Analysis of Two Por iy its & Networks < a ee 3.1 __ Different Types of Networks : [IEE | Somerton [sano [Parameter [Active NW 1 | Energy source | Present State different types of networks, (W-10, 2 Marks) | [2 [example Refer Fig. A ~ The electric networks can be cassifed on the basis of % ® ~ Various factors as follows v eis re 1. Classification based on presence or absence of F - aS sources. v ; " 3% ce 2. Classification based on the direction of current. Lt —+— 3. Classification based on the symmetry of the asa49 Fig. A (0-550 Fig, 8 network. lateral or Unilateral Network : 4, Classification based on the linearity 34.2 Bila ork : Eloce Neworta .4 Define the following Biter ce 2, Unioera ret (W-08,$-08, W-09,2 aq Q.2. Explain the following terms : (4-79(a) Fig. 3.1.2: Classification of electric networks 344 Active or Passive Networks : ENE Tz? Define active network and passive network (8-08, $.09, 8-14, 2 Marks) Define following terms : 1. Active networks 2. Unilateral networks (W-13, W-14, 4 Marks) Compare : Active network and passive network. (8-18, 2 Marks) az Based on the presence or absence of source, the electric networks are clasified as active or passive networks Active networks If a network consists of an energy source, then i is called {5 an active network. The type of energy source can be a voltage source or a current source Passive networks : Ia network does not contain any energy source then it is 1. Unilateral network 2. Bilateral network (13, Wot4, WA, 6 Ma) Define bilateral network (W48, 2 Maria) Based on the response or characteristics ofa network the direction of current flowing through tig ‘components connected to form the network, the eles networks are classified as “bilateral” or “unlten networks, Bilateral network : Bilateral network is the network whose characteristics response does not depend on the direction of curent ‘through the various elements in it. = Resistive networks are bilateral type, Unilateral network : Hf the characteristics, response or behaviour of a network is dependent on the direction of current through i elements in it; then the network is called as a uniateal network, The networks containing elements such as diodes ‘transistors et. are unilateral networks. 3.4.3. Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Network ‘Symmetrical network : If electrical properties of the network are not affected by interchanging input and output port then network s #84 t0 be ‘symmetrical, called as the passive network Techiaoultlouts & Networks o x 3 Analysis of Two Port Networks Ts in a symmetical network ether ofthe two pone canbe used a8 a input or output port. symmetrical network : if eecvical properties of @ network are affected by interchanging input and output ports then the network is said tobe “asymmetrical ‘hus asymmetrical network have different characteristic impedances on both sides inear or Non-linear Network : Define the term ‘Linear network’ and ‘Nonlinear network (Wat, $14, 2 Marks) Explain the following term ‘Linear Nebwork (W43, 1 Mark W.14, 2 Marks) network and nonsinear (8-18, 2Marks) (W48, 2 Marks) Based on the concept of linearity, the networks are iassfied as linear oF non-linear networks, Linear networks Compare: Linear network. Define near network, 1f the characteris, parameters such as resistances, ‘apactances, inductances etc. _ternain constant. irespectve of changes in temperature, time, voltage etc, then the ccuit or network s called asa linear network. \We can apply the ohm’s law only tothe linear networks ‘he superposition theorem also is applicable ely tothe linear networks. Nondinear networks. Ifthe parameters of a network change their values with the change in voltage, temperature, time etc, then the rsetworkis called 25 non-linear network = The ohms law is not applicable to the non-inear networks ‘The superposition theorem also is not applicable to the nonlinear networks Comparison of linear and non-linear network Sr. Linear Nonlinear Nio,| Parameter | network network 2 |Applcabity of]Ohmis law and|Both cannot be Onms law or|superpostion | applied superposition. |theorem both are! L_|tteorem | applicabe 3.2 __ Single and Two Port Network : 3.2.1 Single Port Network : ~ The networks represented schematically by rectangular box A pair of terminals are connected tothe network either for taking measurement from network or fr connecting ito another network. Ths pair of terminals known as por. Definition ‘A network with one port or one par of terminals i called ‘one: port network as shown in Fig. 3.21. One - pore Network It ig. 32. ne port network ‘The excitation and response are measured from the same port incase of one-port network There are two variables V and I associated with one port network 3.2.2 Two Port Network : 1 State the significance of two pot network. (S19, 2 Marks) Definition ‘A two port network is an electrical network (circuit) oF evice with two pairs of terminals for connection with enteral circuits. Thus, a two port network is essentially @ four terminal device [7 [Petnion characestes a _ | irrespective of in temperature, Pon tor y, ae i a oa Ll le cst 22.2: A pr ater Teehhnouledge3.3 Circuits & Networks. Pot: Definition AA air of terminals is called as a port if the currents applied to the two terminals satisfy the essential requitements called port condition ~ _Apport condition states that, the current entering into fone terminal must be exactly equal to the current coming out of the other terminal of the same port a5 shown in Fig. 32.2. Input and output ports = In two port networks, generally port 1 is considered a5 the input port while port 2 is considered as the output por. Use: = A two port network model is used for mathematical analysis of circuits such as : filters, transformers, transmission line, small signal model of transistors etc Matrix representation : ~ _ Atwo port network is considered as a black box and its properties are specified by a matrix of numbers In two port network mathematical madels, the network is described by @ 2 by 2 square matrix, of complex numbers = The common mathematical models that are used are Z parameters, Y parameters, ABCD parameters, hh parameters etc. They are usually expressed in matrix rotation and they establish relations between the following variables. rameters : = There are four variables in a two port network, namely Vs, Va, I and Ip. ie. the voltages across and currents into ports 1 and 2 respectively. Out of these two parameters are considered as independent parameters while the other two are considered as the dependent ones. For every mathematical model (Z, Y, ABCD etc), the pairs of independent and dependent parameters will be different from each other. Open Circuit Impedance Parameters (Z-Parameters) White the equation of open circuit Z parameter. SS eS Port Ne ee of two port network (8-22, 6 any parameters of 80 port Netware (823, 2tany exoiain Z parameters of 90 por Metrk nga! (23,4 Man raw the Mo port NetWork and deteming indicated parameters for the fotoying | configurations : Series configuration, (23, 2a 2 Enlan'Z param state the Z We ean obtain the Z parameters of to Por neta, expressing two port voltages Vs and Vs in terms of 2 port currents I, and I. ‘That means the port voltages Vs and Vs are dependen variables and the port currents I, and I, are consideey ‘as the independent variables Inother words Vi and Ve are functions of I, and J, Wea) = FCs bd 03 Expressions : The basic equations that define Z parameters ae as follows Vi = Zuh*+Zab 033 andV; = Znh+Znh 033) (W-18, W.22, 2 Marks) Where 2:1, Zin Zon and Zz are known as the open cit, (or Z parameters We can express the equations in the matrix form as follows: M Za ela i Za ZalLh 3) orm = aM 343) We can obtain the expressions for the Z parameters by making the port current of one port equal to ze, In order to make a port current zero, we need to open Circuit the corresponding port, Output port is open circuited : ah (A546) Fig. 1 : Port 2 open circuited TeehKrowledstpy snetwots bso pitts * 01M Equation 3.3.2) to ger y= Zh 8.36) re pramete Zs Ges relationship between yotage Now substitute _xdcorent at the input por or diving port (port 2 4s 5 equa 0 the aio OF @ voltage and curent iti nimpedance and has units of ohms is called as at therefore, 2s ing point input impedance when Output por i open circuited, tis alo ‘ued as open crcl input impedance. Olin Equation (3.3.3) to get, y, 1 | 037 The parameter Zp, relates the voltage at output port and penta input por. ‘eteore, Zn is called as the transfer impedance. Since tis the ratio of voltage at output port to current atinpot pot itis called as reverse transfer impedance with output port open circuited. Input port is open circuited : Now let us open circuit the input port so that k= 0 Substitute, l= O in Equation (3.3.2) to get Ye 338) The parameter Z:2 gives relationship between the input volage V: and output current Iz Hence it is called a5. forward transfer impedance with input port open circuited, Now substitute I, = 0 in Equation (33.3) to get Y= Zak Me . 39) 2 Elneo 5 Z ‘neo Analysis of Two Port Networks = roo in Fig 33: the Output por i open eu ‘ThUs Zn gives the relationship between output voltage ‘8d output current. So this parameter is called as open circuit output impedance. 2 parameters formul ‘Table 3.3.1: parameters formulae Sr. | Name ofthe No. | paramater | Symbol | Formula | Unit 1. |Deving poi | 2., ‘nm Input impedance 2. |Reverse vaneter| 2 ve hm impedance 3. | Forward vanster| 23 nm impedance 4 Jopencreut | 2, y, bm output 7 Impedance | Po ‘Why open circuit impedance parameters 7 All these parameters are measured by either open ircuiting port 1 or 2 4m addition, all these parameters are obtained by taking the ratio of a voltage and current (hence they are all impedance) Therefore the name open circuit impedance parameters. Equivalent circuit ‘An equivalent circuit of @ two port network using Z parameters that satisfies Equations (3.32) and (33.3) Is shown n Fig. 232. 2 (4-538 Fig, 33.2: Equivalent circu using Z parameters General properties of two port networks : = The two important properties of two por networks Tech wuledgeAnalysis of Two See Networks 36 Fe Neve, he % =~ ‘The reciprocity and symmetry occur frequently in the Zaweag seta practi I two port networks and they can used to greatly simplify the network analysis, 1. Reciprocal network : A Wo port network i said to be a reciprocal network if {he ratio of voltage at one port to the current at the Second port (V; /1) is same as the ratio of voltage at Second port to the current at the first port (Vs /1,) Condition for reciprocity : ~ The condition for reciprocity of a two port network is Mige al Tt 310) 2. Symmetrical network A (wo port network is said 10 be symmetrical if the impedance at its input port (1) i same as its impedance atthe eutput port (Vet). Condition for symmetry : Condition for symmetry of a two port network is Mw oy Mead Ga aay) Ex. 3.3.1 : Final the Z-parameters of the T type network shown in Fig, P. 3.3.1 R, Ry 1 2 5a 40 Ry 60 7 3.3.1; Given network = To find 2,: and Z,2, we need to open circuit port 2 = (ek=0) tools 4 “tn 2 Find 2a M2 mn tlh = om Bg 3310) 5 vl em ey deros 6 resistance becouse I= 0 Vy = 6xh & =60 %y = s6 es Step2: Find Zand Zz: ~ In order to find Zi and Z,,, we need to open, porta (ek =) 3. Find2y re blyeo From Fig. P, 33.1 (b), Vs wll be same 25 voltage accu, 6 Qresistance because | 0. e .2.1(b) : Input port open ciruited Vy = 6x1 wt Mio z+ P60 An, 4. Find 2,2: ln = = From Fig. P. 33.106), Vy = 4h+6) v= 10h Vy 2 = e100 ns Ex. 3.8.2 : Check the following network for reciprocity and symmetry. Refer Fig. P. 3.3.2, 5a 4a toy W—<2 (W-S470¥Fig. . 