliead acedlanation. generalized, oR mentum, general ized. Foregs, genarzalteed potential -. sshio' hotilogaan, wooly ang 4 SHtw TH solution: cE © Groneralized dis lasaiments Fue! od if conser a emall displaes caida. eft Ne = paidile. sytem: 4 cordesian, cosordinateny. mee “I idee on anon virtual + 4P dfeplacamant Sm, thon sinea Mzed co-ordinator defined an, asthe a ee hoetlortans wa Ca ee aP_ gt 2 gartt 252 one Be bgt FS ee sy Lp oa bq nS oth < a SR oa, - be OS 2 6y = = Fy aay a; art”! Sollsd’ gen ee aghnad~ "die (da asp ihamtsttigGiesaraltend véloatty the. a snag bo desontbed. “0 interns of Ye. dariivaltve! 4, of! generated ao- Oredtnaten 7 p whieh? is thon, ‘walla gonerealioed Veloatty Appoetated with pare eulare eo-dndiriates 23 We. have, Mes — bos ilpstons® ¢ Sasa ~ dsibte “ake Pn gp conte yD 1%) ferent yy a qo pane aK Be sleinte b f ias Inomoonlg eis Wb oniteals astonibstg-o9 basi Gnercalised essen: PAP) ey3N 3N e poe i G % Groote noralend mbninims ; : pore one dimensional motion Te hove porilurt ~ot Qa hod Inston ih» siksa oft tadt wore! EEE i aig sd 5 Te C LCi Gi) ae “Spor ae 4 1 slotting 19 to EO oiev ¥ ¥ ott ven SW Lim a) “y = 1k, ri Le “8 wo hove the gonercalieed Fate ade. sued oC) seston1 eg vas + Fy [ra wort) J --® vow HF the 5 stem fs beeen ine dents of i lad. : gen “at =O as we know that the kinotie. 2 Bae 68 pordlreybrin ys is given. by At 1 tars: a Em; i). 8) -- GD we hove tho Pact ofa pele HDstodsp _ocbf Than from equalion. ©) ie tae a ouneteh Emi ( SL mi SR de +9) barilnstonor oh * Kibpytonap. oft a4zm (a a a du, + bam wm an bri gue al “a is, + domi t sim ( 98 4 Fp) $3 de + SEMA BBE ey pot 4) 2 eR TE agg Bag NY OE Pt Re EY - --@ we syshin Oo _ 4p2 = TW TO tom wo - Cublgqn B49 ik genqque here. 7» rrepresenitenthe term Gyro degree sean! 1) rapresants itheastenm’ dz of digiee 9 pal ed reaprresentl the denm.. -4jacot: agrees. oO. apa Whieh is gerwalind leinedt _enereay of a parhiele . Ws qf the system & “end ve thon me doen not dopend yes = 198- = 748 Sei ho. OPE _ on time | oH =0. att! Foe “apalion a te ge senot bazilpsraasp mie EY aes A S= 7B Maw te Lam (Be +) He u Hee if ‘the iseetes s potent thon the kinetie bom energy sa ‘hamoganesiah quadratie. equation - ainegay phintimie — bio inal to Ablensah 5 bocilp stots f db vast plinneea5 90 fon ob pSuppose -forreap fr opeltad ona- -patticbe ania Gee > taken sdisplacoment sijo% Thin’ ‘He! total adr! donde P= fe OT Sater to alld fenercalised fone . io iP \ tp oft soit s viloynteenes a al : fy Question — ge a iol Gienercalicod oo ditcten. ned nok » seo'sb ype otto TOUS Woon gen et ane, have dimensions of langth and similar be ponentn ot genercalized Foreea do cre how the_Himansionsi. of > Forcaas ‘but btheire »présddet” “naire hap the dimanstoris of tele segicrnsi adt ound bana sty F slr mort Anewarts The. jemalied yy veo gin bail . ote oy SE Ee. ANF Bhat b@e tied? twa 1f the system % conserwahive_, than. ow 8 =o Then from equation © we have ‘suppose Sorceen “Ft applied on: 6 parle ond it tanan deplore mont 8% > then: the total wot, done by the forceah & given. be, TE smal i ei wor oki Ex ys 6 2M “Es 8s - ee we Thera og ag ; we nolo leary qepae! ‘on tha? ply on ie 4g Be sonia von) possibly on. on the parctile» and f 4. 63 is, called »! ane at eon tiereqnelated ial the HOE oF ott gent fog ee 4 thatthe eae ce gredinae a. eo-ondinaten 454 2A rs Frid (etic atton ) ehatevare dimens tons. “6 Bit generalised enor dinate, ‘hap the. prroduetOF generalised, forcea: arid \ generalised ea must have the dimensfons. of sword). For \ roason the. geveraltel 8 Forcea nood one atte have the dindnatnie of, foolay interven Bub theire product noedbbantly! Of wort. p let us sCgnsidarr a hei than, = mh Fe é sR=rre, The te geveralised Torres see ote Sd Rand ¢ ee Qrer = re Grok. Pan Re Tee 1B Quection- “72 prove sl eonditton.” fort the ps jSefinite th ae ia D of : ciidependant, hm 40 ms ehdent tara % MT hyn 5 0 AEH. This vine, can hen, 6 fs wale fouborta oF Gat. stnathsyginea: tHe funetion “yeays reépreesants a» path from A to 9. thon. Yo). con! be expressed os a Function of me are aeons Thera « denotep fea alk and.x=0, “Ree © {ey= 9: w snes - a ( He 5 on anbikarey “Funehion ewe er amps ea Thus the noe 1 will Wee y con" “Oo and. onitlen abl; ) b- Py 28 1@) = Jeb sinee: a nar feotes || ‘ pitti aon she pip 34 ijt stoulovs batty oh es oe fo asl $ 2 A “aR JR Fes gt Joos ee teh nlite t cde) be oe “Rh ) 20 » i sinee 4 > oi Rog fue ton bo ihe Max = Ont equation Wee have. 4, 3g: a d dx= »b Ei ue of Shs ao) n= mb | clring mo Suth » a Fb 5 adh most sang * af he det ah ceil dt tor ~iQ)e Inbeg rating the seeond term of the oY Hom Cy @) a part with rraspect to x le gel 9 ofae Ly ae eo al hot han go Teibsiwk 9 an babe sire ore stnea the end pate, Warts). ond. (ese), ons. aed on “3g. ie FAQ “i ae TOGA TN ) to ds rps htt and some For oyort he “te Sf ) oh sotta put GE), 4 =abfnemoane. fg shes pet pap tcom tue extn ‘P poth at ‘het po WV prot boary D similarly , og). ) Yo” ‘thet ~ eomparision BS bo) ORE He LS b oethen ftcom equation Qn) we “have mh og ay a gut 61=0 , then om 1 Py & ps ar ne sineo $4 is enbtora then, a 7 Sx Gp =O 3 Whtah & the stationary value.By Question +9800 Hi eusstothe \rnotioni ofspeonfigureation| space . state Hamiltonip’ yaniational proineiplaxy and? serete’ Lagrange! equations, OF |. motion... frcomofti vttow: will: he result be modified .' 4F He Totcean 1ONe non cansenvative 4 [te ebifiqurdtion Ba 24 stem of generaltzed eo-tndinaten ay mo 2: thodant! of to conneend io a perdiatlan point called system pot Hy ANSWER: to the oneation “af Fase here q's form the, Aedinafen tio oe This n Fina Prone eer Kno ennhiquration ee configuration” speeass.’ a. canine ‘on! 's sof aph ysieal = ve ie all Me any ‘staten ibe ean be in a PO t To specif ” the. posthion“of toro pariti len, 3 tea Pah ty Me kPa tt ort Wa e thera.” “atti. N= parked tis ba 2 “has oN os tb pp? (pe) 3 v Hamilton vaiitnafenel inei fet’ rem variational jot pane ban bait sito ” tate hq prineiple Fore eonnenva ive agin states. th bee ‘ p The motion of the | syctem! ‘From time i ict aooult rotkou fad? such that the ine integre A ca ; be Wael we (4g Let AG ‘ty too Whore Le tev ,, sy, 1a, éoccel i ay Fs, pa Wh, aon Thot js the if al ‘a j ine tnteani fre Fred boh Is Zeno Se. Ste JY Sleds idk o th spaone Me fhetple ts is .vantalfonal cprineiplay | “Wes, know thaki the Hamilton’ * variational rr af tres i) —vthyj ato There. t= ft 4y 4 y (aay) at . 4 Leute neces J PEt be@Ieigdio) ewing wf o's : 3 3 A): oft i a anctoye my 843 sak. st f & EAs PF x53 fe he ges , Tinsqe or sea bebe a ha “re fee Gato SH bs —3.5 J Et (% -) 843 dt =o nibontny sori imal fii ory Ti itninay, avrothimad cf og apee Hh hd po “arte Fixed ond some. for, th = & i Fee saro rtot Shionina to sottom _oAT as pac’, Fhe an ad omit wnt sates sat 2 your > Hid. dbdve’ equ a radueap ty . loot ort mt odt todt deve Les ae Lae sg) St 0 cokes fe@, “aa Te Lo ted snodGi aitiat : 39 + Gye! eT =o reer he. . 4 th 18) 9 1 = =o y deamon 4 » fr) whieh? -B "& Laaheatgers zequaligi ofbmdtion. ~ fh For non — conservative system: dn the sgetem the Hamilton’s prineiplets, [er 84 $45) dt=0 Pf=129,—n and T= 114,45) t ; . =f [1% 44 +3h Sj + 95 4) ]ot=0 a +9) 545 of oR a (Syste ies + 43) * 47 +[, Nd (54 Sy Heo2 ea de fa) 8 t+ eT 4 . ot OL 84j 2 G5 +8) pot og 78 ho & ere sinee the end potnts ane fined and same_for ev ¢ th path, then 21 gq, . ay |, te aa 2 RE +4) 543 dt - fe d 2) 84; dbo ° "ES + Big Y] 84 tb =0 sinew $9; & anbitary , ousting the_eoeffreront of 45 th power eo-ondinaten to zor we get, ot - [34) +93 — 4 (3)]=° 2 oe (By) Fy a5 =e \ : 3° (3B) a = Si [isran — pn} ‘ feh f Lagreangels equation of motion Fort none holonomte system. we E Pry ize v 8o fo 20— aba yefm Question-4os Emplain the preinaiple of svitchial, Vrom and Jontbaret-p> pritnaipler ; prAlembertyp> pritneiplet , “BehNe” Lagiran geo” eect Tnarere [her catefops gnarion From Dralam bartes prin elple.. Fon, a heen By solutions: Bt parte ss total forrees sag i Fizo - - Dy, if there & no Adtsplaeemenk lure constreaints ma. a this dis oeem a virtual” Gi oles feat he! srr: Then, th tel oon ine by the Fortean ip Bate SEs 8 =0 5 7@-( (4 Dialombert, ascume, that . 25 9@ The kinetin enengy Pts Arla p42) toy 12) s 4 =m {(eeose dosh S—pshnoging p)” + (e086 sings Psind cos 6), pustned™ bu ; “ =4 my PY6* cost cosrp—aprsing sing cose cosh 6 + sing sho $4 nrecsg deg Sr 42r'sinestnd £050- coe 6O+ mss coh Gr + hrstnt9. 6 5 r 7 fore 8 eos! ot eS sinte-t Bains bac =a mre +8" ‘sine) and” pohential, aera 4. N= mgz = a maa i. Then the Lagrangian js rhs adhdemaetueg thas tev [vhost Instutsd y om 5 ceme (644 itsbg)—mgn ent And. the. i equation Fon tigen, Ae tel) 7 pines wo Jo. a.“Nowe We Thave | irc 1 stloye at ton ab en as S send vt ke Bg = mre ee =dinrtsine c0s0 +m psine one aatlene poof sheeutioe —onrtoemoe a =mrpsino , as =0 Henee from equation (f) we ‘have, st & (nr) — Morr sing cose — mgnging.