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Series 1
Revision Ke
MARKING SCHEME
GEOGRAPHY

1. (a) Define the solar system

The solar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the
eight known planets which orbits the sun
(b) Give four proofs that the earth is spherical (4mks)
 Satellite photos from space show that the earth is spherical
 Circumnavigation
 All other planets are spherical
 The rising sun from east and setting in the west
 Eclipse of the moon/lunar eclipse is circular
 Earth’s horizon is circular
 An approaching ship has the mask seen first before the whole ship
2. (a) What do you understand by
(i) Micro-climate (2mks)
This is climatic conditions in a restricted area due to small differences of aspect
slope, vegetation and human landscapes
(ii) Green house effect(2mks)
It is a condition where the incoming solar radiations pass through the atmosphere
while the outgoing terrestrial radiation is blocked by gases/clouds/atmosphere
making the earth retain the terrestrial radiation/re-radiation. (This makes earth to
be warmer than it would have been) it is a condition where the atmosphere
balances the incoming and outgoing terrestrial radiation making the earth to retain
optimum heat
(b) Name two instruments found in a Stevenson screen(2mks)
A thermometer/maximum and minimum /six’s thermometer
A hygrometer/wet and dry bulb thermometers
3. (a) State two causes of coastal submergence
Melting of ice caps and sheets due to global warming and climate change
Uplift of the coastal land due to tectonic forces (any 2x1=2)
(b) Give three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps
Warm Ocean waters (20-29oC)
Clear and clean water, free from silt/sediments
Salty water
Well oxygenated water
Constant washing by waves, tides and currents
Plentiful supply of microscopic life for food/planktons (any 3x1=3mks)
4(a) A-Normal fault 1x1=1mk
B-tear/shear/slip fault 1x1=1mk
(b) Negative effects of faulting
 Disrupts lines of transports and communication
 Features provided by faulting are barriers to transport and communication
 Subsidence of land leads to loss of life and properties (1x3=3mks)
5.(a) Name any three glacial erosion features found in the highlands (3mks)
 U-shaped valleys
 Hanging valleys
  Pyramidal peaks
 Arêtes
 Cirques/corries/cwm
 Truncate spurs
(b) State two factors that the rate of glacial erosion (2mks)
 Resistance/nature of underlying rock
 Speed of the glacier
 Weight and thickness of the glacier
 Amount of rock materials carried by the glacier
6.(a)(i) Convert the RF of the map into a statement scale (1mk)
1cm represents 0.5lkm
(ii) Calculate the bearing of the church at Hiriga grid square 8457 rom the cattle
dip at Kabiruini grid square 8756 (2mks)
-288o±1o
(iii) Calculate the area off Karatina town (give your answer in sq.km)2mks
3.5km2
(iv) Name the two districts covered by the map (2mks)
Nyeri
Kirinyaga
(b) Identify the features marked A,B,C and D
 A-forest
 B-Karatina town
 C-Dam
 D-All weather road-loose surface
(c) Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in
the area covered by the map
Activity Evidence
Livestock farming Cattle dips(8756)