3.3.(2) : Output port open Su From Fig. P.3.3.1(a) we get, v= Sh+6h to —o2 van wsenaFig, Teenhnouleistae peut 8 Neworts a7 Analysis of Two Port Networks ont = FromFig. 33.36), fL_ checkecirocty (8 she condition for reciprocity is Moa hl2+7 we w ye eo suts/1) = Zzand Ve/1) = Zp oe as6a es onthe previous example, we __ omen manent = From Fig, P. 333(0), Ve is the voltage across 2 - 7 resistance. ___ Therefore the given network sa reciprocal network. , 2. Check symmetry : Was 2in EaeeENS 2h The condition for symmetry of a network is 2x (Texn}=> a .% ve 2 iL oi 72 = 0286.9 But Vs) = Zand (Ve) = 25, From the previous example, we get Zy = MMand 2; 100, (5678) Fig. . 3.3.3: Given network Soln.: Given: Circuit diagram, Tofind : Z parameters. Step 1 : Find Zy5 and 24: = To find 2; liek and Z:2 we need to open circuit port 2 0) and redraw the circuit as follows 1ieeor (a-sees) (a) see) (b) 1: Ans. Step 2: Find Zz and 212 In order to find Zi2 and Zz, we need to open circuit port 1 (ie. = 0) and redraw the circuit as follows, Paral asssiy (4) Fig. P.3.3.3 ~ From Fig, P, 33.3(0), Vs will be same as voltage across 10 resistance Mos 1xk Mos angixk 2 t= 5 = 02860 Ans. From Fig. P.33.3(@), Ve = kG I|2) % ta = Pes Za = 1420 Fig. P. 3.33Litcuits & Networks 34 Two Port Admittance Parameters [Short Circuit Admittance ) ——Perameters]: ENTE 33 Anais Two Pony ’A. Output portis short circuited (V, = g); \ 2. ae gh [ao 9-1" Write equation of shor circuit ¥ parameters. (W19, 2 Marks) 2-2 Writa the equations of closed circuit ¥ parameters. (W.23, 2 Marks) 0-3 Draw the two port network and determine the Indicated parameters for the folowing configurations : Parallel configuration (W23, 2 Marks) Y- Parameters of the two port network are also called as ad Ince parameters, or short circuit parameters We can obtain these parameters by expressing currents 1 and Iz in terms of voltages V, and V, That means, voltages V, and Vz are considered as independent variables, while currents ly and 1, are Considered as dependent variables. We can obtain these parameters only by making the voltage at one of the ports zero ie, by short circuiting that port. Therefore, the 'Y' parameters are also called as short circuit parameters. Since 1, and Ip are dependent parameters while V; and \Veare independent ones, we can write, that the currents 1, and I, are functions of V, and Vr. Gi) = FY) 4a Expressions : ~The basic equations that define the Y parameters as fellows: k= yuVityaVe (342) and = ya Vs + YaVe 843) ~ We can write these equations in the matix form as follows: Gl] Cr eI] ase That means, [] = [¥) 1M] (345) Where Yas, Ysa Yor and yaa are known as the short circuit or ¥ parameters. We can obtain all the Y parameters by setting port voltage either V, or V, to zero by short circuiting the (Se7nFIg. 24.1: Port 2 short circuitag 4. Find Yay When output port is short circuited: 2210, but | will not be equal to zero, Now substitute Vz = Oin Equation (342) 0g 1 = yaYs VOIE9® Va bec, Ya (34g ‘hv, Thus ai the alo of Input CUTENE fin veg Hence ys called 9 shor elu input adm, and its nits will be mho (W), Iris also called as driving point admittance, ‘output port short circuited, 2 Find Yay: = _ Now substitute Vz = 0 in Equation (3.4.3) to get, b= yay (34 ~ Thus Yo: is the ratio of output current to. input volige ‘Therefore, ya is called as short circuit forward transer admittance. ~ Its also called as transfer admittance with input pon short circuited and its units are mho (0), B. Input port is short circuited (V, = 0) : gh 2h . Two ‘y port A s network 2h (4-5474 Fig, 3.4.2 : Input port short circuted 1. Find Y,,: When input port is short circuited; voltage V; becomes 2210, bt is not equal to zero, as showin in Fig.342 Substitute v, Din to Equation (3.4.2) to get, = yaVp corresponding port. TechKnowleitcrcu & Netorks 39 * Glyeo 348) ‘rus Yu i the ratio of input curent to the output voltage Hence its called a5 the transter admittance with input port short ciruited. = The units of Ys wil also be mho (0). is aso called as reverse transfer impedance, 2 Find Yin = Now substitute = 0 in Equation 3.4.3) to get b= yay a= 6 a4) = AS Ya fs the rao of output current to the output volage, is called ot the short creuit output Impedance, and ts units mo (3) = Mis ako called as short circuit driving point admittance output with input port short cieuited Equivalent cireuit: = An equivalent circuit of a two port network in terms of Y parameters that satisfies Equations (342) and (3.43) isshown in Fig, 343. A (4326 Fig. 3.4.3: Equivalent ereult in ‘terms of ¥ parameters Condition of symmetry ~ Jn general the condition for symmetry of @ two port networks M71) or ws) Gva= ave) But in Y parameters, /M) = Ya and y/V) Ya Hence the condition for symmetry i, Ya Analysis of Two Port Networks Condition of reciprocity : We know that the condition for recipraciy ofa two port network is ‘Therefore the condition for reciprocity in terms of Y parameters is as follows Yo = Ya Y= parameter formulae A [Symbol] Name Formula and unit No. 1. | yy [Shor creut erving point input a admitance 2 | ye [shor cieut ativing| point coutput| Ya * | sdmitance 3. | Yer | Shom veut forward transfer admittance |¥21 = 4 | 2 [Shon ecu reverse transfer admitance \Yo2* 3.4.4 Solved Examples on Y Parameters Ex. 24.4 : Obtain the Y-parameters of netwotk shown in Fig, P24. 