/

- FF 100 PANEL

UL LISTED CONSTRUCTION NUMBERS

SPAN,LOADTABLES

1300 goTH DENVER, CO 80205-3311

PH 303-294-0538 **** 800-574-1717 i **** FAX 303-294-9407

File R14692 Vol. 1 Sec. 3 Page 1 Issued: 2003-11-19

DESCRIPTION

PRODUCT COVERED :

This section of the Procedure covers a coated steel roof panel, which is
identified as "FF100" panel. The panel is produced at job sites by portable
rolling machines.

The panel is roll-formed from No.29 MSG minimum or heavier gauge steel
coated to the configuration shown in Ill. 1. The panel may also have a paint
finish over the coating.

SPECIFICATIONS OF FINISHED PRODUCT:

THICKNESS

The base metal thickness of the steel used in the fabrication of the
panel shall be not less than 0.0128 in. No. 29 msg minirrmm gauge. This
thickness shall not include any coating or paint finish.

DIMENSIONS

The cross-sectional dimensions of the panel piece shall be in accordance

with the cross-section in Ill. 1.

STRENGTH

The strength records of the steel shall be reviewed. The 29 MSG steel
used shall conform to ASTM A792 grade 50 Specifications or the minimum yield
point of the steel shall be 50,000 psi.
 Worthbrook DMsion
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60062-2096 USA
ww.ul.com
tel: 1 847 272 8800
fax:1 847 272 8129
Customer service: 1 877 854 3577

NEW TECH MACXiUNERY C O P

MR G BATIlSTnL
1300 40TH ST
DENVER CO 80205

RE: Project Number(s) 63-66 -

Your most recent Certification is shown below. You may also view this information, or a .
portion of this information (depending on the product category), on UL's Online CertScations
Directory at www.ul.com/database. Please review the text and contact the Conformity Assessment
Services slz& member who handled your project if revisions are required. For instructions on
placing an order for this information in a 3 x 5-inch format, you may refer to the enclosed order
form for UL Card Sexvice.

v'v . November 21,2003

Metal Roof Deck Panels

NEW TECH MkHINERy COW

1300 40TH ST, DENVER CO 80205
-
Coated steel panels, field faned.
Undemniters La-
panel identi6~tions:
.#nef deck c o m c t i u n s with cone-
Inc. Metal Roof Deck Panels, Fabricilted, i n s h k d and used in the followine
=F'23 steel panels idenfiM as "Snap Panel 550" for use in Construction No. 373 .
Coated steel panels identikd as 'Panel 210A" for use m ConstructionNos. 90,176,180,238,238k
Coated steel or identihi as "Snap Panel 675" for use in Constmctim Nos 254,255,261,303.
coated steel paneslwm as SS675" for use in Construction Nas 343,506 and 508k
Coatedsteelpanelsidenti6edasmSSd50"forusein~c&ionNo.37O.
Coated steel panels id- as "
S S Wfor use m Construdjon No. 554.
Coatedsteelpanelsidenti6edasmSSlWforuseinConstruc&ionNaS7S.
Coated steel panels identi6ed as "FFlWfor use in Comhction No. 529.

See Roof Deck Comtructim for description of comtmdion numbers

LOOK FOR LISTING MARK ON PRODUCC

An independent organization working for a safer world with integrity, precision and knowledge.
 DETAIL A

P A12" to 24" COVERAGE

Note:
Material
TGKX.529 - Roof Deck Constructions Page 1 of 3

TGKX.529
Roof Deck Constructions
P_age Bottom Questions?

Roof Deck Constructions

Guide Information

Construction No. 529

November 2 1,2003

Uplift -Class 90

Fire Not Investigated

 TGKX.529 - Roof Deck Constructions Page 2 of3

MAX

1. Metal Roof Deck Panels* - No. 29 MSG min coatedsteel. Max panel width24
in. Rib height nominal 1 in. Panels continuous over two or more spans. A bead of
sealant may be used at panel endlaps.