Trade Market/shops/trading centres

Manufacturing/processing Coffee factory/tea factory/industry
Cash crop farming Coffee factory/tea factory
Fishing Fisheries research
Plantation farming Plantations
transportation Roads
(d) Apart from forests, name three types of natural vegetation found to the
east of Easting 94(3mks)
 Thicket
 Woodland
 Papyrus swamp/marsh/bog vegetation
(e) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks)
 Thre are many permanent rivers/streams
 Most of the rivers have dams/reservoirs
 Most of the rivers flow southwards
 Most of the rivers and their tributaries from dendtritic drainage pattern
 River Sagana is the main river
7. (a)(i) What is climate change?
 Involves the change of pre-existing climatic conditions of a place
 (ii) State four consequences of climate change (4mks)
 Can lead to increase in rainfall making wet regions wetter
 Global warming would make marginal areas wetter
 Leads to disruption of natural ecosystems which may influence increase in
pests or extinction of animal and plant species
 Reduced water sources which would affect production of hydroelectricity and
crop farming
 Melting of ice/glaciers due to increased temperatures
 Flooding due to increased rainfall
 Wind erosion which results from change in wind patterns (2x1=2mks)
(b) Name two physical factors influencing vegetation distribution in Kenya
(2mk)
 Physiographic or geomorphic factors (altitude, terrain, drainage, and
aspect)
 Climatic or atmospheric factors (light, temperature, humidity, wind)
 Adaphic and pedological factors (soil properties which affect vegetation
growth) (2x1=2mks)
(c)(i) A-Hot Desert vegetation (1mk)
B-Temperate grassland/Downs of Australia 1mk
C-Equatorial forest (1mk)
D-Tropical grasslands (savannah) 1mk
(ii) Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation marked C(6mks)
 Close set of trees
 Trees have continuous canopy
 Trees are tall, smooth barked, with no branches at the lower sections
 The trees are commonly buttressed
 They have epiphytes
 Trees have broad leaves (6x1=6mks)
(iii) Explain four ways in which vegetation marked A have adapted to their
environment(8mks)
 Have short cycles of germination, leafing , and lowering , fruiting and seed
dispersal
 The leaves are succulent
 Have quick recovery ability
 They are salt tolerant
 Stomata are protected from excess exposure to evaporation
 Their leaves have been reduced
 They have rooted
8. (a)(i) A river divide
It is a ridge/high ground that separates two or more rivers basins
The highest line of an interfluves (1mk)
(ii) Describe three ways by which a river transports its load
 Traction process/rolling/sliding-The large and heavy particles of the river load
are rolled/dragged along the river bed
 Saltation process-particles that are not too heavy but cannot remain suspended
in water are momentarily lifted by the water turbulence and at times dropped
onto the river bed.
 Solution-soluble minerals are dissolved in the river water and carried away in
solution
 Suspension- light particles of the load are carried and maintained within the
turbulence of flowing water (any 3x2=6mks)
NB: Correct description can earn marks without process
(b)The characteristics of a river in its old age
 The widening of the valley through lateral erosion creates an extensive
area where the river deposits its load, the gradient of the plain is low
 The speed of flow is low, the gradient of the plain is low
 Due to the slow speed and the high rate of deposition, the river forms
pronounced meanders
 Due to the slow speed, the main work of the river is deposition
 Meanders become more pronounced with narrow neck which are
eventually blocked by deposits to form meander cut off/ox-bow lakes
 Increased deposition along the channel raises the river bed may
ventually form small islands/braided channel/river braids
 Deposition along the banks of the river channel leads to formation of
leaves
 The reduced speed and increased deposition blocks the river mouth
forcing the river to form distributaries/delta (any 7 points =7mks)
(c) Description of drainage patterns /systems
Superimposed
 The drainage system develops on a rock structure that overlay a totally
different one
 The river valley cuts through the surface rock layer onto the underlying rocks
 Gradually the surface rocks are removed and the underlying rocks now
become exposed
 The superimposed drainage system bears on relationship to the existing rock
structure/discordant with the rock structure (3mks)
(ii) Centripetal
 The pattern develops in an area with a central basin
 River drain into the depression from different directions (2mk)
(d) You have planned to carry out a study of a river in its youthful stage
preparation for the study
 Carry out reconnaissance survey
 Read from reference books/seek permission from the authority
 Prepare a sketch map
 Formulate objectives from the study/Hypothesis of the study
 Prepare relevant stationery (any 2x1=2mks)
(ii) Two features you are likely to study
 Interlocking spurs
 Gorges
 Water falls/rapids/ cataracts
 Potholes, plunge, slope river, slope pools (any 2mksx1)
(iii) Two problems you are likely to experience during the study
 Steep slopes
 Thick vegetation
 Rocky contours
 Poor communication/bad roads
 Hostile weather conditions (to be specified)
 Wild animals crossing river valley (any 2x1=2mks)
9. (a)(i) Apart from Thermal metamorphism, name two other types of
metamorphism
Dynamic /regional /kinetic
Contact
(ii) Describe the following types of rocks
(a) Calcareous rocks
They are sedimentary rocks which are formed from the hard parts of the
shells/skeletons of marine. The rocks are rich in calcium (3mks)
(b ) Carbonaceous rocks
Are sedimentary rocks which are formed from the remains of plants that
were buried deep in many years. The plants are transformed into rock
because of pressure of crystal rocks and resultant heat. (3mks)
(iii) State three examples of rocks that are dominant at the coast of Kenya
 Coral limestone/dolomite/calcite/chalk/coolite
 Sandstone
 Gypsum
 Quartzite (3x1=3mks)
(b)(i) Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed through the following
processes
(i) Mechanical process
 Particles are derived from existing rocks through process of
weathering/erosion
 They are then transported by water/wind/ice and are deposited on
land /large water bodies
 They are deposited in layers
 Over a period of time, they are compacted by pressure to form rocks
such as clay, sand, conglomerates
(ii) Chemical process
 Minerals are dissolved from land and are carried in solution into bodies
such as cakes/sea
 The mixing of water of different types may result in chemical reactions
followed by precipitation
 Dissolved minerals can also be precipitated directly from water
through evaporation
 This happens in very hot regions where there are constricted/shallow
bays of lakes/seas, such rocks are known as evaporates(4mks)
(c)(i) State three activities thy would be involved in
 Breaking the rocks
 Digging the rocks
 Collecting samples
 Tasting the rocks
 Observing the rocks (max 3x1=3mks)
(ii) State three objectives of your study
 To find out the types of rocks
 To find out the age of the rocks
 To identify the different colours of the rocks
 To find out the uses of rocks (accept any other relevant point)
(Max 3x1=3mks)
10. (a) Differentiate between a spring and a well
 A spring is appoint or a place where underground water flows out naturally
onto the land while a well is a dug in the round, often with the purpose of
getting water (1x2=2mks)
(b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram, describe the three zones of gound
water
 Zone of non-saturation-lies nearest to the surface. Water passes through this
zone as it makes its way downwards
 Zone of intermittent saturation-contains water only in wet seasons or after
heavy rain
 Zone of permanent saturation- contains water both wet and dry seasons

c) State four conditions necessary for the formation of an artesian well.