5 40 NWI wry : \ (8-545 Fig. 3.4. Gien circuit Soln.: We can use two different’ methods 10 obtain the Y parameters Part: When Vz = 0 (Output short circuited) be © | (2) Output shorted Cy) (45070 Fig. 7.3.4. TechknauledgaCircuits & Networks 4. Find Ys Ya = ° = Refer Fig. P.34.1(b) to write, Vy = Sh +24h, . Vy = 74k Ya = = 0135 mho nee 2 Find Yay: Refer Fig. P.34.1(a) to mite, 6 k= Gopxheosh, = Butl,=¥yV, = 0135 Vb 1 = 06 «0135Vy h Ans. a 081 mho ~ Parti: When V, =0 (Input short circuited) pomspeane 7 © @) (oer Lap por ee ed veal Apply KVL to Loop-2 to write, Mo = h+3h - From Fig. P, 34.1(d) we get, = From Equation (2), Seay be Wah y = 6 + Sica qa 5 1 te = Bedy scionte vam | 20-30-78» v : Reith = oe ae Gee = pastuatn etme = From Fig. P, 3.4.1(c) we get, Pee eee b= ye 54 sees A 1, = 0545h gut = Ya ¥2F 0149V2 4, = 0545% 0149 V2 I = & 20545 «0.14 Ya © yy (OSM xO Yq = 00812 mho me, yaad Find the snort cut aamitance () payapa> forthe network shown in Fig, P. 34.2 19. 30 Ey 2 1 20 4 2 acsosz(ay Fig. P. 3.4.2: Given circuit soln. 4, Find band la for Vz" 0: Short Gicuit Vo and draw the circuit 2s shown iy fig. P3420) Wet 8 acoonn Fg. Pe 34.2(0) ind ky and ty for V: = 0 = Apply KVL to Loop-1 to write, TeteAnalysis of Two Port Networks Ans, 4. Find sand: for Vy #0 Short cuit Vi and draw the circuit as shown in Fg. P.34200). y (4.4085 Fig. P. 3.4.20): Find ls ants for Vy = 0 = Apply KVL to Leop-t to write, 3b+20-h) = Ve -2h+Sh = Ve a = Apply KVL to Loop:2to wit, Shek = Vs o = From Equation (7) we get k= Vin3k @ = Substitute in Equation (6) to get -20:-31)+Sk = Ve Vie6h+Sh=V2 av, bee At @ = Substitute in Equation (8) to get, 33 nos vy 2 20) Bape 4. Find Yin and Y2: 4 2vzAL Yas lweo 7 w 2 4 Ans, Ye i we 3MeAL Vil vs20 = Ve 3 Ya = WU ns, wa Ex. 3.43 ; Find the Y parameter for the network shown Fig. P34. (W-si04 Flg. P. 3.4.3 : Given circuit Soln, Given : Circuit diagram, Tofind : ¥ Parameters. Part: When Vs = 0 (Output shor circuited) Draw the circuit as shown in Fig. P. 3.43(8) with output short circuited Paral 2y2=10 (a-s200 (a) Boi yy 1 as200 (6) Fig. P. 3.4.3: Output short circuited Find Ys: Apply KVL to the loop in Fig, P.3.4.3(0) to waite, Moe heh 2k =v f u Find Yor: bl wry TeanaldaeAnalysis of Two Port, Neti, Circuits & Networks Find Yua? From Fig, P.3.4:3(a) we get, b Osh YaVi= 05 Vs O5 (0.5 V:) = 0.25 Vi & My = 025 mho b But = Ans. |: When Vs = 0 (Input short circuited) : Draw the circuit as shown in Fig. P. 3.4.3) with input short circuited, Perale! 11220870 8209 () Pare (0.608 (¢) Fig. P, 3.4.3 : Input short circuted Find Yaa: From Fig P.3.4:3(e), Ra = 267//4=160 rom Fig, 34:3(€) we 9et ons = 76744"? 4 bo Ger Yea Va = 063 Vo 06 « 0.63 V2 0378 V2 From Fig, P.343(0) we get, Ya! +=.0.252 mho ot, 3.5 Transmission Parameters "(asc Parameters): IB) j 2.1 Explain he formulae’ of ABCO parameters (W253, 4 Mart) .2 Draw the two port network end determine ty indicated parameters for the foloving configurations: Cascade configuration (23, 2a) ‘The transmission or ABCD parameters are used in the ‘analysis of power transmission lines. In case of ABCD parameters; the voltage and curent (one port is related to the voltage and current atte ‘other port. For example V; and I, are considered as dependent variables while V, and F, are considered as independet ones. That means, (Wyk) = FWs-1) ee. Vy 1 ae function of Va Expression : 352) The dependent variables V, and 1, are related with he independent variables V, and 1, with the follouing expressions y, asa AV,-81, and 53) CV;-D1,yea ee “anere A 8, Cand D are the transmission parameters, incase of 0 port network, We assume that both the ferent and Ts enter into the prt. In these equations the negative sign forthe Second term is for ly and not fx Bord) re negatve sign indicates that the current is actualy leaving the output port rather than entering into it qustons (352) and (353) can be expressed in the atic form a follows fi +f ay) recap pon icp cheated 0) 4. Find AS ‘open circuit the output port as shown in ig. 3.5.1 wich makes = 0. as4 Wwe vy | pent 5 network st79fg. 35: : Port 2 open circuited (= 0) = Substtute f= On Equation (352) to get, y= AY Ms -7 355 Veli,-0 oa = Parameter’ s the ratio of input voltage tothe output vohage. = Therefore, it is called as reverse voltage gain with cutout open circuited It is 9 unit ess parameter. 2 Find: = Simo, substitute, k= vy In Equation 353) to get I c as6) Velyeo ~ Thus parameter ‘Cis the ratio of input current to the output voltage. Therefore it is called as transfer admittance with ‘output open circuited and its unit is mh (0) 8 Output port is short cireuted (Vs = 0) ~ Short circuit the output port as shown in Fig, 352 t0 rake V; = 0, sen ce Pets “On | ee ts : | (4.5479 Fig, 35.2: Output port short ereuited (Vy = 0) Find 8 = Substitute V, = Oin Equation (352) to get. Mos Bh, 657 veo ~ This shows that parameter ‘ie the ratio of input voltage and output current = Hence itis called a5 transfer Impedance with output shor circuited and ts units wil be ohms 2 Find = Now substiute V; = Din Equation (353) 0 get, 0k 658) = This shows that, parameter ‘D's the rato of input current and output eurent ~ Hence itis calle as reverse current gain with output short icited and iti uit es parameter 3.5.1 Condition of Symmetry : at {Gia any four conditions for a two port network to bbe symmetrical (6-23, 4 Marks) The general condition for the symmetry of a two port networks Osh) = s/t) = Rearenging. we get ww | eit Gia * GV ale cotic Azo = This is the condition for symmetry in terms of ABCD parameters ‘TechknouledgeCircuits & Networks 3.8.2 Condition for Reciprocity : = The general condition for reciprocity is My = ~ Rearranging both sides, we get the condition of reciprocity in terms of ABCD parameters as follows AD~BC = 1 383 Expression of ABCD Parameters (Sees Q.1 Witte the ABCD parameter of two port network. (8-22, 2 Marks) Q.2 Explain the formulae's of ABCD parameters. (W.23, 4 Marks) = Table 35. gives the expressions for ABCD parameters. Table 35.1: ABCD parameters sr symbol] Name Formula and Unit No. 1. | A Open circuit reverse votage gain 2. | © open crcuit transfer admittance 3. |B | Short circuit transfer impedence 4. | D- |shor crcut reverse urrent gain l (Unites) 3.5.4 Solved Examples on Transmission Parameters : Ex. 3.5.1 Find the ABCD parameters for the network shown inFia.P.3.5:10). : Aras OTH Pott, soln 4, Find Aand C: To find A and C (1,2 0) a8 shown wwe need to open circuit the outpy infig. P. 35.10). 