=0 > mon dig = m0 sino e086. egy> mgr stno= =o! Pp dg, — sind dose: ee Ser ‘ Apdo conf =o de (dete) Lo | Whtah: cis the: ato of motion. of a Keaihach ee From the: Ldgreang e’n ‘equation sobdinaten 2’ 0-—DFe ; GBH Questions what one. eyelie. om spank: ; show thot fore a consorevotive “ ve is momentum conjugate t a egelie. eo- ordi Conseteved « govenalied eee on gnorcable.'4¢- oredinatoss we. know that Wie lograneran., Life Funedion of generalised etree Naten 4; genarcal ‘sed veloedy dp amb tiinat - af the Lagrangian L ofa agstem dees not contain. a: poidioula co-ordinah 4, , then obviounly fore suoh @ system aa, =0-, such a. qo-oredinate: is, tofertedas.an, | Panonall.e.o-oredinate ore, eyelte: seooredaabel!- Ty pnd porte Let us eonsiden 0 system off mapp pointn acted Upon by Forcean derived room. potential dependant on pesitions only, Pore cueh, a systom , is ealled eonserivahton one, the Lagnom gain equations oF motion arp. . Qh d Le Ne OF (or ) ‘Aq, =0suppest. 9; is qyelie. hoe it does not oeaure fn. lagreanaian. L, then fore this co-ordinate Lagnang etn equation of motion radueap to , d aL / (=o he. Ob, = eonstant . —_) 2% Now % a= awe [vv ts not a funetton of 7 OX; amt aK f Zi) = Bi (am a) = mat; = Pin which & oe component of linear momentum_ associated with jth particle. And — momentum assoailated with. qj o- ordinate. shall be R= Sei OL *45 24; and is termed as generalised momontum hao. R= constant Thus fore a eoncorvative. cgstom genorcalised momentum. conjugate toa egele co-ordinate {5 eongonved «Assignment 9. tmiQuestion—162 proye that— : : @ ta co-ondinate. eorctes pon ding ha displacasmant is egelie treansletion of the system hos no sticat on the preoblam , te. desantpHon of- system motions tramafns; fnvatdant unde sueh a translation ‘and Itnoan momentum eonsetwed-- ua prong ' : 5 &) fa “os -oredinate. conepoing ba rotatfon ts felts, | ile of ‘Fhie!! syem about the given ands hee no effed on the. des exiption or the - system, motion, f.2. the system “tomains fnvariank undor sucha eo-oreel inate rotation and angola! PromePin & ea footibh adt pwelr stooy Hay sdf os a ol At : ee Leb us fir eonstden 4; 0s gene realised ec-ondinate, dqj 0s reeprencenting the translation #f Bs om as pri in someigivan directions june oi chs qer ded tts the-functon of 4; al ite Hbe Anat of, qj than ay gy =O eens ation of motion for auch a co-ordinab_ stom ‘elfod . te ag) 3 = og atnalbto-7 : sg MT) _ "2D 20 Ste cothnlnire sh ont 244), Fg {oat tay , / P e (E agit Be Fada rt oho at oy, ib piel) « gost i If we show that 6; seine the. com ponents | of ‘otal Force along the, diraction . of. teenie of 4, “B. rropretank ‘he, sempre; afl! . 1 ©, will eeprees a aie q empmon astay she Lapinpys ) Fe senerlted fp free qian. ihy ban cdrbofon ‘ 6; =28- oF “ Tf n bo the unit vealed al along the. direction of translation . then : : : 1 1 rage as ptagy Ologo 3) ORF) m1 tee wif = t =. ‘F TERA AT The whieh Set the rp lets ohio faret: along. the, dirteation,, of Linear ‘mowientum han, ea ae tha elution of moon for, EB ramen: tas 1. OF SIR. Again. kinetie energy i ad aI mt ho=rmig, 2 ein)! or i ie \ =.Em: vi 8 =A smy.y; hich raprasints that py raprasent the con penenke of — al ieee ma the dircackton of translation . Suppose, 4g apd than’ ; rglgg ee Py = Oy =— OT ‘ 1? Fi 0 ) > R= tosh ‘anc Thus the mohion of the ager tromains aged and Ltnoor momentum. is emservel eyeey th lars mom © conservation of If 43 be first assume,.as gael cote? than sinea. T doos a separ “pono 4, and fore eonsere- vative aystom “'u docs not depend, on. 44, then transqans Bp Opinii @q tod words Solhe The géneraltoed Mforsean Ban ba degiyrge lols Iited Gy SIR. Ore ding > ott ! 29; ok oalainanFrom the. freure, ‘Rril= Ap dq; =rsino dq; a ees |=rshne "the dinachion oF Which ts reer pesdeaiaa fo beth Br ond ff. Thus @PF — tx 295 att i Then the generalised fore. don: be expressod ap =. Wx py ue bors Sg aly Baa =y mh remy ash pe errwe' ay! whieh shows that pri repreesants te: gin of total angular: ; Momentum .cuyd thaleqn a) reepree-sonts the equation: of motion fore total angul ars momontym. 