• The acquifer must be sandwiched between impermeable rocks so that it can
retain water.
• Acquifer must outcrop in a region which is a source of water e.g Rainy area/
beneath a lake.
• Acquifer must be dip from a region of water intake and the rock layers must
form a broad syncline/basin.
• Mouth of well must be lower than the intake area. This allows water to be
forced to the surface by pressure with no need of pumping it. 4X1 4mks
d) Explain three ways in which ground water is of significant to human
activities.
• Acts as sources of rivers.
• Acts as source of water- wells, springs, boreholes, oases which provide water
used in homes and industries.
• Used for irrigating agricultural land e.g Sahara desert, where dates grow near
oases, Taveta- cotton and bananas are grown using water from springs.
• Settlement — in dry areas, people tend to settle near the springs due to the
availability of fresh water.
• Provision of hot water- water from hot springs may be tapped and pumped
into houses through pipes to heat up houses during cold seasons e.g Iceland.
• Tourist attraction — Hot springs e.g Olkaria, Lake Bogoria etc, valuable
mineral salt are deposited and people exploit them for economic gain.
2X3 =6 mks
e) i) Define the term Karst scenery 2mlcs
• Is any rugged landscape whose surface rocks are limestone or dolomite and
which abs been acted on by carbonation and solution by rain and river water to
produce features typical of limestone surfaces.
ii) Give two conditions for the development of Karst landscape
 • Rocks should be hard and well jointed.
• Hot and humid climate.
• The surface rock and rock beneath should be thick limestone/dolomite/chalk.
• The water —table in the limestone rocks should be deep below the surface.
2x1 =2 mks
iii) Outline the significance of Karst landscape to human activities.
• Tourist attraction
• Discourage settlement
• Limestone blocks are used for building houses.
• Provide a row material for cement manufacturing
3X1 =3 mks
Revision Ke
MARKING SCHEME

1.(a). Name two methods of underground mining

 Slope mining
 Solution mining
 Adit mining
(2x1=2mks)
(b).State three factors that influence exploitation of minerals
(3mrks)
 The value of the mineral
 Size of the mineral reserve
 Quality of the o’/re.
 Mode of occurrence of minerals
 Demand for the mineral
 Transport cost
 Labour supply
 Level of technology
 Availability of capital
 Political influence
(any 3x1=3mrks)
2.(a).Climatic conditions that favour oil palm growing in Nigeria
(3mrks)
 High temperatures through out the year / 210c- 300c
 High rainfall that is evenly distributed through out the year / 1500mm to
2100mm.
 High R. humidity 80% - 90%
 Plenty of sunshine during ripening season.
(b). State two problems that face oil palm growing in Nigeria
(3mrks)
 Disease such as anthracnose attack the leaves making them turn black
or brown
 Repaid increase of population means that land under palm oil has been
converted to production of food crops.
 Oil palm has also been affected by civil war in Nigeria like poko
Alama
 Competition in the world market for other vegetable oils such as
simsim soya beans
3.(a). (i) Give two examples of softwood tree found in Kenya
(2mrks)
 podo
 cypress
 bamboo
 pine
 Juniper (Kenya leder)
(b). Problems facing forestry in Canada (3mrks)
 Fevere winters which make tree seedlings to take too long to mature &
delay – harvesting
 The rugged landscape hinders smooth exploitation of forests.
 Wild fires / pest destroy large tracts of forest cover
 Pest / diseases destroy forest reducing forest cover
 Over exploitation leading to shortage of some tree special.
4.(a). What is external trade ? (2mrks)
 External trade is the trade that involves exchange of goods and services at
global scale.
(b). State three reasons why Kenya traders in raw materials rather than
finished products (3mrks)
 Inadequate capital to process raw materials into finished goods
 Low technology
 Inadequate machinery
 Shortage of personel with the relevant skills
(3x1=3mks)
5.(a).Reasons for low population in Northern Kenya
(3mrks)
 Low rainfall / it is very dry
 Thin / soils unsuitable for agriculture
 Scanty vegetation to support livestock
 Inadequate surface water supply inaccessibility
(b). Type of information obtainable from a population pyramid
(2mrks)
 Size of population
 Population by age
 Composition by sex
 Dependent ration
 Sex ratio/ proportion of male to females.
 Different age cohorts / age groups

SECTION B
6.(a). Answer question 6 and any other two question in this section.
Quality of fresh water fish landed in the years 2008 to 2010 (quantities in
tonnes)
Lake 2008 2009 2010
Victoria 9,200 5,100 6,700
Baringo 4,600 200 300
Turkana 2,000 3,700 3,800
Fish farming 980 1,000 1,200
(a)(i) Draw comparative bar graph using the data above
(8mrks)
 (ii). Which year had the highest total number of fish landed? 2008
(1mrk)
(iii). State two possible reasons as to why there has been a decline of fish in L.
Baringo (2mrks)
 Over fishing
 Prolonged drought
 Siltation (soil erosion)
6. (b). Explain three physical factors that influence fishing.
(6mrks)
 Presence of planktons / water plants / favoured by cool currents
especially where warm cold currents converge.
 Availability of shallow water as planktons used sunlight to
manufacture food.
 Fishing thrives in areas where there are land derived mineral salts.
 Indented coastlines from sheltered inlets where there is no directs
influence of the sea.
 Cool climate with temperatures below 200c encourage the breeding of
fish e.g. in sea and ocean.