5 4 ee Prag a-siey Fig. P.35.1(b) : Output open circuited Vy ary = From ig. P.35.1(0) we get Vz = Voltage across 69 ..askr=9 6 Ma Seige 2M u e+ 1833 Ay = From fig. P. 35.16) we get, Va = Voltage across 6.0 Va = beh Beit © = ype gs 0167 mho Ans Find Band D: ~ Tofind B and D, we need to short circuit the output por (Wz 0) as shown in Fig. P. 35.1(0) Resistors in parale| 3.5.1(¢): Output short circuited v;=0 ~ From Fig. P.35.1() we get, Tea |~ Current division in parallel restos ‘TechKaoaledtea) cts 8 NEO 348 Analysis of Two Port Networks vison Fr indies tat Wi coming ou ef] BMS Wrano ore wr ies Me] ef aT a co] [+5] =167 Ans, from Fg P.351(8) we get she24h 74h = Me Jeb at ex = 167 8 = 714x167 = 1236 Ans. | ___ inthe matrix form, the ABCD parameters are given by: i a). ers 1235] col * Loser 167 46 Interconnection of Two Port Network = Two port networks may be connected in cascade, | parallel, series, series: parallel and paralle-series 36.1 Cascade Connectior |= The cascade connection of two port networks is shown in Fig. 352. h b 1 Veal aN as Fig. 3.6.1: Cas ‘connection = In cascade connection, output port of the fist network becomes input port of the second network = This connection is represented by either transmission parameters or inverse transmission parameters, ‘Transmission parameter representatio For the network N: a For the network Nz 1] oA nr} "le Substtutng Equation 2) in Equation () [4] fA B]fAD 8] 6 alle olf [M] fa ayy th) = Le oll-s A 8][Ay B SD) LC, Oy. Hence, the resutant ABCD matrix of the cascaded networks isthe product ofthe individual ABCD matrices, 3.8.2 Parallel Connection : ~The parallel connection of two port networks is shown inFig. 362. Fig, 3.62: Parallel connection = In parallel connection, voltage remains constant and current gets divided, koe BYE and BE a tet it, ia, Yh “2 be the ¥-parameter for network ‘a, Ny and, Ye, Yh, “abe the Y-parameters for network Na = Fornetwork Ni, (i) = Fornetwork Ns, [s] - lc YatYh Yet¥h] [M MatY Yio t Ya! (Ys = [Ma Ya] [M4 Ma Yeo! Me TeckinaledgeCircuits & Networks i %| Ya Yar = Hence, the resultant Y-matrix of the parallel connected ‘networks isthe sum of the individual V-matries, 3.6.3 “Yn ee UYan +n Yaa + Yaz, Series Connection : ~The series connection of two port networks is shown in Fig. 363, he he aaTTR or ys = Vel Ne = Fig. 3.6.3: Series connection = In seties connection, current remains constant and voltage gets divided Va = tM and Vie Wavy i2, 21, 22 be me Zpurametes of the ia, Th, Tbe te ~ tet Zit | network Ni and 73 Z-parameters of the network No For network N:, i: al [4] - fe] - ES 221) [4] 2 fen Za]fh bel * les zalle i 22] x [eae BaF] Zu Za] ZZ Za) = Hance, the resultant Z-matib of the series connected networks is the sum ofthe inivial Z-matrices, 3.16 Analysis ofTW9 Por Net, 3, Parallel configurations. SEER Refer Section 32.2 for diagram of the two port networg Cascade configuration ABCD parameter : 1 ‘The two port network for the cascaded configuration , as shown in Fig. P. 36.100) ee (acsése) Fig. P. 3.6.1(8) : A two port network for cascaded configuration Port 2 Port 1g]. (@h 2, Series configuration : = The two port network for the series configuration i x shown in Fig. P.36.1b). wnt 2] Por 2 .1(b) : A two port network for series ‘configuration Nw sess) Fig. 3, Parallel configuration : = The two port network for the parallel configuration is as shown in Fig. P. 26.1(). - My ve Port Pon 2 Mh (4.5650 Fig. P.3.6.1(€): A two port network for configuration 3.7_Attenuators = Many times itis required to reduce the level of input quantities like current or voltage, In such case a device called as attenuator is required, Definition of attenuator : NERO GN CoCVcscn cor aSe|| av seawater’ "5 NooteauaeunaraeEeriar@ . designed using resistors to weaken or atenvate 2 sir pare: Attenuators are passive circus, Techtanaldgrents Neon Analysis of Two Port Networks Sarnon of attenuation SLB RO mm tee Por nea Jeeruton i defined 35 the loss of power occuring in a eect network oF transmission line. fie denoted be ns of attenuation ‘The units of attenuation are neper and decibel (8) 474 Attenuation in dB : = Generally, Bower ratios are expressed in decibels. Now _ttenuaton in dB is glven by, x somone) = 19, [2 any WP = pt power the neuter 7's out pve om te tener wes otoput scape era a7) Where & = input voltage and Ex = output voltage = Itean be shown thatthe expression for attenuation in tems of input and output curents is 8 follows 1, a = 2b03,, |e ae e73) Where = input current and l= output current 372. Attenuation in Neper : Unit neperis used to express current ratios. Attenuation innepers is given by, | = in| | nepers 374) Where tb and fp are the Input and output currents respectively We can express attenuation in neper in terms of input and output voltage as follows &| a= mie input voltage and Nepers Where Es & = output voltage We can express attenuation in neper in terms of input and output power as follows 2, |&| a = Fin |B Nepers Where, Py = input power tothe attenuator ‘output power fom the atenustor 37. tionship between dB and Nepers ‘Two units of attenuation namely dB and Nepers felated a5 follows ind’ = 8686. ainNo @inNp = 01151 ainds 3.7.4 Types of Attenuators : ‘Axtenuators ae of two types 1. T-type attenuator 2 ‘ype attenuator 