Submitted by Princess Nicole L.

Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
FOUR IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE
body movement, body posture, joint stability, and
heat production

THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

SMOOTH MUSCLE

has elongated, striped or

spindle shaped cells striated with light
and dark bands
not striated or striped
of cells
controls involuntary not
voluntary controls involuntary
movement
movement of the heart
can be found in
ca 2+ can be found in
intestine,
involved in heart
bladder,
contraction
stomach,
uterus fibers oval
are not nucleus
branched

CARDIAC MUSCLE
long and thin fibers with striation
multinucleated fibers with a
pattern of red and white lines
controls voluntary
movement
attached to bones by
tendons

SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
THE GROSS STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
arranged parallel to each
other
each fibre is
multinucleated and the
nucleus are located near
the surface of each fibre
fibres are surrounded by
collagen fibres and
connective tissues
each fibres is enclosed
by a plasmamembrane
called Sarcolemma.

THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MYOFIBRILS,
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM, AND T
TUBULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

MYOFIBRILS
long filaments that run
parallel to each other to
form muscle (myo) fibers;
composed of two types of
filaments: thin filaments and
thick filaments; its job is to
conduct muscular
contraction using the
sliding-filament model.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MYOFIBRILS,
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM, AND T
TUBULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
organized into numerous interconnected tubules that
form a network of longitudinal elements surrounding
each myofibril; its function is to remove Ca2+ from the
cytosol, an activity carried out by the
sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases
(SERCA), which actively pump Ca2+ from the cytoplasm
to the S lumen

T-TUBULES
transverse tubules; invaginations of the myocytes' surface cell
membrane present at each Z-line that form a complex network
within the cells; their function is to ensure synchronous Ca2+
release and quick Ca2+ extrusion from the myocyte.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
THE SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
It is designed to account
for changes in the
designated bands on the
sarcomere at various
degrees of muscular
contraction and
relaxation. The binding of
myosin to actin results in
the formation of cross-
bridges that cause
filament movement.

GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF

SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS TO THAT OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
GROSS MICROSCOPIC GROSS MICOSCOPIC
ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF
SMOOTH MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE SKELETAL SKELETAL
CELLS CELLS MUSCLE CELLS MUSCLE CELLS

consists of thick and thin filaments

will appear composed of bundles of
that are not arranged into consists of long
sarcomeres giving it a non-striated muscle fibers called
pattern homogenous myofibers multinucleate fibers

cytoplasm contains a Each myofiber represents a The fibers are relatively

large amount of actin muscle cell with its basic wide and very long, but
and myosin cellular unit, the sarcomere unbranched

The shape of the smooth muscle is

described as fusiform, which is
made up of endomysium, There are
described as being round in the
perimysium, and epimysium,
center and tapering at each end covering the sarcolemma striations
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
THE CONTRACTILE MECHANISMS AND THE
MEANS OF ACTIVATION OF SKELETAL AND
SMOOTH MUSCLES
ETAL MUSCLE
SKEL
SMOOTH MUSCLE

rapid contraction contraction is

and relaxation prolonged
rapidity of cycling slowness of cycling
and degradation
contraction much slower
fraction of time is by pulling the
greater actin along far less ATPase activity
myosin
greater activity of mucle excitation
ATPase (motor neuron input)

muscle excitation
(various inputs)

HOMEOSTATIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMS TO:

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The muscular system controls bodily contraction and movement, whereas the
integumentary system contains the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. It works
in conjunction to keep the body safe and preserve homeostasis. The
integumentary system, for example, relies on the muscular system to contract
and raise the hairs that cover the skin.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
HOMEOSTATIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMS TO:

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system's bones protect the body's internal organs, maintain the
body's weight, and function as the primary calcium and phosphorus storage
system. Muscles in the muscular system hold bones in place and aid in
movement by contracting and pulling on the bones. Different bones are
linked together by joints, which are linked to other bones and muscle fibers
via connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Your voluntary muscular movements are controlled by the nervous
system (your body's command center). Your nervous system (brain and
nerves) delivers a signal to your skeletal (voluntary) muscles to engage.
Nerves cause muscles to contract, which causes the bones of the
skeleton to move, allowing the organism to avoid predators and/or
fight. This ability to sense and react to the environment is crucial for
sustaining homeostasis in the body.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine and muscle systems coordinate to produce contraction and
relaxation events in the organism. In other circumstances, such as uterine
muscular contraction during delivery, hormone-induced muscle activity is
particular. Furthermore, the pituitary gland secretes human growth hormone
(HGH), which burns fat and develops muscle after exercise. Muscle growth is
dependent on the correct release of HGH. Furthermore, the corticosteroid
hormone keeps muscle strength in the body. Steroid hormones are classified as
those that aid in the development and maintenance of the body's muscle,
particularly in men.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
HOMEOSTATIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMS TO:

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
One example is physical activity. During exercise, the circulatory system is
crucial to maintaining homeostasis. To accommodate the increased
metabolic activity in skeletal muscle, the circulatory system must effectively
control the delivery of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as aid in the
buffering of active tissues' pH levels. Furthermore, the circulatory system
aids the muscular system by delivering blood and oxygen to active muscles.
The circulatory system also benefits the muscular system by providing the
oxygen that muscles require to perform properly.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
"Moving your muscles and increasing your heart rate stimulate the
lymphatic system," says MD Anderson Senior Physical Therapist Sarah
Cleveland. "All of these things stimulate the lymphatic flow." Muscle
contraction acts as a pump, allowing fluid to circulate throughout your
body.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Breathing is an example of one of these. Lungs are like sponges; they cannot
expand on their own. Muscles in your chest and abdomen contract or tighten to
generate a tiny vacuum around your lungs. This allows air to enter. When you
exhale, the muscles relax and the lungs deflate on their own, similar to how an
elastic balloon deflates when exposed to air.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
HOMEOSTATIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMS TO:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
One example: the vast, hollow organs of the digestive tract include a layer of
muscle that allows their walls to move. Organ wall movement can drive food
and liquid through the system as well as mix the contents of each organ.
Peristalsis is a muscle activity that transports food from one organ to the
next.

URINARY SYSTEM
Its example is the major function of the detrusor muscle during
urination is to contract and push urine out of the bladder and into the
urethra. The detrusor muscle will relax, allowing pee to be stored in
the urinary bladder.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive and muscular systems interact because some
hormones generated in the reproductive system serve to contribute to the
muscular system. The male reproductive system produces the chemical
testosterone, which influences muscle mass. Furthermore, reproductive
hormones, particularly testosterone, promote skeletal muscle growth.
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
5 BASIC BODY MOVEMENT

FLEXION bending

EXTENSION straightening

ABDUCTION moving away from the reference axis

ADDUCTION bringing closer to the reference axis

combination of: flexion, abduction,

CIRCUMDUCTION extension, adduction
 Submitted by Princess Nicole L. Baguhin
1N -B

Th e
Muscular
System
THE DIFFERENT CLASS OF LEVER SYSTEM OF THE
SKELETAL MUSCLE

force and load to either side of

FIRST CLASS LEVER the pivot

SECOND-CLASS LEVER load between force and pivot

THIRD-CLASS LEVER force between pivot and load

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