(3x2=6mks)
(c). State four significance of fishing in kenya (4mrks)
 Fishing has led to development of ports fishing villages and transport
facilities.
 Source of proteins, which help to reduce lever dependence on other
protein sources such as meat & milk.
 Stimulates the development of other industries e.g ship building and
repair, net making and manufacturing of preservatives.
 Sport fishing attracts tourist who bring in foreign exchange to the
country.
 Provides employment, which generates income then raising the
peoples living stds (4x1=4mks)
(d) Give four measures used to conserve fisheries
 Restocking of over fished water
 Protection of fisheries from pollution
 Researching on better fishery management practices
 Fish farming
 Issuing of licensing
 Forbidding indiscriminate fishing
(4x1=4mks)
7. (a)(i) Define eco-tourism-combination of tourism with conservation of
environment
(ii) Game reserves found in the rift valley
 Maasai
  Bogoria
 Shabal (marsabit)
 Samburu Buffalo springs
 Elementaita
(ii) Differentiate between National park and game reserve ( 2x1=2mks)
National park Game reserve
 An area set aside for preservation of  An area set aside for preserv
scenery wildlife and historical sites of wild game
 May be fenced off and no other  Land use by the public is all
form of land use is permitted usually for livestock grazing
 Usually managed by the central  Usually managed by dev
government government county authorities
(2x2=4mks)
(b) State three factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya (3mks)
 Inaccessible roads to the parks/ of the roads get muddy and impassible during
the rainy season
 Poverty i.e high risk cost of accommodation in hotel/lodges in game reserves
 Kenyans do not appreciate beauty/cultural values of tourists sides
 Foreigners are treated better than locals
 Inadequate adverts/the locals are not aware (3x1=3mks)
(ii) Two negative effects of tourism in Kenya
 Waters down our values and traditional ethics
 Some may bring in dangerous diseases like HIV/AIDS when the have sex
with our people
 Theft of foreign currency since most hotels are owned by foreigners
(2x1=2mks
(c) (i) Differences between tourists attractions in Kenya and the Switzerland
Kenya Switzerland
 Has hot and warm climate all the year  Has hot summers and cold winters
round  Has winter sports
 Has sports all year round  Has zoos and glacited features w
 Has game reserves which wildlife form form major tourists attractions
major attraction  Lake beaches available during sum
 Coastal beaches available for use  Less varied cultural s
throughout the year (2x1=2mks)
 Has more varied cultural systems
(c)(ii) Give three reasons why domestic tourism is encouraged in Kenya
 Development of tourists facilities which provide employment
opportunities and raising std of living
 Earn foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of the economy
 Tourist provide ready market for trade items
 Has stimulated growth of agriculture and other related industries due the
demand for agricultural products in the hotels
 The need for improved transport and communication has led to the
promotion of infrastructure to tourist sites which also benefit the local
people
 Establishment of National Parks and museums as tourist attractions
enabled Kenya to protect/preserve its rick cultural heritage
 Tourist encourages cultural exchange which promotes international
understanding (3x1=3mks)
 (iii) 3 factors physical that favour tourism in Switzerland
 Magnificent mountain scenery i.e Siwss Alps attract Mt. climbers
 Glaciated lakes-numerous lakes on the Swiss plateau formed through
glaciated have clean, fresh blue water for sport fishing
 Climate-cool temperate climate and med climate with warm summers
 Presence of many rivers fed by the melting snow from the Mts generate
HEP to run electric trains (3x2=6mks)
(iv) Why Kenyan Government encourage tourist visit in Kenya
 To earn foreign exchange/currency income
 To create employment opportunities/jobs
 International tourism fasters international understanding and friendship
ties
 To develop transport i.e roads to benefit local people
8. (a) (i) Main sugar cane growing areas in the L.Victoria basin
 Nzoia
 Muhoroni
 Chemilil
 Koru
 Bucheta (Busia)
 Bulati(Kakamega)
 Mumias
 Miwani
 Songhor
 Awendo
 Trans Mara
(b) 1st land is cleared
 It is then ploughed several times using tractors ploughs and harrorws
Farrows are made at intervals between 1.2m to 1.8m
Cutting are obtained from old plants
The sugar cane cutting (called setts) are dipped in insecticides before planting
Setts are planted in furrows
Fertilizer is applied in the field
Weeding is done severally
Canes matures after 18 months
Canes may be burnt before harvesting/done maturely
Piled in heaps in the field
Harvested cane is taken to the factories (7x1=7mks)
(a)(iii) High temperature 21oC and 27oC
High rainfall 12500mm and 2000mm which is well distributed throughout the
year
Dry and sunny period before and during harvesting
Deep well drained /black cotton soils
Gently sloping land/undulating landscape (5x1=5mks)
(c)(ii) State five ways through which the government of Kenya assist
small scale sugar –cane farmers
Established small scale sugar-cane farmers which helps local farmers to grow
and sell their sugarcane to the factories
It protects the farmers by limting importation of cheap sugar from other
countries and arranging marketing of sugar
 It encourages farmers to operate bank accounts for security of the farmers
money
The government employs extension workers who assist the farmers
The government contacts courses for sugar cane farmers to update them on
the current development about sugar cane
The government advances payments to factories which in turn advance
payments or give loans to farmers to enable them to continue farming
(5x1=5mks)
(c)(i) Sweeting of beverages
Preparation of pharmaceutical syrups
An ingredient of baking bread, cakes, biscuits etc
Ingredient in the brewing industry/industrial …
9. (a)) Define land rehabilitation
(i) is the process by which land is restored to its former productive state(2mks)
(ii) Ways irrigation is important to Kenya (3mks)
o Creation of land for agriculture
o Floods that used to occur during the rainy season have been
controlled
o Landless people have been settled in some irrigation
scheme
o Crops grown in irrigation schemes have been sold to earn
farmers income
o Most activities in the irrigation schemes have created
employment opportunities
o Production of crops in the schemes has saved foreign
exchange (any 3x1=3mks)
(b) Three ways land is rehabilitated in Kenya (6mks
 Filling up the pits with rocks and topping up the area with fertile soil.
Then they are planted with trees to enrich the ecosystem
 Planting of trees where they have been cut for building timber and
charcoal baurning in order to nerwe the forest
 Construction of terraces and building gabions in order to reduce the
rate at which land form gullies through erosion. This can also be
achieved through strip cropping, contour farming and planting cover
crops
 Encouring farmers to practice agro-forestry in order to reduce the rate
at which forests are depleted
 Encourage farmers to apply manure and fertilizers in order to improve
the fertility of the soil that have been i…(any 3x2=6mks)
(c)(i) A polder defined (1mk)
A ploder is land reclaimed from the sea in Netherlands
(ii) Stages through which land is reclaimed from the sea in
Netherlands
 Protective dykes/wells are constructed to enclose the part of the dea
to be reclaimed
 Ring canals are constructed on the reclaimed
 Ring canals are contructed on the interior of the dykes
 Pumping stations are installed to pump water out sea water from
the enclosed area
 Reeds are planted to help dry out the soil
  Drainage ditches and pipes are laid as well as more pumping
stations to drain excess water from the polder
 The area is divided into rectangular portions using inner dykes and
canals
 The soils are treated with chemical to lower salinity
 The drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from
the soil
 Pumping out water from the polders is a continous process to
ensure that water does not accumulate in the reclaimed land.
(d)(i) Field study
(i) Preparation for the study (3mks)
 Seeking permission from relevant authorities
 Have a pre-visit of the area
 Formulate objectives and hypothesis
 Prepare a questionnaire
 Decide on methods of data collection and recording
 Prepare a rout map
 Design a working schedules
(ii) Follow-up activities (3mks)
Analysis of the data
Discussing the finding
Writing a report
Giving relevant advice to stakeholders
Drawing sketches
Displaying photographs/sketches
10. (a)(i) Modes of transport (3mks)
Land
Water
Air
(ii) Problems facing communication in Kenya (4mks)
 Inadequate capital to install communication equipment
 Language barriers due to diverse ethnic backgrounds/low levels of education
 Inadequate communication facilities
 Vandalism of communication equipment/wars
 Inefficient communication systems/networks failure
(b) Explain four advantages of rail transport over road transport (8mks)
 Railways are more reliable and efficient because they follow fixed time
schedules unlike roads which have no fixed timetable
 Railways can be used to move heavy and bulky gods at low rate over long
distances compared to roads which are expensive over short distances
 Once build railways do not require frequent relaying unlike roads which are
frequently resurfaced
 Railways are normally narrow hence economical in terms of landscape used
by rails. Roads take a lot of space on some are very wide
 Railways are less susceptible to traffic jams unlike roads which usually have
traffic jams
 Trains are less prone to accidents than motor vehicles
 Passengers trains have facilities like accommodation, dining and toils which
makes passengers comfortable while travelling while such facilities are rare in
road transport
( c)(i) Highways marked
X-Trans Saharan highway
Y- Trans Africa highway
(ii) M-Dakar
(iii) S-Democratic Republic of Congo
(d)(i) Reasons for
 Tariffs charged at border points increase transportation cost
 There is ling distance between the two ports which would take a long time
 Some parts of the highway are impassable during wet seasons
 There are civil wars/banditry along the way e.g DRC
 There are political differences and hostilities between some countries
through which the highway passes
(ii) Efforts made
 Construction of highways across the continents
 Construction of international railways with similar gauge
 Construction of national and international airports
 Establishment of regional/economic cooperation e.g COMESA, EAC etc
 Sourcing of funds from external lending bodies e.g World Bank, IMF
 Diversifying forum of transport
 Invest in training to equip citizen with the technical skills linked with transport
sector
 Reservoirs have been constructed across some rivers to improve navigation e.g
L. Kariba along River Zambezi (any 4x1=4mks)
 Series 2
Revision Ke
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME

1 a) Differentiate between vent eruption and fissure eruption. ( 2 marks)

 Vent eruption involves magma comes out through one vent or pipe and pile up ;
while fissure eruption involves magma coming out through many cracks of fissures
and spread over a wide area.√√

b) Name three intrusive volcanic features ( 3marks )

- Batholith - lopolith
- Laccolith - phacolith
-Dyke - Bismalith
- Sill

2 a) What is longitude?
 This is the angular distance showing how far a place is west or east of the
prime meridian
 An imaginary line on the map /globe running from north pole to south pole
showing how far a place is west or east of the prime meridian ( 2 x1 = 2
marks)

b) What is the longitude of station X when it is 8.00 am .where in Nairobi at

longitude 370 E is 12.00 noon?

Time difference = 12.00 – 8.00√

= 4 hrs = 4x15√

= 60o

Longitudinal difference = 60 – 37

= 130 W

( 3 x1 = 3 marks)

3 a) State three causes of earth movements

 Istatic adjustment√
 Gravitative pressure √
 Magma movement within the crust√
 Convectional currents in the mantle√ ( any 3x1
= 3 marks )
 b) Name two main earthquake zones in Kenya
- The curcum pacific belt√
- The mid Atlantic ridge√
- Mediterranean – Himalayan belt√
- Rift Valley√ ( any
2x1 = 2 marks)
4) a) State three conditions necessary for the formation or development of a
karst scenery
 Thick limestone which is well jointed√
 Soluble rocks√
 Deeply situated water table√
 Hot and humid high rainfall and high temperature√
( 5 marks

b) Give two reasons why there are a few settlements in karst landscape

 Bare rugged rocks or outcrops√

 Several steep sided dry valleys√
 Absence drainage or rivers√
 Soils are thin thus not suitable for agriculture√
 Construction of roads are difficult √
( any 2 marks)