4APpmeoistdnbitiy ban wely om vey dafleLicsdonstant otnaibes 99 38 oe! Thercesfore. the motfon of the system tramains: tavarciant under. sucha, eonoredinate Spee and" ‘angela momentum ban. stostion otews is apnsenved & crugitsanp ies hn bsrogagrttoo ar a gtey 4th) ode =T (1386 4 a wd aie = rh ten" | ae aby | =V bap of a aoigapspel ott siT vp sd x D+ hte Mbt 4etty) ov) be erator ty moitam ho eps — “Yn ; ae NLA) steer Yn! au 26 , SUDA ATDSY POU GIES NE Lis mite oS = mre , The ¢97 (iD.., rreduea? 4? sioiped 4p (mrt) — mr 8K/g <0 voli ORIOL a2 Lets ‘ae DLN, * - i = my — mot neko « nd vet ‘ £ gleteaiaig Ingotknintnt =0 aris mn?6iepm esigot limnlt and 5 ea (mrs)=o Nit! Sted 2 uMr.8. oh huMrGi=os nth She Ons Oetm Questfon-4e2 Find the equation” of mokton of one dimenstonal’ haremonte_ oscillator weg? Hani vaniattonal prlnetple . Sh solution: “the Lagrangian for ‘one dimensional harmonic oseillatn fs, 6) 7 l=tv = mah 1g! bre ‘Than on oprlg ing Hamiltonian prefnetple’ peg : 6f (ame — 41495 dt =o bar Let, FO, b) = em dig Cyr | Than fFount)t) dt should bes exdteshntim! tor inf. $ must sty the Kuler, log riangs.: equabion »... a 4r (HE) - Bao --o) | porsthere a4 =mi and 2 _ AV tayo Om = how Then from equation ® we have at %) thao “Met k=O Whieh i the equation of mobfon for. one dimensi- onal haremonfe. osatllertore »Fy Question~495 A patrticle: of; mass: m falls: a given, distanea z tn time t= { 2505" and distanea travelled ‘tn Hma+t ie given by Beat+bhir, Where a. and b arco auch that the time to is allways the some. ‘show that the. integreol i Let is eotremum fore taal valuep of the peer n ‘only When a=o and b= J. f solution: 1f the distanea\travellad sin time't 2,thon the kinetie. enenad /e mee and "potential enerray ve-mgr . Then the Lagreang fan basomen Lat ; tLe Emme mgz : 5 Then on only Hamilton's Prine wwe get, sf (dmese't ing ae =o! " i 7 let, $erz,t) dome a 2-- @ then [ F@:2/A) dt should “be extremum fore Dhiah F must ay the Euler Lagrange equation , lB)— Hee ---o Further Ftcom the -emprresston () we get a = mz and 3g = mgaE” ‘hon Jreom seqnration q) we ae! te Une’) = mq = 0 = mem ao ~ + HW. Bul we “hove, be abt bl> , ; ; ape ob : Then: ftom equalion a earn ebm —ing=0 ey 4 also at t=to, zee: then 2o= Ato} bla aor ®) ore putting ae ae and b= a we gt rom equation ®) Be ob + ft fot 4S *a=0 colin ipo There Fore’ the path will be,. cain ‘on the. integral f° Ldt i entrant When aso anle \ be 4. Pogfy Guest’on-20% A parltele of macs m moveé, gna plane fn the fiald of forceo given by Bo huwaoee, There i fs eonstant and e fs the, radial junit, veotort:, @ will the: angular: momentum Of, thes about the origin be. consettved 4 Justify qour statemen © obtain: the’ differcintial ‘tation | of the obit of the pantie oy. tay Solutions suppose, (ee) ane tHe: palate eo-oredinabe ota partHele of map Min the. qian plane. . than the equation of kinetic eneng y , T= At Pps) =O @) To show it, lot us umitte the. sre of Lagrange in tenms of 6 fo. ‘ v5 ae (Sy i Feri Bp aos si = DM Freom the expreesston. (D, c.onish 971 ar a9 sil Cagbtan Cart yy 96 = Mre and none fot et yan iM w= 0 and... sineg., the forcea, ienly inadial forceo, than aes ‘0 Than the equation 0) pihomen et _—$_.. generalised eg-orrdinatesipyive. 7! f : “the left ‘side. of the above “tin, oh Ute) So peu . mn's= eonstank n (6 the. ang! alan, momentum ° ‘of! the. pardiele ‘about the only, on spo te thorcésforte eonsorved: 4 ine Lsystanst , f & The diferent ieavaton, ify the onbtt +1 elation in ae srdl inate and 6+ then we wife!” the, lagreanets equation of mation in teroms of 4, aT) ., ‘Rah 4 gant ‘ae Gh Be = be - . . ‘Frtom equation ¢) ae er i fi wod oF =eMniy , ao = tinge ; ‘ ond On = Fr=— kr leose Then: “equation a rodueop to ‘i ea31q s Sel Myr) —Mp 6*r=—kn 086 = MP—Mnétkn cosa —o - M¥— Mg ky ebse=0 5 G Whieh & the roqufrrad differanttal raced of the ombit of the . parchiele- i(Gh Quastion24e A’ badd slide“ on'a wine tre the chaps” of ayclotd dearribed by equations =a. C6-stnd) ; y=al.44 e0s8) , Thesce- 0£60207- Find the (a) lagrea fon .funetiors and &)-the equal fon of motion, the +freletion :bel tho. bead: and the: wires may bo naglected « . say solutions fot Pg), be the position of the a bead of mapr_m at an Instant Hirne, +, The path of the bead is egeloid fopreesanted, by 1 &=alpstne) 2. 