Ve) Vbt -Vo + Vo
RR I!
Ri
Ra:R Ra Ri IE
VoRia Rr Va
Rig Ria Ri R
-0 Ve Vh-0
+ 0-Vo
Ia
I1Iat TE
Hert:
Vo
voltagei Ve) Vht p +(Viots =-
Foexpression
r an
Derive ipthree with amp' 9umming inverting anDraw O1T|
05sinbgad
natutes Assignment
No-
Date
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
QaDraua cizut dliagrann o practical integratoz along with
requenty respanse and explain its operation.
Tn practical inteqrator, their
is a resi stoy Re connected
paxallel to capacitoy C.
This resistor prevents the
loop opamp Hrom going in open
coniquration at low ftquencies.
Here Break Freguency corner
inhtqratox is Fo =
2T RçC
Fsquency
practica)
A= R: l X< Re
R 1+ j2TFRE C
IAl = Re 1
R is operaing frg)
Ooeration based on eq" 2) axe:
Casesi
When f0 JA|=RE
R Cde gain)
2) lhen 0<f<fa AL Re
R
3) lhen f>foIAIK< Re
R
4hen Ffa A=Re 0.707
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
TAl Ca9)
@3 Explain with neat cizcuit diagram, working of Schmitt
trigger using Opamp-Also qive equation for triggering points
)A Schmitt triqger is a
Compoxator ckt which conyerts
an analog ip signa) into a
digital op signa.
2 T uses pasitive flb to
implement hysterisis (abiliky to
have differcnt Vr levels fo
different signals)
3> Due to this Schmitt trigger Can remavenoise From the
analog siqnal during onversion.
aorking
DSchmit trigger compares non-inverting ip to invertin ip.
When Vi<o, olp of comparator will be -VeE(-Vec)
3> ahen Vi>0 o/p = +Vec
Iriqgering paint Vr is calculated as.
RaVo
R +Ra
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
Ra ( Vsat)
R,+Ra
-Veat
Q.4Drauo and explain square wave
qenerator uing Opamp
and aive expression foz Fo
ZA square uve qenerator cirCuit using
the opomp to aperate in opamp foxces
This causes the output to saturation region.
Suitch betueen +ve &-Ve
saturation voltoges which creates a square lwave p.
Disgram3 4Vsate Vec
R Vo
|Val}age
hequency he 2RC a 2(R +R.)
R
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
QSDesign q prachical inteqratoy to operate at Fz gkHz
gain is equal to 2.
Given: fa 4 kHz DC gain =R -2
R
Let C= 0-1aF
fa =
2T Re C
Re =
2T FaC 2TT x 4X\03 x $01 X l0-6
Re= 397.88-^
.fye 2fa = 8kHz
2T RC
..R=
2T x 8 x\ox o|X 10 -6
R= I98.94 2
.Rom = RIL R = 397-88 x 193.g4 132-62n
397-88 + I98-94
DC gain = 20 log, 2) = 6.02 dG
397.882
Re
198-344
V;
Vo
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
QsDroua ckt diagrum_of prachitaldifferentiaor and zite
oono respone
A Ting(H)
tical
dilfertnhatox is à device that
perfarms the mathema
operotion o
ticnal to dexivative a dilferentiati
ilo
onThus
t ane ox more
the do is propoT
Vaxiaoles.
Vos-(RE). C d (v)
d
ie Vo is CRe times the
differentiaBion_of
-Ve sign indicahes Isa' phase chilt.he series
V: the
of Re and C stabilizes Hhe circuit a higher Combinate
Gnd alsa reduces he etfed o noise an the frequenciest
cizcuil.
azik shortnate on chongckeristics o campaxctax.
’ A Corspaxato1 is a device chich comparts ta Vi and p
o binany signa, indicading tuhich ane is larger than the
othex
Chaxacteristics i
Camparahor has taa analoginput terminas.