5 a) Name three types of coral reefs

 Barrier reef
 Fringing reef
 Atolls reef
( 3x1 = 3 marks)
b) What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed ?
Sheltered water encourages growth of plankton /fish food√
Shallow corals are a tourist attraction earning a country foreign exchange√
Corals form a base of mining of limestone used in cement manufacture√
( 2x1 = 2 marks)

6. Study the map of Karatina sheet 121/3, scale 1: 50,000 provided and answer
the following questions
a) i)What is the magnetic declination of the map as at January 1992?
 O1o 09 1

(1x1 = 1mk)
ii) Give the latidunal and longitudinal extent of the mapped area
 Between latitude 00 151 and 00 301 South
 Between longitude 3700 001 East and 370 151 East√
b) ii) Apart from contours , name one other method used to show relief in the
mapped area
 Trigonometrical stations√ (1mk)
 Spot heights√

ii) Calculate the area of Mt Kenya forest reserve within the Kirinyaga District
shown in the map . Give your answer in square kilometers.
  Complete squares = 19
 Incomplete squares = 35
 Area = 19 + ( 35/2) = 36.65km2 + 1 i.e. 35.5 km ( 1x2
mks = 2mks)

c) Apart from houses, name two human made features in grid squares 8755

 Road / all-weather loose surface road

 Track/footpath
 Abridge

ii) Assume that four people live in each house in the grid square 8755, calculate
population density.

 Population Density = 14x14/1km2√

 56/7 =56 persons per square kilometer√

d) Describe the flow river Sagana .

 From Mt .Kenya forest ,river Sagana flows south-westwards to Chieni area.√

 From Chieni , the river flows south wards through the remaining parts of the
mapped area√
 From the Northern parts to Chieni, the river course is fairly straight√
 From Chieni southwards , it flows through a meandering course√
( 3x1 = 3 marks

e) i) Using evidence from the map , identify two farming activities taking place in
the mapped area.

 Cattle rearing /livestock keeping evidenced by cattle dips slaughter house

and Matuto salt lick√
-Fish farming shown by existence of fish research center in GS 8560 and
fisheries department in Karatina town√
-Plantation farming plantations within Mt Kenya√
-Coffee growing shown by presence of coffee factories√
-Tea growing evidenced by tea centres√
ii) Explain the three factors which have influenced any one of the farming
activities identified in (e) (i) above
cattle /livestock rearing
 Thicket scrub, scattered trees indicate the availability of pasture√
 Numerous rivers or streams and dams provide water for the animals√
 Provision of vertinary services evidenced by cattle dips /vertinary station in
Karatina town ensure the cattle are kept healthy√
 Cool temperatures due to high altitude make the area conducive for rearing
exotic/cross breed animals√
 High demand likely suggested by dense settlements provides market for the
livestock products√ ( 3x2 = 6 marks)

Coffee / Tea growing

  High rainfall evidenced by forest vegetation high density of permanent rivers
enables growing of tea or coffee√
 Cool temperatures due to high altitude provides ideal conditions for growing
coffee / tea √
 High density of settlements likely suggests availability of labor in the
coffee / farms
 Many coffee factories /tea centers provide markets to the tea / coffee farmers
 Good network of tea leaves enables harvested tea leaves /coffee berries to
reach the markets or tea processing centers

Fish farming

 Numerous rivers and steams provide water for the fish ponds√
 Fisheries department in Karatina town provide extension services/ technical
advice√
 Cool temperatures evidenced by forests / high altitude provide suitable
conditions for rearing fish especially tilapia and trout√
 High population likely suggested by high density of settlements provide
market for the fish√

( 3x2mks
= 6 mks)

f) Briefly explain how the following factors have influenced the distribution of
settlements in the mapped area

i) Forest Reserve

(c) Vast areas in the northern /north –western parts of the mapped area have no
settlements√
(d) There are few /scattered settlement around Kirimamburi and Hombe areas√
( 1x2 = 2 mks)

ii) Rivers

 Many rivers valleys have no /few settlements – they are steep / deep /
narrow construction of houses difficult/roads.√

7. a) i) Name two components of soil

 Soil water√
 Soil air√
 Soil organic matter/ humus√
 Living organisms√
 Soil organic/mineral matter√

ii) Give two ways in which soils are formed

 Through weathering
 Through decomposition of organic matter
  Through leaching Any (2 x 1 = 2mks)

b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation

i) Climate

 Climatic conditions affect the rate of weathering taking place on a given rock
through seasonal variation in rainfall and temperature√
 Areas with high precipitation (rainfall) are heavily leached and weathered
compared to drier areas , they therefore have deep soils√
 High temperatures promote rapid or faster weathering and chemical changes
in the soil ( cold temperatures slow these processes).√
 Rainfall and temperature determine the vegetation cover which determines
the organic matter content of the soil √
 Running water and winds act as agents of soil erosion , blowing fine sand
and dust depositing them far way forming rich fertile soils√
maximum 2 x 2 = 4mks

ii) Topography

 Soils on mountains slopes are heavily eroded hence have thin soils√
 Plateau soils in areas of gentle slopes are deep and have well developed
profiles√
 Plains and valley bottoms have deep soils due to deposition of weathered and
eroded materials√