9 a(§+ ode 8) YH acttensa). ptf a 'sing. §) Then the kinetie,enérg y PP = dm RED on caEmy arCé;.c0s6-6)i ct O°6 ‘store beid =4mf a (6 26>e080 + Sreoeg) tarprsin’s f = Af ote ré'orens + aor ) ms Smohe™ (a- weost)'*"” plate yah casey 2h loitiat Ha ‘the pldntial eheregy mot has bead! falling’ eats tos the reoferbhed Yakie pe) cdr sli jog sdt Tp “ibm dt Ve meg = mg ai. G4esdos od pon ie old Then the lagteangian, L- Trev L = mabpuca—enso) — mga (2-58)Lo The lag tangfon; equation sfiimotfon fs given ve vio, BeCR§) 795 HO Ya)” an: Frio’ equation @' weThave |” ‘abner SA eben ‘ond 9 Then from equation G1) werhave °F te [amas (s-e080)]_'tmlarb sino ting dctn8) Lo” = ome (a dose) amas shod —med stn e— ° 7 mgeslno=o YEH 20 Ol moersine tmgasing i, ams (ence emer srsine mga sing =o 6 (= 0668) 4° desing: BH eine So” Thich & he required? oquation of imation - : ; HZ + garothe- 4) “pray hk A particle. of mass m:,ig, projected with fnitial velocity u atsan angle, withthe. horizontal. yse lagrecn es: equatione: to degeribe tha motion’ oF the priojectile « the. reastetaner of the alt may be neglected: “ “4 tt Guestion—o0s ya(By solution: Let, (Py bathe position of the. projectile ob any: fnstank §, fp, xy—/ plane with oe cd's ‘as the hertzontal.. Then the kfnetie enoray of the parciele fs qiven bye T= bm taf. en potential energy, taking o-anis as treFerrenee evel is Ne gg mre Then the logreangian be c Way cre dT =, ulate) — mg = The. eee equations ‘of enki mn fore the ertom the enprison we, oat =m , aire / Hy = a “and 2 4-9 then equation (1) raducen to 4p (m= 4p (mg) + mg =o J > mmx = 0 . ni +g zo J fos ir qe0J--@ ah omintegrating epelion Gi) teres we get +r rol oil AoA a Yipand) 2 ea eg Whene A Bre, > crn constant AL t=0) . n=0 . nt i conexela [FttoKn wt » —s usted =e DFrcom wo ? eo, gram (A d= 1 from Pp) Then From equation © ond, Merger: A= ueosak —H — Gils | = usliet — ca oe FE elimina ing t From Coup b oat ® oat a= using. A _ TL » Area 2. Y= tana — oF ne > eed FE “g= ¥y aot 2 i) 0 ’ 5 Dhieh othe desing | station Saiqes abt avo |fh GuesHon-29% Use Lagtuang es equations of motfon +o determine the motion of a marr m sliding without Frefvehion down an fnelfnad plane of angle c. gr solution: suppose ab ang instont mass slidepn oa distanea m along the plane so that wartieal ditanea fallen is ha xsfne- the the kinetie enor 4 is given by TH Amat and potontial energy / Va-mgh. =A ng austin Then the logranaion., L=TN = mit maasins — -® The lag reang es equation of motions is de _ oe En) From the expression ©, ae mi and | = mgsine Thus equation (i) redueen to 4, Und) mgssirm =0 3B mxk— mastax =0 Lk =agetnn - Shieh tS the naqutrcad equation of motion +Sh Qudsh’on—2.53, Define: phase\ispase ‘and Hamiltonian : Dercive Hamiltons eanoniaal equations of mohion| Fora system’ of paretteles. 7 t d Fh solution: ea alam hose space, A phose space fs a space ih’ Thieh call’ possible states of a system once reapreesented|, with eneh possible sate corerres ponding to one wnique point tx thre phase space. por: meehanr'eal systems the phase space, usually eonstts of all possible valuen of positions and momentum_voriobles, Hamiltonian: we know that a a.quantily, - FH en gh SoH & a eonstant of mokio soith, dondition. the lagrongion L does not fnyolve Hme empliitty - This eonztant was designated a letter: a nee ie : oe f (hie EB Yin Lea, 4) q ' Ay basts of (4-8) sot) We. Hatt Cag - B) =e a4 ot L45r4j) we ‘nedognise Hab Hamiltonian iand asi eto tkaty oe prt wa’ know the’ generalised momenhum ean} be. writHran as, miioyps lneiasane enetlanis v ej = aL Ie thaty ind Also the tog mangian suction °F motion ean be swontten as, > ena: 1 ay Bh Jos Bea oe why 2 sh ete tA ae rt vo nin O% = B = a gel PA choy wnt shin 245 The Hamiltonian, s defined, ap» Hs HCP, wt) 4 oF iS again: ‘iamiltontan 1c also ‘defined as, H= 584 — tears) o dt d sdf LH ty + 45; fers Sep say wer ws} LEED A +4 des fh eA oa: 5m im, xy? arereiae =z Cd aR § ty 4k 49 ----@)4 equation (and @ we: geby edhe GR ot f Give Be He Benge Fo @ oe @ is known os Hamiltonian Manica equation, of motion, ys By Queshons ae } DBeuss the’ physeal signifieanee of Hamittritan!) ahid’\"Hre! advdinkag of" Hamiltonian Hppirnceeh over Kagan gians appreoaeh « 1 solution: Like Lagrangian, Ham dimensions of enenay bet ener BE. pean “for th & iltoni ion_ olso possozes “all *ginoumetanee, ips nok equal to! the ‘total equality: * wife Het ane? he () The eqn is eng one i: the mai fs S eoneiindla: depend, and ‘not velocity dopendant. & 00 ordinate. trectsformetons, aque on Ha tres 3b 4g =27 These conditions ane neeeesan \. for: iarafbtinfoh Wt represent the total venertgy Bi. tk mag happen that Hons: be- independent. favolva. time enpltetl though co- ordinate: transformations”: neuagone get L be etl eondirue 40 be e& eonctant of motion independent: of Hime.» ‘Thon H=z fy dy L043, 93) will be & acon That is for sueh cages, a amstant of motion.but aot tHre_ total enengy , at canbe. shows thateif + does ook oeeure fn H will aoftinue to ae + shagrang ian: ts then theta llantan, ttt aleo.nok.:; fhvolve t- . ils siggp iS ipcootpat stsye vb Let. ve first preter, | BEA Cai a Le th ere 4 hy we have, ou =—fj val Stomp gf 5 (irom ‘ bites He 3 ay z ~ afi aE i Poh hay, We = ston besos gy ‘prom “Hamiltengs ‘edinonteal * oe 1 of rabies we have, or = .4b : “oF POF bi ddes nor lnvelve. dime t? 7 then” voihibess 277 Gib oe 2 patos toto dd ta +he. df =o This means that + willl also. no} appear: tn Hamiltontan - be- t must be eyelie in Hamiltonian “fore + - 4g bea, constant of motion. % ond parts in lograngian approach othe two varetable. qj and 4; are not given equal status, but tn. Hamiltonian. sehome co-ordinate and ‘momenta’ ore plaeod af- equal footing - This provides a. frequent frreadom of choosing co-ordinates and “momenta Thich helpeffechvely in more. abstract: and “profound , formalin of imeshanies. These natural . act is, based: fn, “ttamildonians method - The tdontiffeation of numersiaals of Hamiltonian. worth encrg of a ceosenvative Sgsem is. very imporctant in the, study, of energy, ie “that epreniets atoms ay and mdlacylejs..” Tho knowladge of. Lagrangian. eufifeles fore, ey the mochanieal preoblam's and wo. odd nothing ness to the mechanier bf" oadinitting 4 this new operach.ledge of Hamiltonian of & system & The Know exdranely important parsttaul arely ff we ares ! eg sten - fntorastad fn quantistng a dynamics For ai | up a sehnodinger equation 7 one rroplaces enercaltsed momento. by the ey bets nll Atl pa pat the dynamies of bedies of lar inotionn “& leonstrained by hard and immovable. surfaces ‘of vatstolls‘Witn dp , Hamiltonian and Hamiltents equations of motion “ean ‘be_denived * only fore ‘holonomie. systems - Bul fore the dynamteg. of microscopic! ayetem Like_atoms, ‘mole eulee ia veka, tre Forceas thyélved are the known defi” nite forceep ‘enéitted' by" iniero een pie_paitioles ond ean'be-tokan asthe applied forlean Or: the systam. Therre-forre fr this atyeauri alainesben then aan aoneietiong ors reathers the hale. of constraints loses f maating Therefoe, fore mass “Whose mierrosoople systems, Hamiltonian dunamies enjoys wide appltect? om .hy Question =27:; Deduea. Hamiltonis.\: eanonteal equations of motion from ‘hamiltons vardiatfonal prtnaiple Beda aed that, ee HEB = bh eat ‘E ody yap Oi The Homitonian. prinaiple fot, i= eft lay, dy se ak ioe cei ke dts 4 jelee S, dle Be “then 6] de - ne fy —H cm apyat vs a bap ul OHiy OH aa | sy +4j Heh Be. TH oe Sark 2 at pdt - ® safitee af 8 ACE a mate eo & OB, de =-E :{ R Om dt Than Mrci equation @ we thave,- btiendoe (PSG 2Gnrae’ 2 H op 9H era (Ee g oe ‘45 oa 3B Ha 0; eae a 4 7B 247 _ on one _ on r\ % pot OB wen 7 2; a 11 Wg 1 2 0 > $I= sf eta “845 — 5 e oe le le ; sams E f Eel d-% oH) 164% Vets. Sineo & and 43 ame. Undepanciat than the adore, equation will be Troalie * o be WOH ew at 4; — 2H =0 = OR =qy 1 ae Nt BE J os fay & x and Sst ly iby ry gf av ie e284 5 a Heneg- prroved eeAssignmant — 9 th Question—og: Find Hamiltonési. eanonieal equations - of motion for. a @ simple pondulum, © doinpound pendulum @ Linear harmonie oseillator, and @ pordicle moving ima eontnal forcea field - ff solution : @ Hamilfers éandnieal equation Fort ethiple. pendulum we know that the kinetic ener of the. bob of a etmpla, pendulum is given hy, a 1 T= 4mP6™ and then pont energy is given bY, v= mal C4— e0e6) « } Thon the Uagreangtahy. & Let *| 4 top te =fatt hom ss wre) EA : Now Beans = me -- - De! f ©. Tho Hamiltonian is f= FRG—L a, = b OL = mle ge ue “+g ‘U ooe8) awpegey Sng Ge e0c8) — ‘ “w “oH STV \ Whieh ehows that the systom fs Figgiahe: Using equation Gi) and &) we get,HH final Cad” “png! (ava ct ashch wg dls fea + mgl - ca © whieh | er i ih 2M 2 Ph pnd : On # oO J @ & mmgleino ie Hamiltonians, eqtiahtons laf mokien Fors tia: | systom pprisas vitggial odt tnt ee ty: and ~--@) | ftp a mulabe R= ss aomgletne, ai @, ! Ercom equalton @) we “have fo =6'm)— ag fom Gale 2G) wi jonys From “equatfon, '@)? eae vg y4 ; J inovs LD dem csv Wh ml'8=mgl sine Hors 2S WOH => ml9'+-mgl sing —0 Ca aii Heat > 18" + acing =o ed 7 2 6's “F too had ‘Pee shd=o Witeh the. Hamilton pti eqn fore elple_ pendulum . /© Hamiltons eanonfeal ‘equationn for -aiom pound) panddil ue : awe. know that the kinetic. energy fore the. eompound. pendulum is qiven. by, Te 416% and the, potential energy is given by. Vermglebse - Thon the Lagrangian, Ss oy ditelpess iene. ah sastusies an p18 my cose up Gy Beas = fe Ueh)) —-- = 2 The Hamilton‘anuis, ou Gy) bon (i Hes. Bqg -b =f 6—L ¢ te 1 =16-6— 4.16 mgl cose i': BA +8 aie 216 164 ngletne.