AMERICAN BUILDING COMPONENTS - "SL-16"

. .
CENTRAL TEXAS METAL ROLLFORMING INC - "PRO-SNAP100"

MBCI - "Slimline"

NCI BUILDING SYSTEMSL P - "SlimIine"

NEW TECH MACHINERY CORP - "FFlOO"

UNION CORRUGATING CO - "Advantage Lok"

2. Fasteners - (Screws)- Forpanel attachmentto wood deck (Item 3), fastenersto

http://database.Ul.comlcgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=TG... 4/7/2004
 TGKX.529 - Roof Deck Constructions Page 3 of 3

be No. 10 x 1 in. long No. 2 Phillips, Pancake Head Type A. Fasteners spacing to be
12 in. OC with fasteners installed through prepunched slots in fastener flange of
panel. For attachment of plywood deck (Item 3) to joists (Item 5), fasteners to be min.
No. 6 by 1-7/8 bugle head screw or annular ring-shank nails. Spacing to be 6 in. OC
at plywood edges and 12 in. OC at intermediate supports. When light gauge structural
steel joists are used, fasteners to be No. 12 by 1-5/8 in. long with a Phillips head.

3. Substructure -(Plywood) -Plywood decking to be a nom 5/8 in. thick,

exposure sheathing span C-D, 40/20 plywood. All butt joints to be sealed against
leakage by using tape andlor caulk or with one-part urethane sealant.

4. Moisture Barrier -(Optional) -Any suitable membrane to protect substructure

(Item 3).

5. Joists -Joists spaced at 2 ft, 0 in. OC, may be one of the following:

A. Nom 2 by 6 in. wood joists No. 2 or better.

B. Nom 2 by 4 in. wood when used on a top cord of a wood truss,

No. 2 or better.

C. Light gauge structural steel earning with the member against

the plywood to be a min No. 22 MSG coated steel.

Refer to General Information, Roof Deck Construction, (Roofing

Materials and Systems Directory) for Items Not Evaluated.

*Bearing the UL Classification Mark

----.--
Pace Top Notice of Disclaimer -
puestions . .- g g ry~yg;;?:
3 $. @ ~ ...* ..,,
UL Listed and Classified UL Recognized Products Certified for
Prod!u_cfs CQ!sppPo_gents C-anada

This page and all contents are Copyright O 2004 by Underwriters Laboratories 1nc.a

The appearance of a company's name or product in this database does not in itself assure that products so identified have been
manufactured under UL's Follow-Up Service. Only those products bearing the UL Mark should be considered to be Listed
and covered under UL's Follow-Up Service. Always look for the Mark on the product.

UL permits the reproduction of the material contained on UL's Website subject to the following conditions: 1. The Guide
Information, Designs andlor Listings (files) must be presented in their entirety and in a non-misleading manner, without any
manipulation of the data (or drawings). 2. The statement "Reprinted fiom the Online Certifications Directory with permission
h m Underwriters Laboratories Inc." must appear adjacent to the extracted material. In addition, the reprinted material must
include a copyright notice in the following format: "Copyright O 2004 Underwriters Laboratories Inca@''
 J O H N F. B U T T S & ASSOC., INC.
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
2480 VANTAGE DRIVE COLORADO SPRINGS, C 0 80919
(719)598-7666 FAX (719)598-0258
www.jfba.com

August 29,2002

New Tech Machinery COT.

1300 40th Street
Denver, CO 80205-3311

Re: Section Analysis Report

New Tech FFlOO Panel
Job NO.183-05

Gentlemen:

Per your request, please find enclosed the engineering calculations for the above referenced
project. The section, with the structural properties indicated in this report is certified to
meet or exceed the requirements of the 1996 AISI Cold-Fonned Steel Design Manual
including Supplement No. 1 (July 1999).

Please note that the panel analysis and Load Tables have been evaluated based on the
assumption that the proper bearing, side laps, end laps, bracing, anchorage and structural
supports are being utilized in the member's installation. We do not certify the installation
method, attachment and supporting materials.

If we can be of further assistance or if you require additional information, please call.