c) i) Other than soil erosion ,state two other ways in which soils may be
degenerated.
 Soil water logging√
 Burning of land /shifting cultivation /slash /burn√
 Deforestation√
 Over cropping√
 Overgrazing√
 Monoculture√
 Wrong fertilizer application√
 Excessive leaching due to over application of fertilizers.√
 Overgrazing /overstocking.√ Any (2 x 1 =
2mks)

ii) Briefly explain two effects of soils erosion to human activities

 Sand eroded from steep slopes is deposited on the river beds and can be
harvested for building and construction√
 Soil erosion loosens productive top soils thus lowers agriculture potential of
land.√
 During soil erosion ,rich soils may deposited eg alluvium agriculture
production.√
 Destruction of vegetation cover during soil erosion may lead to aridity and
desertification.√
  Eroded sediments from farmlands and dumping sites may contain pollutants /
agrochemicals that may kill aquatic life if it reaches oceans /seas/lakes/and
river. They may also make water unfit for human consumption.√
 Eroded sediments may fill water reservoirs constructed for HEP generation
/irrigation thus requiring dredging which is expensive.√
 Also erode alluvial deposits on river beds make the river channel shallower
resulting into frequent flooding.√
 Soil erosion may destroy structures e.g. buildings,bridges,roads as it weakens
their foundations√ Any ( 2x 2 = 4mks)

d) Draw a labeled diagram of the soil catena

e) Your class members intend to conduct a field study on an area under the effect of
soil erosion within their district

i) Name two types of soil erosion they are likely to identify during the field study

 Gulley √
 Sheet√
 Splash√
 Rill√
 Wind√ Any (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Ii) State four conservation measures you are likely to recommend to the residents of
the study area.

 Crop rotation involves alternate of different crops on a given piece of land to

prevent /minimize soil exhaustion.√
  Mixed farming √involves integrating animal and crop husbandry. It improves
soil fertility as animal waste and plant remains assist in retaining soil
fertility.√
 Cover cropping forms a bumper that reduces the impact of raindrops: the
roots bind the soil firmly.√
 Mulching√: involves the use of plant remains are used to cover cultivated
ground
 Contour ploughing i.e. ploughing across the slopes helps to check surface
runoff
 Strip cropping involves√ planting of different crops in narrow alternate
belts of land especially on slopes which are too steep to be terraced.
 Afforestation√ : planting tress where none existed before and reforestation –
planting trees to produce the cut ones.
 Regulation of livestock numbers to reduce overgrazing.√
 Bush fallowing√ – cultivating land for a period of time then allowing it to
remain idle without cultivation for some time to help improve the soil quality
 Controlling bush fires that exposes the agents of soil erosion √
 Intercropping /mixed cropping i.e. growing two or more crops concurrently
on the same piece of land to help improve the soil’s nitrogen content.
Any ( 4 marks)

8. a) i) Differentiate between a drainage , basin and a watershed

- A drainage basin is a unit of land which is drained by a single river system while a
watershed is a boundary line separating one drainage basin from a neighbouring
basin.√ ( 2x1 = 2mks)

ii)Identify two types of river erosion

 Headword erosion√
 Vertical erosion√
 Lateral erosion√

b) Describe two processes through which a river transports its load.

- Suspension – light insoluble minerals such as sand and silt grains are carried within
the water by river turbulence and transported downstream.√

- Solution process – the soluble minerals are dissolved in the river water and carried
away.√

- Siltation process- Large materials that can not remain suspended in the water are
momentarily lifted and dropped by water turbulence, the series of heaps and hops
move the load down the river.√

- Traction river – the large and heavy loads of river are dragged / rolled along the
river bed by force of the moving water.√ Any
(2 x 2 =4mks)

c) i) Explain two cause of river rejuvenation.

- A fall in the sea level which increase the velocity of the river thus increasing the
erosive power of the river.

- Regional uplift which increases the gradient along the rivers course and makes the
river renews its erosive activity.√

 Vertical erosion by the river may expose resistant rock which creates a
knick point thus renewing the rivers erosive power.√
 Increase in a rivers discharge due to increased precipitation / river capture
causes the river to renew its erosive power.√
 Unequal regional subsidence of the land along the river course increase the
gradient power and thus the power of the river to erode.√
 Presence of a lake along the river course leads to deposition of alluvial in the
lake as the river flows out of the lake , its erosive power increase.
Any (2 x 2 =4 mks)

ii) Describe how an ox- bow lake is formed.

 A river starts to meander√ on a flood plain.

 Lateral erosion√ occurs on the outer side of the bend while deposition takes
place on the inner bank.
 Lateral erosion in the reduction of the neck of land between adjacent bends.√
 The neck of land is eventually worn away.√
 Deposition of the meander side especially during the floods blocks off the
meander.√
 The river abandons the meander√ and follows the new shortcut that was the
neck of the land.
 The abandoned meander with its the water forms an ox-bow lake.√
sequence necessary

(5 x
1
=5
mk
s)

d) i) The diagram given below shows a flood plain , identify the features marked
J and K ( 2marks)
ii)Explain three positive effects of floodplains to human activities.

 Some alluvial sediments deposited on the flood plains contain valuable

minerals √eg. gold diamonds which are mined.
 Alluvial on the flood plains form fertile which are exploited for agriculture.√
 Some flood plains are source of building materials such as gravel, pebbles
and sand.√
 Features found on the flood plains attract tourists thus earning foreign
exchange.√ (3x2) = 6 mks

9 a)(i) Name the climatic regions marked A, B and D.