- =o J--3 B+ ml stntssy!yn Le 9S Ohieh is “Hee eguahin of bon a eonpeund ee with ONE © Hamil¥ons* edinonitdal hanmonie osefllator: |. k sine the gystem ‘s cttisenyalih and" # ext is tm dependent of time, tianitltontan ay l tre prrocé_ ot the total energy oF the seydtem. 2 t The kineh'e enened of the system mae : ie led aisielyer and potenttal eneret At dreThan. the tagrrions) bist teved t qadto-ashoa’h : = And Aa ae mei = ot oe PR, , ‘The ama eon be. eh praata to sero ‘of momentum OP tev "SA a (Yin eH dene 5 tr + Eke , equation of motions ane_ , | fa 2 = te io Mim 2-0" time from matin Ossi AB Lp bet = Be, ie ae sem hon = QO; Whieh te the. “reoquilraad sin “of gration 4 g ve @) Haniltons angle # se, an: 1a al am ina antral forrea fields ; In this gstem (forcen ts - “alwag s s dirdaled Inwares the contre.,, Potental , is a Forel of, ao-ondnakes only and the. eyetett c ts, concn o thot ami lfonian rapresonts the total cng: we. eanet ore ee randinate oneregd and W as co-ordinates. Then the te dm (Pt 70), v= ver) , s gation Mphan tHe eae LST = Am (iPOD NW) we 1 ob F654 -Now ar = MP = Pp ‘ at. " ond ag = mS =f The Hamiltonian, is,wo put - oy, — = nadial forcea. Ohiah ts the ockual a forces fo me moor he —mnver" 4 " ceantnitugal forea . Thon on aahon @) we “have... ’ ‘mmm = ae + Fo); Jhieh & the required” section, oe sige f=; =} th ty th Questin_o9: state and. prove the sprite oF least esta: \ is Gh Answers ye statement: (The tm prcand ‘hielo prineiple associa. ted with Hamiltonian! rca indldfor fs the prrinet pla, of leapt aetion This 5,4 mores general tape of vanto tron Ohieh allows time as wd os! position eo-ored inates fo vary. In the end:! Ipotints of the path of a system position ‘eoworedliniates: arcavhéldy ‘Pred « but changes in the. Hime are pormitha.! stiahiot a variation terclenobed by o ; iu lettan gy frveboad. of Brit. yyy | In meehanten the quantity , A_ |pthnes ness EH dy ae” is defn as dation. (me sinefple fort Lopate es is Ae ae ) “fs = 4 at =o) ; There vg 6: worticion of, laast action tyonr mel Brosh: we howe, 2 7 = Pq; dt , 4 5 , om foal ts siqiening (** @ep dinn sth V3 HOD =f Hdt+ +f “ude ti t / adit ldt eat dri Kisssan leis ltt tyivtiny thee eq aT rtasmetn} ay Fiaag sit eft Hy aio: | ty aqpt lnstaas fe a >| y ry ich-by" ae o Mt sy sat 2holly oy a sh = at FHF es ap “singe + Me ‘eonsérvativesy: a svartation * ‘action Us heck ag wali HEA beta) {1 ome 0 Me oH nAAaa is Ldt + hee eens - 4 Mapp ot astande VvNow wie preees to solve’ tha. tnekégreal,/ oF , 7 t apt ginea tH and tr, Limits ote. w aubjecte to hangs to | this vaniation ; then (i tdhaa oe 8 di aah : go that hatte weit ons gph) ditleg hb the vaniation A'S, defied ac thy ters teh a= aipeey gh e oak aaf "at = sf! “dba: “tab ty et preom eqaicn aa and @ @ ue shine AAs sf db Lat [Pt het [ft 48 oh (" bee : hal shaolin the. eon 5070 : Hamtton's prtinetple. Hamilton's: ipreinciplerraquirces $4; =0 but tn the variation adj Becee OP : being the mo ihnel of shivatiteen!” aR Heep ma. 7 eopraaei as, aft = (! TE 645 +B 69, hae be “LG | #0) 1 + Ae eo a dpultt at os S qj at we have ce x Ta Vat (44 haga RE a (3 ay = 3 e aby] Ht. = : bob « At- the ond oa “45 =0, aie pa : ie : » barry sl et SA OTEDETDY ud at = 4 et Ce , as Then. i: @w ‘ethic ea tobi?) tb tg . AA= “ede om 5.4 ak bis Lt 1 shat (8a By yah tue soled Gi Riz ads) le THA: AS Ast tes Me dete pon las cbimtestotl ein. 3 tied na egy gi wee 4 | x 395 4t=0 Whi 1B 445 Hie dPS sitet od. ort teh prioves the, wpsinelple of lend ten or ‘ ' pvt:fh Question-90% Expreess’ the. prrineiple Of least aetien fa yaeobirs ‘form. Use this form to’ obtain the equation of ombit Fore the marie problem, Rhine a octs Vb Vay A"}.S\ eh solution: L Sgaeobi's Foruniof least action: retreaiple:t iF eo—ord inate transformation equations do, snot: fovolye_ time emplteitly , than r ser Where Tt the winob'e: energy) oF capo reds. ton viwe know that! when, hosdaak ieraticreden, equal “do not involve. times: sadneas enone 4 ean, always be : ESPN AS, A hamoganeous.. quadreahte.,funetion of the velocities, fey ten gct 1) 0 (hat aE Oi 4 * ge AE ON a peo movip 2 op ihr ys At neh (107 4 en b OT = a Oy i a: oe Pa: *\ser a no = ap Lays ©. 