Chemistry 1/1
CH. 1.02
Dr. Alaa Hassanien
Time 80 min
OUTLINES
Atom
Elements
Structure of the atom
Relative Mass Number
Isobar & Isotons
| Dr. Alaa E. E. Hassanien | Chemistry 1/1
Learning Outcome
Demonstrate understanding of
atomic structure, subatomic
particles, their arrangements and
the evidence that scientists that
enabled scientists to discover them.
(Week 02 - Week 02)
| Dr. Alaa E. E. Hassanien | Chemistry 1/1
Reference and Text
Active Chemistry
Ch. 2, Sec 3,4
Internet resource
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build
-an-atom
http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/RU
THERFD/RUTHERFD.html
Analysis Questions
| Dr. Alaa E. E. Hassanien | Chemistry 1/1
WARMING UP
When did you first hear of atom?
State three comments about atoms
| Dr. Alaa E. E. Hassanien | Chemistry 1/1
Atomic Structure
The History of
Atomic Theory
Who are these men?
In this lesson, we’ll learn
about the men whose quests
for knowledge about the
fundamental nature of the
universe helped define our
views.
Democritus
• This is the Greek
philosopher
Democritus who
began the search
for a description of
matter more than
2400 years ago.
Atomos
• His theory: Matter could
not be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest
possible piece would be
obtained.
• This piece would be
indivisible.
• He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
This theory was ignored and
forgotten for more than 2000
years!
Aristotle
The atomos idea was buried for
approximately 2000 years.
Dalton’s Model
• In the early 1800’s, the English
chemist John Dalton did a
number of experiments that
eventually led to the acceptance
of the idea of atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• All elements are composed of
atoms. Atoms are invisible and
indestructible particles.
continued...
• Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike.
H H
continued...
• Atoms of different elements
are different.
O H
continued...
• Compounds are formed by the
joining of atoms of two or more
elements.
H H
O
Questions...
• What were the four parts of
the Dalton’s atomic theory?
• Say it again...
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
• In 1897, the
English scientist
J.J. Thomson
provided the first
hint that an atom
is made of even
smaller particles.
Thomson Model
• Atoms were made from
a positively charged
substance with
negatively charged
electrons scattered
about, like raisins in a
pudding.
Thomson Model
• Thomson studied the passage of an
electric current through a gas.
• As the current passed through the gas, it
gave off rays of negatively charged
particles.
Thomson Model
Where did
they come
• This surprised from?
Thomson, because
the atoms of the
gas were
uncharged. Where
had the negative
charges come
from?
Thomson Model
1- Thomson concluded that the negative charges came
from within the atom.
2- A particle smaller than an atom had to exist.
3- The atom was divisible!
Thomson called the negatively charged today known
as electrons.
Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no
charge, he reasoned that there must be positively
charged particles in the atom.
But he could never find them.
Rutherford (1871-1937)
• Thomson used the “Gold
Foil Experiment” to
discover the existence of:
–An atomic Nucleus
–Protons (in later experiments)
• You must be able to
explain the Gold Foil
Experiment
Gold Foil Experiment
• Rutherford directed a
narrow beam of alpha
particles (+ charges) at a
thin piece of gold foil.
• Based on observations
from other experiments
involving alpha particles,
he predicted that the (+)
charges would go
through the foil
Results from Gold Foil Experiment
•Rutherford found that every
once and a while, a + particle
was deflected bounced back.
(about 1% of the time)
•Why?
•Because the + charge hit a
central mass of positive charge
and was repelled.
The Gold Foil Experiment
The Nuclear Model of the Atom
•To explain the results of the experiment,
Rutherford’s team proposed a new model of
the atom.
Conclusions from Rutherford’s Gold Foil
Experiment (memorize this!)
• The atom contains a positively charged
“nucleus”
•This nucleus contains almost all of the mass of
the atom, but occupies a very small volume of
the atom.
•The negatively charged electrons occupied most
of the volume of the atom.
• The atom is mostly empty space.
Rutherford’s Planetary Model
• To explain his
observations,
Rutherford developed a
new model
•The electrons orbit
the nucleus like the
planets revolve around
the sun.
The End
That is the time
for questions!
Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALL Chapter 6 32
Exit Ticket
What are the limitations of
Rutherford’s Model
2 min
Bohr Model
• In 1913, the Danish
scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In his
model, he placed
each electron in a
specific energy
level.
Bohr Model
• According to Bohr’s
atomic model,
electrons move in
definite orbits
around the nucleus,
much like planets
circle the sun. These
orbits, or energy
levels, are located at
certain distances
from the nucleus.
Wave Model
The Wave Model
• Today’s atomic
model is based on
the principles of
wave mechanics.
• According to the
theory of wave
mechanics, electrons
do not move about
an atom in a definite
path, like the planets
around the sun.
The Wave Model
• In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact
location of an electron. The probable location of an
electron is based on how much energy the electron
has.
• According to the modern atomic model, at atom has
a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by a
large region in which there are enough electrons to
make an atom neutral.
Electron Cloud:
• A space in which electrons
are likely to be found.
• Electrons whirl about the
nucleus billions of times in
one second
• They are not moving around
in random patterns.
• Location of electrons
depends upon how much
energy the electron has.
Electron Cloud:
• Depending on their energy they are locked into a
certain area in the cloud.
• Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the
energy level closest to the nucleus
• Electrons with the highest energy are found in the
outermost energy levels, farther from the nucleus.
Indivisible Electron Nucleus Orbit Electron
Cloud
Greek X
Dalton X
Thomson X
Rutherford X X
Bohr X X X
Wave X X X
The End
That is the time
for questions!
Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALL Chapter 6 42