3.8 __ Symmetrical T- type Attenuator Circuit diagram Fig, 381 shows the crcuit diagram of a properly terminated symmetrical T-type attenuator. Nedo ay home 2 ey Fe Fe BO Ay Fig. 2.8.1: Symmetrical T-type attenuator Ro is the source resistance and the attenuator is terminated in resistance Rs to ensure maximum power transfer. ‘This attenuator consists of thtee resistors with values 2 R/2 and Ra that are arranged inthe serie-shunt- series coffiguration, Using curentsivider rule we can wit of ay) Vail = Let the rato: /1p be deneted by N & a Rt Bees No pe 3.82) Attenuation : = The symmetrical T-type attenuator provides an attenuation whichis given by the folowing expression caknwaledyeCircuits & Networks 83) © = 2leg0n 8 (384) ~ By substituting the values of Rs, Re and Ro we can obtain ‘the value of attenuation provided by this attenuator, ~ In fact, we can design the values of these resistors to ‘obtain the desired value of attenuation. Values of Rs and R: : ~ Tf the values are Nand Re are given to us then we can obtain the values of Ri and Re with the help of folloning eens m= an[8ot ais ae ale] 089 Design steps for T- type attenuator: ~ We can design a symmetrical T-type attenuator by following the steps given below: 1. Value of a and Ry are given 2. Find N from a 3. Find Ra from Ra = Ro 4. Calculate the values of R and Re 3.8.1 Features of T- type Attenuators : ~ Type attenuator has following features : 1. Itis a symmetrical network. 2. Series-shunt-series configuration. 3, Easier impedance matching 4. Flat frequency response over a wide frequency range. 5. Lower power handling capability. 6. Design equations are simple, 7. Used in applications requiring low power. 8 Applications ~ RF and microwave circuits. 9. tis not easily adjustable. Frequency Response of T-type Attenuator : ~ T and Pi attenuators are used in AF (radio frequency) ‘and microwave circuits to reduce signal strength without significantly distorting the waveform. Analyse of Wo Por Ney, a Goin pes of attenuators MVE specie fag, reponies tt depend 6m Her den a components used: T atentor consts oF AMEE Tithe tng arranged in the shape of the letter "T. The aque response of 8 T ARENA i greg, fat over a wide range of fequencies, which meq attenuates signals uniformly across abroad spectan However, at higher fequercles, arate capactng and inductance inthe resistors can caute the resp, to deviate from the ideal flat response Applications of T-type Attenuator ; 8.3 Applications of T- type attenuators are as follows 1. Indiferent electronic circuits to reduce the le! signal. 2. In audio amplifiers. 3. Forimpedance matching. 4, Inthe RF. and microwave circuits, Symmetrical x - type Atteni 3.9 Circuit diagram Fig, 391 shows the circuit diagram of propery terminated symmetrical x-type attenuator. Ry 4 Ip Vy 2g Po Fig. 3.9.1 : Symmetrical n-type attenuator = Ro is the source reéistance and the attenuator is terminated in resistance Ro to ensure maximum power transfer This attenuator consists of three resistors with values 2R, Rs and 2Ro, that are arranged in the Shunt Seis: ‘Shunt configuration. ~ Using voltage divider rule we can wie, 2 [Ro = Vx aan Mes MPR Ry +R ~ Let the ratio V: / V2 be denoted by N. MV _(2RiiRal + Re gan Va“ (2Re |] Rol Techknouleést393) reese en byte input source sgn by, fe = Ream [Rs PER] WL ae] srauaton ee rant vhs ven he tong eoenton vy a = 20109, || 8 esa @ = 2log.y 48 ass fy substtuting the values of Ri, Ro and Re we can obtain the value of attenuation provided by this attenuator. Infact we can design the values of these resistors to ‘bitin the desired value of attenuation. vlues of Rand Ra: tthe values are N and Ro are given to us then we can btn the values of Ri and R: withthe help of fllowing expressions 396) 837) Design steps for x= type attenuator : = We can design symmevical x-type attenuator by following the steps given below: 1. Value of and Ry are given 2. Find N froma 3. Find Ro from = Ro 4 Calculate the values of i and Re 39.4 Features of x- type Attenuators : 18 Analysis of Two Port Networks 3.9.2 Frequency response of n-type Attenuator = Tand s attenuators are used in RF (aco frequency) and microwave circuits to reduce signal strength without significantly distorting the waveform, = Both types of attenuators have specific frequency responses that depend on their design and the ‘components used = Like the T attenuator, the Pi attenuator is designed to have a flat frequency response over 2 wide range of frequencies ~ At higher frequencies, the parasitic effects can also impact its performance, but typically x attenuators are better at maintaining 2 flat response ever a broader frequency range compared to T attenuators Low to medium frequencies : Both T and Pi attenuators exhibit nearly flat frequency responses, making them suitable for a wide range of applications High frequencies : = The performance of both attenuators can degrade due to parasitic capacitance and inductance. Pi attenuators ten have a sight advantage in maintaining a fatter response at higher frequencies. 