 Tropical monsoon climate. B- Mediterranean climate

 Equatorial climate D- Tundra climate (1 X
4 = 4mks)

ii) State any four characteristics of the climate marked C.

 Experience high temperatures ( 24 – 27 0 C)√

 Experience the small annual range of temperatures of 30 C.√
 Mean annual rainfall exceeds 1500 mm and is evenly distributed through out
the year√
 It receives double maxima rainfall regime after the equinox.√
 Low diurnal range of temps . of approx. 60C√
 High humidity due to high rainfall and high evaporation rates√
 Major winds due are trade winds√
 rainfall mainly conventional but orographic is common in Mt areas√
 Thick cloud cover throughout the year.√ ( 4x1 = 4 mks)

b) i) Identify any three types of cold climates.

 Tundra climate√
 Cold temperature eastern margin√
 Cold temperature continental√
 Polar climate√ ( 1 X 3 = 3mks)

ii) Briefly explain microclimate.

Micro climate is climate which is experienced within a small or localized area√ and
slightly modified or different from the general climate of a region

c) i) What is the climate change?

 It is long time response to average variations in the conditions of the

atmosphere.
ii) a)Calculating the mean annual temperature

M.A.T = ( total monthly temperature )√ = 297/12 = 24.750c √√ unit important

12 month

b) Mean annual rainfall =(Total monthly Rainfall) =1552/12 =126.83mm√√ units to

score maximum.

12 months

c) State any one characteristic of the type of climate in the station.

- It experiences high amount of rain fall pa over 1500mm√

- It experiences high temperatures i.e. mean annual temperatures of over 24OC√

( 1x1 ) = 1mk

d) i) Explain any two causes of Global warming.

- Depletion of ozone layer exposing the earth to short energy radiation rays√ eg ultra
violet

- Deforestation √
( 2x2 = 4 mks)

ii) Name any one Greenhouses gases.

 Emission - Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

 Discharge -Chloro fluorocarbon in the atmosphere. Any(1 x 1
= 1mk)

10 a) The diagram below shows a glaciated area .Study it and answer the
questions.
 i) Name the features marked R ,S and T
R- pyramid peak√
S- Arête√
T –Tarn√/ Corrie Lake (
3x1 = 3mks)

ii) Describe two distinctive characteristics of a fiord.

 It has steep walls.√
 It has narrow /constricted sea inlet√
 It is shallower seawards√ and deeper inland.
 It is U-shaped.√
 It has a hanging valley.√
(2x1mk = 2mks)

b) i) With the aid of a well labeled diagram , describe how the following features
are formed.

i) cirque

 Snow accumulates in a shallow pre- existing depression on a mountain side

 The snow gets compacts into ice to form a cirque glacier
 The ice erodes the bottom of the hollow by abrasion , making it deeper
 Frost action and plucking operates on the sides of the hollow√ ,making it
steeper.
 Eventually a deep and arm chair shaped called a cirque is formed.
Text sequence. Maximum MOST end with the feature formed.
( 4x1mk) 4mks

(2marks)

iii) Hanging valley

- Initially, there exists a main valley and tributary valleys√ / may be of pre –
existing rivers.
- Ice occupies these valleys.
- The valleys get eroded by ice through abrasion and plucking .
 - The main valley is eroded more because it contains more ice than the
tributary valleys.√
- When the ice finally retreats by melting and the tributary valleys are left at a
higher √level than the main valley to form a hanging valley.
( Text 3x1mk= 3 mks) Maximum MOST end with the feature formed.

diagram 1mk

c) Explain
two factors
hat may
influence
glacial
erosion in
uplands.

 Nature of underlying rocks – well jointed /faulted rocks facilitate plucking /

abrasion is more effective on less resistant rocks compared to resistant
rocks.√√
 Speed of glaciers – a fast flowing glacier erodes more has greater energy to
erode
 Availability of debris – the more that are embedded in the ice, the more
effective the erosion/√ abrasion
 Thickness weight of glacier- the rock debris bends the ice scraps he ground
by abrasion when the ice is heavy.√√ (2x2 mks = 4mks)

d) Your class intends to carry out a field study on glaciated lowland.

i) Name one type of moraine you are likely to identify during the field study.

- Terminal moraine√ (
1x1mk = 1mk )

i Give two reasons why you would need the map of the area.

 To show the extent of the size /area of the landscape to be studied.√

 To show the distribution of depositional features in the study area√.
 To show the variations of relief in the study area. √
 To help in estimating distances to be covered during the study. √
 To assist in preparing working schedule.√
To help on deciding techniques /tools of data collection√.
( 2x1 ) = 2mks
 State three importance of glacial features you are likely to identify.

- Outwash plains ,old glacial beds and tills are at times thus leading to
development of agriculture√ eg wheat producing regions within the
Canadian prairies.
- Some glacial lakes provide natural waterways thus facilitate transport and
communication.√
- Lowland glaciated features eg crag and tail , rock mountonee and drumlins
attract tourist thus earning foreign exchange√
- - Numerous rock basin lakes water for domestic√ and irrigation/industrial use.
- - Sand for building and construction can be harvested√from outwash
plains,kames and eskers.
- -Some glaciated lakes are important for fishing grounds.√
-Sheltered waters in the fiords provide suitable breeding grounds for fish√ and
sites for construction of natural harbours.

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