~ o $ F.
l Butts, PE.
President
enc. Section Drawing
Section Analysis
Section Load Tables ... . . . . . .
I . . .
EQUALLY SPACED
EVERY 5 3116"

-v"p
- 12" to 24" COVERAGE )1

Material usage = 4.00in

FFIOO PANEL PROFILE

 John F. Butts & Associates, Inc.
2480 Vantage Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
(719) 598-7666

Analysis per 1996 AISI Cold-Formed Steel Manual + 1999 Supplement 1

New Tech F F l O O Panel

FILE: FFlOOX12

SECTION DIMENSIONS

Line #1 Angle0 = -80.000 deg Line #21 Angle@) = 81.000 deg

Line #1 Radius0 = 0.060 in Line #21 Radius@) = 0.063 in
Line #1 Length&) = 0.000 in Line#22 Length@) = 0.194 in
Line= Angle0 = 80.000 deg Line #22 Angle@) = 70.000 deg
Line #2 Radius0 = 0.070 in Line #22 Radius@) = 0.060 in
Line= Length0 = 0.683 in Line #24 Length@) = 0.034 in
Line #3 Angle0 = 81.000 deg Line #23 Angle@) = -86.000 deg
Line #3 Radius&) = 0.070 in Line #23 Radius@) = 0.070 in
Line #3 Length0 = 0.000 in Line #26 Length@) = 0.134 in
Line #4 Angle0 = -180.000 deg Line #24 Angle@) = - 151.000 deg
Line #4 Radius0 = 0.070 in Line #24 Radius@) = 0.122 in
Line #4 Length&) = 0.125 in Line #28 Length@) = 0.447 in
Line #5 Angle0 = 0.000 deg Line #25 Angle@) = 86.000 deg
Line #5 Radius0 = 0.000 in Line #25 Radius@) = 0.141 in
Line #5 Len,&&) = 0.000 in Line #30 Length@) = 0.636 in

Panel Bortom Width = 12.00 in

Panel Overall Width = 1256 in
Panel Overall Height = 0.8 1 in

Alloy: ASTM A792, G50

Fy =50.00 ksi
Fv = 14.13 ksi

QUALIFICATIONS PER AISI SPECIFICATIONS

(aj Maximum wlt Ratio's Exceeded [Section B 1.1(a)]: No
(b) Maximum h/t Ratio's Exceeded [Section Bl.2(a)]: No
Section :New Tech FFlOO Panel PAGE P2
File :FF100X12 DATE: 8/29/2002

Section Dimensional Data

Type Name Gage . Height Width Lip t Weight Coil Width
in in in in plf in
Panel 24 0.813 12563 0.000 0.024 1.338 16.389

L
Gross Sectional Properties
Area Ix Sx Rx ycg IY SY RY xcg
in2 in4 in3 in in in4 in3 in in
0.393 0.015 0.022 0.198 0.097 7.701 1.098 4.425 7.012

Effective Properties
Vnx Ix Sx Mm MnY IY SY Pne Pnei
kip in4 in3 kip-in kipin in4 in3 kip kiplin
1.450 0.015 0.022 0.906 - -
- - 0.738 0.650

Torsional Prowrties - -

Xo Ro Beta Cw Jv*1000 FY Fu E G
in in in6 in4 ksi ksi ksi ksi
-0.293 4.439 0.996 0.599 0.076 50 65 29500 11300

Shear, moment and bearing values shown are nominal values and must be modified by
the appropriate factors of safety (ASD) or resistance factors (LRFD).

Factors of Safety (ASD) Resistance Factors (LRFD)

FS (Compression) = 1.80 RF (Compression) = 0.85
FS (Tension) = 1.67 RF (Tension) = 0.95
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85 RF (Web Crippling) = 0.75
FS (Bending) = 1.67 RF (Bending) = 0.90
FS (Shear) = 1.50 RF (Shear) = 1.00
 John F. Butts & Associates, Inc.
2480 Vantage Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
(719) 598-7666