3.9.3 Applications of x-type Attenuator : ~ Applications of type attenuators are a follows: 1. Indifferent electronic circuits to reduce the level of, signal In audio amplifiers, = rye attenuator has following features 3. Forimpedance matching, 1 itis asymmetrical network 4 Inthe RF. and microwave ereuits 2. Shunt -Series-Shunt configuration 3.9.4 Comparison of T and x Attenuators 3. Easier impedance matchir ‘a on 1: Comparison of T and x attenuators 4 Flat frequency response over » wide frequency ae ‘Sr | Feature | Attenuator | Pi Attenuator 5. Higher power handling capability oh - 1. [Configuration |Series-shunt- | Shuntseries- Oe eam | | series resistor|shunt resistor 7. Used in applications requiring high power peerasrtie | srangcrarl 8. Applications ~ RF and microwave circuits 2. [Smmmety | Symmetical | Syrmeticat 8. Itisnot easily adjustable. network network TechinouledgeCircuits & Networks 3 sr] Fe TAttenuator | Pi Attenuator No. 3. [impedance | Easier to maten| Easier to match Matching | input and output) input and output impedances _|impedances 4 [Frequency | Generally fat over| Generally fat Response | wide frequency over a wide. range trequency range 5. [Power Typically handles | Generally better Handing | lower power levels | for higher power lcomparedto Pi _ | levels 8 Component [Requires three|Requires tree Count resistors resistors 7. | Design Relatively simple | Relatively Equations | equations simple equations 8. |Usecase | Prefered in| Preferred in ‘applications. | applications requiring low| requiring. higher power power 8. insertion Loss |Depends _on| Depends on resistor values /resistor values ‘and network | and network design design 10. |Commen | Signal attenuation | Impedance Applications [in RF —and|matching in RF microwave circuits | and microwave circuits 11, |Adjustabiity [Fixed values, not] Fixed values, easily adjustable |not easily adjustable 3.10 Filters Definition of fiter : A flteris a “frequency selective’ circuit which is designed to pass a specific band of frequencies and block or attenuate input signals of frequencies outside this band, 3.10.1 Classification of Filters : The filters can be classified as shown in Fig. 3101, 0 (326) Fig. 3.10.1 : General clasification of filters ls output sept Disadvantages of passive fite oso Por nen, analog fers are further classified into the fy ‘The analog a two types: 1. Passive fiers. 2. Active filters. 3.10.2 Passive Filters + Definition Tie fiter configurations using only passive componan, such a resistors, capacitors and inductors are caeg passive filters. The passive fers do net Use any active device such FET or transistors or OP-AMPS. Passive fer have low efficiency and ther frequen, response characteristics are not very sharp, Examples of passive fiters are the RC low pas iter ang RC high pass fiter shown in Fig. 310.2 ia ¢ i+ Impt RS Opa, (2) Low pass filter (©) High pass fiter assive filters (61568) Fig, 310.2: Features of passive filters : 1. Itisnot possible to provide gain. 2. The frequency response isles sharp. 3. The passband and stopband cannot be separied dleary 1. These circuits cannot provide any gain. 2 There is always some loss of signal even in the passband 3. There is no isolation between the input and cust 4. IFinductors are used, then circuit becomes bully 5. Source loading can take place. 6. There is no sudden change in the output wher Switching from passband to stopband. In othe words the frequency response isnot sharp ata 7. Passband and stopbands actually gets mixed There is no clear demarcation between them. Technolce NOS “rt _Terms Relat to Filter pe procedure t0 design, analyze and specify fers is ageret fom the other circuits se fiter performance is specified in terms of the srequency5PN8e, gain and phase shift arations, ‘ne imgartant terms related tothe fiter are quit Frequency Response pein frequency response of a fiter isa graph of Gain (and pase versus frequency = The gain and phase are plotted on the Y-axis while frequency is plotted on the X-axis. The frequency avis sa logarithmic avis. That means ve plot Jog f) on the Xrass in order to cover a lage frequency range ina small space, = The gain plotted on the Yeats is generally sale in decibel (8) 4M12 -3.4B Frequency f.¢9 = Animporant parameter is ~ 348 frequency is This i he fequency at which the poner delvred to the lea reduces to 50% of its maximum vae = The wltage gain at - 3 frequency is 0707 times 61707 % ofthe maximum gin = The -3 68 frequency ofa filter is ako known a8 the cecal frequency cutoff frequency 441.3. Pass band and Stop band : = The frequency response graphs discussed s far are ofa low pas iter. = low pas ter pases al the frequencies below its cu «ff frequency and stops all the frequencies which are shove the critical frequency. ~ Fig. 3211 shows the fequency response ofan ideal low pas fe. an t Analysis of Two Port works ‘The ertleal frequency forms the boundary between the ‘wo bands called as pass band and stop band of the fier. Pass band: Wis the band or range of frequencies which are alowed to pass through to the output by the flter without any attenuation Stop band: It is the band or range of frequencies which are not allowed to pass through othe outpat bythe filter Practical frequency response Practical fequency response is diferent from the ideal ‘The ideal respanse cannot be obtained practically Fig, 311.2 shous the practical frequency response of 8 low pass fer Pos, Seo 08 (225 Fig. 3.11.2: Practical low pas iter response = The =3 frequency f cs forms the boundary between the pass band and stop band, For some fiers gain varies up and down in the pass bond as well as atenuation band ~The amount of pass band ripple allowable inthe pase band san important parameter. 3.42 Types of Filts = Nomatter how afters realized, it comes under one of the five types shown in Fig. 3.122. = The fiters can aso be dassied based on their frequency (200 Fig, 3.12.2: Frequency response of an deat ow pas ter response characteristics as shown in Fig 3122, ~The fiters can also be classed based on their frequency response characterises. a shown in Fig. 3.23, raauleage~ A band stop filter, isthe type of fiter which does not 3.13 Low Pass Filter (LPF) : Definition : Circuits & Networks eee) (4-s27Fig, 3.12.1: Classification of fters based on thele frequency response characteristics 1. Low pass fit ~ A low pass fier is the type of fiter which allows the ‘input frequencies only up to its cutoff frequency f. to Pass through to output without much attenvation, and attenuates the other frequencies heavily 2 High pass filter : ~ Abigh pass fiter, isthe type of fiter which allows the input frequencies only above its cutoff frequency {to ss through to output without much attenuation, and attenuates the other frequencies heavily. 