CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Unit 7 Diet and growth
Topic 7.1 Nutrients Questions
Getting started 1
Examples of Why the body
Nutrient
• The foods that are best for energy are ones foods that contain needs this nutrient
that contain carbohydrate and fat; in most a lot of this
countries there is a staple food that contains a nutrient
lot of starch (bread, rice, potatoes, maize and fish, meat, dairy to make new cells
Protein
so on) which is usually the food that provides products, eggs, for growth and
most energy. milk, beans and repair; to make
• Learners may know that food goes into the peas haemoglobin and
alimentary canal, where is it broken down so antibodies
that is can be absorbed through the walls of cereal grains for energy
Carbohydrate
the alimentary canal and get into the blood. (and foods made
The blood then transports it to our cells. They from them, such
should remember that glucose is combined as bread and
with oxygen in aerobic respiration inside pasta), potatoes
mitochondria in cells, to release energy. and sweet foods
such as biscuits,
Think like a scientist: Testing foods chocolate and
for starch cakes
fatty meat, dairy for energy;
Fat
1 Starch from one food might get onto another products (milk, to make cell
that does not contain it, so you would get an cheese, butter), membranes; to
incorrect result. coconut milk, oil store for long-term
2 It makes it easier to see the colour that is used in cooking energy supplies
produced after iodine solution has been added and insulation
to the food.
2 Food refers to the things that we eat, such as
3 The second column shows the results, and the chicken and rice. Nutrients are the substances
third (last) column shows the conclusions. contained in the food that the body uses,
4 Learners should find starch in some foods including protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins,
from plants. minerals and water.
5 Learners should not find starch in foods that
come only from animals.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth
24 © Cambridge University Press 2021
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
3 Questions
Nutrient Examples of Why the body
foods that needs this 1 8 MJ per day
contain a lot nutrient
of this nutrient 2 They may be very energetic and use up a lot
of energy playing sport. They may be growing
vitamin A green to help the
faster than normal.
vegetables, eyes to work
carrots, well, especially 3 They might not do much exercise, either
squash, fruit, in low light; because they cannot or because they choose
dairy products, to help white not to.
fish blood cells
to destroy 4 The boy may do more exercise, and he is
pathogens still growing. Making new cells for growth
uses energy.
vitamin C citrus fruits, to keep skin
potatoes, strong and able 5 Girls are usually smaller. It takes less energy to
berries to heal quickly; move a small mass around than a larger mass.
keeps blood Girls might also be less active, on average,
vessels and than boys.
bones healthy
6 a I need protein for growth.
vitamin D most is made helps calcium
in our skin to be absorbed b There is a lot of protein in fish.
when sunlight from food; for c Starch and sugar are carbohydrates.
falls on it; oily strong bones
fish and teeth d I get energy from carbohydrate and fat.
calcium dairy products, for strong 7 a e should not eat too many of these,
W
seeds and nuts bones and because they contain a lot of sugar and
teeth fat. Too much of these foods can cause
iron red meat, to make weight gain, and increase the risk of
dark green haemoglobin developing heart disease later in life.
vegetables, (which is
b They contain fibre, which helps the
fish, shellfish, found in red
digestive system to work normally and
nuts, seeds blood cells
reduces the risk of getting constipation.
and transports
They also contain vitamin A, which helps
oxygen)
with good vision.
4 If they have anaemia, not enough oxygen is c You can eat pulses – peas, beans, and
transported to cells. So they cannot release lentils – nuts, eggs and milk.
enough energy from glucose by aerobic
respiration. 8 a protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron
5 The main nutrients are likely to be: protein b He needs fresh fruit and vegetables, to
in the lentils and cheese; fat in the cheese; provide vitamins and fibre.
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, calcium and iron in the c Answers should include reference to
lentils; Vitamin A in the colourful vegetables. why too much fat in the diet is harmful
to health.
Topic 7.2 A balanced diet
Activity: Advice on a healthy diet
Getting started 1 Eat a wide variety of foods...
The six nutrients are: protein, fat, carbohydrate,
vitamins (A, C and D), minerals (calcium, iron) 2 Eat plenty of fresh fruit...
and water. 3 Don’t eat too much fast food.
Carbohydrate, fat and protein can provide energy.
4 Make sure you eat enough food...
Vitamins and minerals are needed in only
small amounts. 5 Don’t eat too much food containing a lot of fat.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth
25 © Cambridge University Press 2021
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Topic 7.3 Growth, development 2 a
Hinge joints: elbow joint, knee joint.
Learners may also mention the wrist; this
and health is actually made up of many small bones
Getting started which slide over one another, and is not a
hinge joint.