Analysis per 1996 AISI Cold-Formed Steel Manual + 1999 Supplement 1

New Tech FFlOO Panel

FILE: FFlOOX16

SECTION DIMENSIONS

Line #1 Angle0 = -80.000 deg Line #21 Angle@) = 81.000 deg

Line #1 Radius&) = 0.060 in Line #21 Radius@) = 0.063 in
Line #1 Length&) = 0.000 in Line #22 Length@) = 0.194 in
Line#2 Angle0 = 80.000 deg Line #22 Angle@) = 70.000 deg
Line#2RadiusQ = 0.070 in Line #22 Radius@) = 0.060 in
Line #2 Len,@&) = 0.683 in Line #24 Length@) = 0.034 in
. Line#3 Angle&) = 8 1.000 deg Line #23 Angle@) = -86.000 deg
Line #3 Radius&) = 0.070 in Line #23 Radius@) = 0.070 in
Line #3 Length0 = 0.000 in Line #26 Length@) = 0.134 in
Line #4 Angle0 = - 180.000 deg Line #24 Angle@) = - 151.000 deg
Line #4 Radius&) .= 0.070 in Line #24 Radius@) = 0.122 in
Line# Length0 = 0.125 in Line #28 Length@) = 0.447 in
Line* Angle&) = 0.000 deg Line #25 Angle@) = 86.000 deg
Line #5 Radius0 = 0.000 in Line #25 Radius@) = 0.141 in
Line #5 Len,@&) = 0.000 in Line #30 Length@) = 0.636 in

Panel Bottom Width = 16.00 in

Panel Overall Width = 16.56 in
Panel Overall Height = 0.8 1 in

Alloy: ASTM A792, G50

Fy =50.00ksi
Fv = 7.35 ksi

QUALIFICATIONS PER AISI SPECIFICATIONS

(a) Maximum w/t Ratio's Exceeded [SectionB 1.l(a)]: No .
(b) Maximum hlt Ratio's Exceeded [SectionB 1.2(a)]: No
 Section :New Tech F F l O O Panel PAGE P4
File :FF100X16 DATE: 8/29/2002

Section Dimensional Data

1 Type
-- I Name I Gage
- I Height I
- Width I Lip t ( Weight I Coil width 1
in in in in plf in
Panel 24 0.813 16.563 0.000 0.024 1.665 20.389

Gross Sectional Properties

Area Ix Sx Rx ycg IY SY RY xcg
in2 in4 in3 in in in4 in3 in in
0.489 0.016 0.022 0.181 0.080 15.531 1.724 5.634 9.007

Effective Properties
Vm Ix Sx Mnx M~Y IY SY Pne Pnei
kip in4 in3 kipin kip-in in4 in3 kip kipfin
1.450 0.0 16 0.022 0.911 - -- -- 0.738 0.650

Torsional Properties
Xo Ro Beta Cw Jv*1000 FY Fu E G
in in in6 in4 ksi ksi ksi ksi
-0.242 5.642 0.998 1.091 0.094 50 65 29500 11300

' Shear, moment and bearing values shown are nominal values and must be modified by
the appropriate factors of safety (ASD) or resistance factors (LRFD).

Factors of Safety (ASD) Resistance Factors (LRFD)

FS (Compression) = 1.80 RF (Compression) = 0.85
FS (Tension) = 1.67 RF (Tension) = 0.95
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85 RF (Web Crippling) = 0.75
FS (Bending) = 1.67 RF (Bending) = 0.90
FS (Shear) = 1.50 RF (Shear) = 1.00
 John F. Butts & Associates, Inc.
2480 Vantage Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 80919
(7 19) 598-7666

Analysis per 1996 AISI Cold-Formed Steel Manual + 1999 Supplement 1

New Tech FFlOO Panel

FILE:FFlOOX18
SECTION DIMENSIONS

Line #1 Angle&) = -80.000 deg Line #2 1 Angle@) = 81.000 deg

Line #1 Radius&) = 0.060 in Line #21 Radius@) = 0.063 in
Line #1 Length&) = 0.000 in Line #22 Length@) = 0.194 in
Line #2 Angle&) = 80.000 deg Line #22 Angle@) = 70.000 deg
Line= Radius&) = 0.070 in Line #22 Radius@) = 0.060 in
Line= Length&) = 0.683 in Line #24 Length@) = 0.034 in
Line#3 Angle&) = 81.000 deg Line #23 Angle@) = -86.000 deg
Line #3 Radius&) = 0.070 in Line #23 Radius@) = 0.070 in
Line #3 Length&) = 0.000 in Line #26 Length@) = 0.134 in
Line #4 Angle&) = - 180.000 deg Line #24 Angle@) = -15 1.000 deg
Line#4 Radius0 = 0.070 in Line #24 Radius@) = 0.122 in
Line #4 Len,d(L) = 0.125 in Line #28 Length@) = 0.447 in
Line # Angle&) = 0.000 deg Line #25 Angle@) = 86.000 deg
Line #5 Radius&) = 0.000 in Line #25 Radius@) = 0.141 in
Line # Len,d(L) = 0.000 in Line #30 Len,&@) = 0.636 in