4 “nye Whera (aE Futts dq; 4 ue , acpi, sie now the prine/plé! of lead ockion’” are etd Naf fe) ae CA) Coe ‘[Freom oO tH “( 7H i “aiP) 1 if Cory st. 29 ---;© Lo) ( Anant “ob os C4\ Bee? fore -suieh’ ay gystomr ag = THCY, ‘Than from ae ‘@ we “get af “PERV 4p=0 Dhieh i “ertined asnigiasob Bott al form" of death actten inet staal "prin aiple. a : r9qd Gn: tort plots Ghond parts *[ The hepler "pend & ger * phan Phe “total “ahengy ‘of the’ a uel iS HSS AY 2 4p h OHH} He) sys Gy Whore Vainatter | wie Te, din 64)" ane! ve Way om thm (So r62) =i Mow, alt yr) > =. a! 1! Joeokis form for the, leget aetton & given by "a af Ru) dP=o0 24 fH) ‘peo lt gh ay Oy Where carer = Ofc sil =r mk ‘siten ol = i@) @) +m (6) (ne), oe =m Rey oe ay a (ryt) weed 9 ey = m (der ae 4 FS pe *aiven 4 TAY) k Meafk Sm Gre ohare Bae =e m ort seal potting the. value of \dp tn equation @ wa get Af Af2ce+¥yn): mrt) do =O. oS A {fpr Gtyr) (rer) de= =O >A fF@r)deso ms There FCr/W/) eer, i 09, 2f, — Atmeyr) on! : an - \ 2. [RRL — [pam etki) —) pv . = Crap te" : \ ysine We know tha, the, Legreangian doesnot fnyolue. fndopen “dant opsaredinalesy tania: je oasitiesq adt -ta a oh = = 2 ro Ah votratl Ss shagtl toy, oe Send Bars bo ih? : ee é | sae 9b ant Cee Si Is thy Where | is 1a, constant: Potting the, value of, we get, E : a ; py 7h +os oO seoP ele. aG@ip > aryl= amr tes KS) : > v2? empl Ce+*/e) Krys oe 5 Fe aed PSL - Cave a amp Parte dey = ao = 2m Cente hem ed > 4pa (aye ee ae fe ehodse” ie neFferdnes direction Fore measur 8 at the position of minimum W Kev Lol YE =Yintn heat = Bo=0" . Therefore. we_pat- fee 2 [eam ae ° a om * ee Eom “.6= sin-a 2_ ko = SEES TR oe ETS j S bn TH Q sg 04+£ =stn-- kn mere weer ) wre Vm (oth) = bey i WR OE ty A) =eose- 2 (RR 2Er ) an sta= ket Pim = phnpoe Pim) aceg ava = = m& (44+ ES 2056 vob, (4 + 2E > : eon ( PETE) FRR => ph [i+ (28 bfmte) e086 = P7mkK_ Se 4 a +) 4h + GEE Pe) * 6059 -P= £ | aa 4+ @eos9 kag Gil) Where = Pf = e= Ge a: a Ga Equation (in) ts the raquirted equation of the_orebit- “fore motion. ‘undare ‘wKeplen’s“forcan. ¢ isthe. eceantni iedh POF -BYOF Sy gerne onbit “4 ahi parBola © MESo cent | “O16RbIE fs > al ‘parea bola E Aco 1Ie}- 9 4 velo mod whieh te the angular momantum of the paride under anita! Free. Hides gat ts cestfe wpe baithupot of eh Cue) prsthesss Awa Gh -guestion os. Discuss - hat sarte, thescdnonieal: tranchrenctione, ond igenercaling. Fun etions;. What is the, | shoring of eanonieal transforemations 2 fois A Setar 8 Bb. yh: kerb vy tag Sy tod canonical transformdhions, eaneniedl trans formations are the transformations ~OF- Phase. Space... Hida t eonsiden o transform ah ‘on. » Cay, Be C45/28). fn Thich the co-ordinates tor’ vaniables) (i -R)ana eanonieal. 16 tha now: aoxoredtnates 91-2) afk: candnteal tie the © trans formations arca_ealled canonical ea SH Genoncating -funetion «\ ‘Freom eanonieal or weave, | O84 4y ~~ (ER 1) = = af The firent- dust ei Cae the equahion ts tt aredad as a function of 843 and +. the second iaehron as a Function of 3, % andt. In arity a Funehon of C444 Variables a5, 03, ondt ie From this Function fours Forms of Funetfon Rone possible, Fs a9 8) EUG bb, fo ce 4r +) anid FyeP, b. As £ ts otasehen of old and new set of co-ordinates , it ean affeet the teeanafor sation” ae “ old’ set to news sab. fe. treané-formation. “ell Hovis ean “be dérived’ be he. aipoiege of the Funehion! ir hte ts Seeree as gehareating’ Fuivetidn 0) Vix A nut mget of eanoieal ‘transfor mations The wag of. acnpniéal,,, ttonstoimatfons t bo obtain A goluhion of mechanteal problam ts to;- transform the old sot of co-ordinates into a new sat ¢ @o~ cordinahs +hatiane: alleyelfer In this way equations oft mnetion ean be fn reated ra to ghe. a adtion® “ireans forumodion epuation i in fh& ean “be. writers? OY a l oo Tw wae) Ped Ye rvettion Jere sitposk pe deaprey + , = By ore. constant, gag iy Dhere q-pet belong to. old at. and, 43, mies rag _ to new set of eo-ondinates. if in this ‘naw ease. all co-ondindes 63 aed gel yah’ , & =- ? thy =o “han all oS O85 ty be haste thot if is eonserved thon en @ eonstont. fi mokion . Thtebss implies thak + eannok: oeeun MK. Thus k will not fnvolve. t and, 95: ‘Therefore, 4 HU B) = «Cas 78) ah C3) skh —- un) goher kis