1 Possible answers include: helps the heart to
remain healthy; good for mental health; keeps b Ball-and-socket joints: hip joint and
muscles and bones strong. shoulder joint.
2 Learners may know that smoking causes lung 3 the radius
cancer, so not smoking reduces the risk of 4 the scapula, the humerus and the ulna
getting this disease; they may not know that
it also increases the risk for most other types 5 It has three attachments at the top – one to
of cancer; smoking also increases the risk of the scapula and two to the humerus.
heart disease and strokes.
6 As the muscle contracts, it exerts a pulling
force on the tendon, which transmits the force
Questions
to the bone. If the tendon stretched, the bone
1 Cells grow, and then divide to produce more would not move.
cells, which in turn divide, and so on.
Think like a scientist: Using a model
2 Protein is needed to make new cells. If there
is not enough protein or energy, this slows arm to investigate how the biceps
down the growth of cells, so they don’t get big muscle works
enough to divide. 1 The forcemeter represents the biceps muscle.
3 About 3.6%. 2 The force decreased.
4 100 − the answer to question 3, so about 96.4%. 3 Learners need to remember the principle
5 The more a mother smokes, the more likely it of moments. Turning forces (moments) are
is that her baby will have a low birthweight. found by multiplying the force by the distance
Smoking 15 or more cigarettes a day increases from the pivot. As the distance from the pivot
the chance from 3.6% to 9% – making it 2.5 increases, less force is needed to produce the
times more likely. same moment.
4 The force increased.
Topic 7.4 Moving the body 5 Again, learners need to think about the
Getting started principle of moments. The clockwise moment
is produced by the force pulling upwards on
1 Learners may be able to identify the cranium the forcemeter, and the anticlockwise moment
(protects the brain), ribs (heart and lungs) and by the masses on the hanger.
pelvic girdle (abdominal organs).
clockwise moment = force on forcemeter ×
2 leg and arm bones; shoulder and hip bones; distance from pivot
vertebral column anticlockwise moment = force produced by
masses on hanger (weight) × distance from pivot
Questions
So, if distances do not change, and the weight
1 A joint is a place where two bones meet.
on the hanger is greater, a greater force must
be applied to the forcemeter to balance it.
Learners could show these calculations as part
of their answer.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth
26 © Cambridge University Press 2021
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 8: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
6 Position 1, closest to the pivot. 7.2 a 12 kg
7 At this position, the muscle needs to produce b 33 − 12 = 21 kg
the largest force to keep the radius horizontal,
so it might be thought to be better if it was c About 9 and 13 years (the steepest part of
fixed at position 4. However, if it was fixed the graph).
between position 4 and the scapula, the muscle d No. The line is still sloping upwards at
would need to shorten by a much greater this age.
amount than when it is fixed between position
1 and the scapula. Muscles cannot shorten by 7.3 a
B and C are hinge joints.
much, so this would not work. (Learners may A and D are ball-and-socket joints.
also think of what their arm would be like if b R and S
the biceps was fixed between the scapula and
the wrist – answers such as ‘you would not c P and Q
be able to put your shirt on’ and ‘you might
d antagonistic
be able to fly like a bat’ show that they are
thinking.) e Idea that muscles can only contract and
pull, not push.
So one muscle is needed to pull the bone
Check your progress in one direction, and another muscle is
7.1 a
The weightlifter uses his muscles to lift needed to pull it back again.
weights. The muscles contract to make
f Calcium
the weights move. This uses energy. The
muscles get the energy by breaking down g From the bones of the animals they eat.
glucose in a reaction called respiration.
b Protein is needed for making new cells.
It is needed for growth. So building strong
muscles requires protein.
c Carbohydrate is needed for energy.
The weightlifter needs energy for his
muscles to contract, to lift the weights.
d minerals (calcium and iron); vitamins
(A, C and D); fats; water
Unit 8 Chemical reactions
Topic 8.1 Exothermic reactions 2 An exothermic reaction is one in which more
energy is given out than is put in.
Getting started
3 Thermal energy is given off.
Name a reactant: carbon or oxygen.
Name a product: carbon dioxide. 4 Magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
The number of atoms in a carbon dioxide particle 5 When the fizzing stopped.
is 3.
6 Sofia’s idea was correct because in their
One of these atoms is carbon. reactions the increase in temperature is
Suggestions might be that it gets hot. the same.
Questions 7 Safety glasses should be worn in case the acid
spills or spits into the eyes.
1 A fuel, oxygen and energy to start off
the reaction.
Cambridge Lower Secondary Science 8 – Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth
27 © Cambridge University Press 2021