Panel Bottom Width = 18.00 in

Panel Overall Width = 18.56 in
Panel Overall Height = 0.8 1 in

Alloy: ASTM A792, G50

Fy = 50.00ksi
Fv = 5.99 ksi

QUALIFICATIONS PER AISI SPECIFICATIONS

(a) Maximum wlt Ratio's Exceeded [Section B 1.1(a)J: No
(b) Maximum h/t Ratio's Exceeded [Section B 1.2(a)J : No
Section :New Tech F F l O O Panel PAGE P6
File :FF100X18 DATE: 8/29/2002

Section Dimensional Data

Type Name Gage Height Width Lip t Weight Coil Width
in in in in plf in
Panel 24 0.813 18.563 0.000 0.024 1.828 22.389

Gross Sectional Properties

Area b Sx Rx ycg IY SY RY xcg
in2 in4 in3 in in in4 in3 in in
0.537 0.016 0.022 0.174 0.074 20.866 2.085 6.23 1 10.005

Effective Properties
Vnx b Sx MhX M ~ Y IY SY Pne Pnei
kip in4 in3 kip-in kipin in4 in3 kip kiplin
1.450 0.016 0.022 0.910 -- - - 0.738 0.650

Torsional Properties
Xo Ro Beta Cw Jv*1000 FY Fu E G
in in in6 in4 ksi hi hi hi
-0.222 6.238 0.999 1.395 0.103 50 65 29500 11300

Shear, moment and bearing values shown are nominal values and must be modified by
the appropriate factors of safety (ASD) or resistance factors (LRFD).

Factors of Safety (ASD) Resistance Factors (LRFD)

FS (Compression) = 1.80 RF (Compression) = 0.85
FS (Tension) = 1.67 RF (Tension) = 0.95
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85 RF (Web Crippling) = 0.75
FS (Bending) = 1.67 RF (Bending) = 0.90
FS (Shear) = 1.50 RF (Shear) = 1.00
Section : New Tech F F l O O Panel Page: 1
File :FF100X12 Date: 8/29/2002

Width 1 12.56 in
Alloy I ASTM A792, G50 (Fy 5 0 h i )
Gauge 1 24 (0.024 in)

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Wind Load Factor = 1.00
Allowable Uniform Load (psf)

Span Deflection Span L e d (Feet)

1. Formula's used in Load Tables for FLEXURE and DEFLECTION are:

One Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .125wlA2, x = .0130wlA4/EI
TWOSpan - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .096wlA2, x = .0092wlWEI
Three Span - Mp = .O80wlA2, Mn = .107wlA2, x = .0069wlA4/EI
Modulas of Elasticity Q = 29500 h i

2. Allowable uniform loads are determined per the following:

a) Allowable Shear Stress (Fv) [AISI, C3.21
b) Combined Bending and Shear [AISI, C3.31
C)Combined Bending & Web Crippling [AISI C3.51

3. Factors of Safety used to determine uniform loads:

FS (Bending) = 1.67
FS (Shear) = 1.50
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85

4. Allowance has been made for member Dead Weight.

5. Minimum panel support bearing length = 2.00 in

6. Concentrated load = 250 lbs at mid-span, load width = 4 in

Simple Span :Maximum Span = 1.361 ft (U180)
Two Span : Maximum Span = 1.560 ft (U180)
Three Span + :Maximum Span = 1.648 ft (U180)
Section : New Tech FFlOO Panel Page: 2
File : FF100X12 Date: 8/29/2002

Width 1 12.56 in
Alloy I ASTM A792, G50 (Fy =50 ksi)
Gauge 1 24 (0.024 in)