2Campardors have ane hinay oulput
> Camporato is designed osing diodes, transistors
ond opamps
Date
Sinhgad Testitutes
l
sense when an ip signa reoches
Can
relerence level CY_a deined threshdd Jevel
Q Desgn o prachical differentiator to differentiak the
ip Sine ve
R = 82 ohms..
2r ReC 27T xgx 04x1o6
LR= S9 k
proper diEereniation Ror
2Tt ReC
2T YiO4 xo.l x l6
-IS9/sal
.: Re xC = CcxR
1s9x0:1 x l0 Ix1o-9
1S90
Rapm = RILR¢ = Isg0 || Is -Is
Ron = 44.66 Q
R
Va-V] Rr
Ra =Vo
=[2R+R]I
IR, +IR +TR, =
-Va Ve
is: Vand beBuween
Va Valtage
Va>V Lat
R
Vo
R
eq. op its dleive and amp
ntation op-amp three diaqromo neat Draw O3
Institutes Sinhgad
Date
Date
Sinhgad lnstitutes
GaQ Draw Nead diagrao o
SNon-inverhing anmp'
Valtage follouwex
T|Lood
Single Opamp Diference Amp
RE
Vo
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
Q Draw ckt diagtam of inverting Schnnitt higger ond
plothysterisis and explcin in brief
Plot husterisis i
Vsot
Q.13]DrQw neat diagram of voltuqe Follouwer cixCuit & explain.
R
L
DA voltage follauoer is a cizuit uhere cutput valtage
is equal to input Yolkage Voz Vin)
Voltage follower is also "knawn 0s bufeY amp, unty
gain omp' or isalation amp
Features ol! voltage fallower i
DOutput yalkage inpul valtage
2) Doesn't ampliky the ilp sijnal
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
3) ValBage gain l
p signa is in phase Loth ilp signal. Hence ho
phase shift occurs.
)This cixeuit has linmited dzive Capabilihy
Applications: Used in logic cirtuits, active ilkr, Used
cirCUits
in transducers in bndge
aExplain practicad differentiator oveY idea) dife renti ator.
Practical Dfercntiator Ideal Differentictox
DOutput Approximate values of deriahve, Acurote mothemotical
afected bu noise and band widHh derivative of I/p
limitation.
>Frng.Linmid by BA ond con include Ampliies al Frequency
respense trs Foy noise reduction. components
3) TrmpleRea) tworld circuits with electronic Hypotheticcl and purely
mentation Components and practica mathematical.
Constraints
Challenge Elfecd ofnoise, limikd BW Assumes infinite Bh, no
requires odditiona companents naise.
to fix this.
>Procticd FlBers and modifications for No adËustment nee ded
Qdjustane noise reducticn
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
Q.idDesign an inverting Schritt triggex whose Vr and
ViT aret 5V. Drauo ilp and %twave forms -Assume
apamp saturates at t13-5V
VuT= +sV, VIE -SV sat = +I3:SV-Vsat = -13-SV
VA=45-(-s) = 10V
GAs Design o practica) integrartox with ilp siqna af 2Vp-p and
cut off Erequency af 2.5kHe For DC voltage gain of 10
’Given: fa 2:skHz DC qain=10
2T RgC
Re = 636-619nN 36.62 2
27fa x o-lx10-6
Fh= lO fa 25kHz
(36-62a
R=
2hx 0-1 x|0-6
63.662
= 63.66 | 636-62
Rory = S7-872 63-66
DC gain = 20 log.RERJ
|DC qcin s 20 d&
Date
Sinhgad Institutes
Q.16 Explain the operaBion of a precision fal uoave rectitier
oith necessaxy wave foms
Diagram:
A precision full aOYe rectihier is a ciruit that converts
a AC input signl into a 0C output signal with minimal
valtage drop
2 T Hlizes the apomps to rechify bath haves of an.
ilp wiavetorm ensuring more occuracy in 0C op by
eliminaking Hhe diade's voltage dhap
Full wave rectilieris used Foy prtcised siqna rectiicaion
wavefoxnms:
T/p