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Wind Load Factor = 1.00
Allowable Uniform Load (psf)

Span Deflection Span L e d (Feet)

1. Formula's used in Load Tables for FLEXURE and DEFLECTION are:

One Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .125wlA2, x = .O130wlA4/EI
Two Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .096wlA2, x = .0092wlA4/EI
Three Span - Mp = .O80wlA2, Mn = .1O7wlA2, x = .0069~1WEI
Modulas of Elasticity (E) = 29500 ksi

2. Allowable uniform loads are determined per the following:

a) Allowable Shear Stress (Fv) [AISI, C3.21
b) Combined Bending and Shear [AISI, C3.31
C)Combined Bending & Web Crippling [AISI C3.51

3. Factors of Safety used to determine uniform loads:

FS Bending) = 1.67
FS (Shear) = 1.50
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85

4. Allowance has been made for member Dead Weight.

5. Minimum panel support bearing length = 2.00 in

6. Concentrated load = 250 lbs at mid-span, load width = 4 in

Simple Span :Maximum Span = 1.361 ft (L/180)
Two Span :Maximum Span = 1.560 ft (L/180)
Three Span + :Maximum Span = 1.648 ft (U180)
Section : New Tech FFlOO Panel Page: 3
FiIe :FF100X16 Date: 8/29/2002

Width 1 16.56 in
Alloy I ASTM A792, G50 (Fy =50 ksi)
Gauge 1 24 (0.024 in)

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Wind Load Factor = 1.00
Allowable Uniform Load @sf)

S~anDeflection' Span Length (Feet)

1. Formula's used in Load Tables for FLEXURE and DEFLECTION are:

One Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .125wlA2, x = .0130wlA4/EI
TWOSpan - Mp = .125wlY, Mn = .096wlA2, x = .0092~1"4/EI
Three Span - Mp = .O80wlA2, Mn = .1O7wlA2, x = .0069wlA4/EI
Modulas of Elasticity Q = 29500 ksi

2. Allowable uniform loads are determined per the following:

a) Allowable Shear Stress (Fv) [AISI, C3.21
b) Combined Bending q d Shear [AISI, C3.31
C)Combined Bending & Web Crippling [AISI C3.51

3. Factors of Safety used to determine uniform loads:

FS (Bending) = 1.67
FS (Shear) = 1.50
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85

4. Allowance has been made for member Dead Weight.

5. Minimum panel support bearing len,gh = 2.00 in

6. Concentrated load = 250 lbs at mid-span, load width = 4 in

Simple Span :Maximum Span = 1.376 ft (U180)
Two Span : Maximum Span = 1.577 ft (L/180)
Three Span + :Maximum Span = 1.667 ft (L/180)
Section : New Tech F F l O O Panel Page: 4
File : FF100X18 Date: 8129L2002

Width 1 18.56 in
Alloy 1 ASTM A792, G50 F y =50 ksi)
Gauge 1 24 (0.024 in)

Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

Wind Load Factor = 1.00
Allowable Uniform Load (psf)

Span Deflection S~an

Lencrth (Feet1

1. Formula's used in Load Tables for FLEXURE and D.EFLECTION are:

One Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .125wlA2, x = .O130wlA4/EI
Two Span - Mp = .125wlA2, Mn = .096wlA2, x = .0092wlA4/EI
Three Span - Mp = .080wlA2, Mn = .107wlA2, x = .0069wlA4/EI
Modulas of Elasticity Q = 29500 ksi

2. Allowable uniform loads are determined per the following:

a) Allowable Shear Stress (Fv) [AISI, C3.21
b) Combined Bending and Shear [AISI, C3.31
C)Combined Bending & Web Crippling [AISI C3.51

3. Factors of Safety used to determine uniform loads:

FS (Bending) = 1.67
FS (Shear) = 1.50
FS (Web Crippling) = 1.85

4. Allowance has been made for member Dead Weight.

5. Minimum panel support bearing length = 2.00 in

6. Concentrated load = 250 lbs at mid-span, load width = 4 in

Simple Span :Maximum Span = 1.379 ft W180)
Two Span : Maximum Span = 1.581 ft (U180)
Three Span + : Maximum Span = 1.672 ft (U180)