3. Band pass fiter: = Aband pass fter, i the type of fiter which allows the input frequencies only within a certain band (f 0 f) to 'pass through to output without much attenuation, and attenuates the other frequencies heavily Band stop or band reject ter: ‘allow the input frequencies within a certain band (f, tof) to pass through to output but allows the other frequencies to pass through, without much attenuation A low pass fer, is the type of filter which allows the input frequencies only up to its cut off frequency fe to 5s through to output without much attenuation, and attenuates the other frequencies heavly, Atonvation The fequency response characterises of gy lowpass fiter is shown in Fig. 3.13.1(a) dey ee Pass, Attenuation i accn29 Fig. 313.16 enc) Fesponte character ideal low-pass filter Ie shows that a low-pass filter has 20 attenuation fog ‘Oe to the cutoff frequency fe - ALT = fy the The frequencies Between 0 and fe are known 3 pug band frequencies" are known asthe “stop band frequen: whereas the freauences beyond fier attenuation makes 2 sudden transition to a high value ~ Therefore al the frequencies beyond fe are comple, attenuated, 3.13.2 Practical Frequency Respons: ~ Fig. 313116) shows the frequency response of 2 practical low-pass fer. ‘Atniation = It shows that the fiter attenuation does not change suddenly at f= f Instead, 25 f increases, attenuation increases gradually, - aE the attenuation is up by 3 dB and after tt increases ata higher rate as shown in Fig, 3.13.00, 3.13.3. Features of LPF: ~ A passive low pass filter has the following features Technolseuss inductances and capacitors of resistance and caput. cut frequency = the frequency at which the output signal is reduced to 707 % ofthe inpst signal, corresponding to 3 48 isghenby fo = 1/25RC 4 Attenuation: _ pstmution 1s 26% for frequencies lower than the avo frequency. = Beyond the cutoff frequency, the iter attenuates higher fraquencies, The rate of attenvation i typically - 20 per decade 4 Phase shit = The UF frequency oduces @ phase shift that increases with = _Atthe cutoff frequency, the phase shifts —45 degrees Impedance = The mpedance ofthe filter changes with frequency Sw flequencies, the capacitor acts as an open eteuit, and athigh frequencies it acts as a shor cireut. & Frequency response = The output signal amplitude decreases as the input signal frequency increases beyond the cutoff frequency, Simple design : = Posive LPF is easy to design due to the use of only passive components 4 Noamplification : ~ Cannot provide gain te the signal as it only attenuates unwanted frequencies. 3.43.4 Applications of Passive LPF The pasive low pass filter has following applications 1. In audio systems 2. Power supplies 3. Analog signal processing 4 Modulation and demodulation. 5. _Instrumetation and measurement. 6 Control systems 7. Motor drives 8 Medical devices tke £6, 9. Dighal circuits, 3.14 High Pass Filter (HPF) : Definition A high pass fier, isthe type of fiter which allows the input frequencies only above its cut off frequency f to 21s through to output without much attenuation, and attenuates the other frequencies heavily 3.14.1 Ideal Frequency Response The frequency response characteristics of an ideal bigh-pass iter is shown in Fig. 314.(0, tention 'e ‘Ataron pass (Ws82 Fig, 3.14.10): Frequency response characteristics of ‘ideal high-pass iter = shows that a high-pass filter has maximum Bitenuation from Oe tothe cuof fequency f = The frequencies between 0 and fare known as “stop band frequencies" whereas the frequencies beyond fc are known asthe "pass band frequencies. = ALE = fe the fer attenuation makes a sudden transition 102 low value. Therefore, all the Frequencies before fare completely attenuate. 3.14.2 Practical Frequency Response : ~ Fig. 224306) shows the fequency response of practical high-pass ite. tention Sop Paes bang [Tenet it 208] | (ass Fig, 344.206): Frequency response characteristics of practical high-pass iter TechnolFP eg onlin Ciruits 8 Networks “It shows that the fter attenuation does not change suddenly at f= fe Instead, as f increases, attenuation reduces gradually. = Atf = fy the attenuation is down by 3 dB and aftr fit reduces at a higher rate as shown in Fig. 314.210) 3.44.3 Features of Passive HPF: = Appasive high pass filter has the following features 4. Components used : = It uses inductances and capacitors or resistance and capacitor. 2, Cutoff frequency : = The frequency at which the output signal reduced t9 70. % of the input signal, corresponding to-3 8. = Ris given by: fe = 1/2ene 3. Attenuation = Attenuation is maximum for fequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. = Beyond the cutoff frequency, the fiter atenvates reduces for higher frequencies, = The ate of attenuation i typically -20d8 per decade 4. Phase shit = The HPF introduces a phase shift that decreases with frequency, = tthe cutoff frequency, the phase shits + 45 degrees Impedance = Theimpedance ofthe fiter changes with frequency = At low frequencies, the capacitor acts as an open circuit ‘and at high freq asa short circuit. ies, it 6. Frequency response = The output signal amplitude increases as the input signal frequency increases beyond the cutoff frequency. 7. Simple design = Passive HPF is easy to design due to the use of only passive & No amplifies ~ Cannot provide 25 it only attenuates 24 Analysis of Two Port Networg PF F144 Applications of Passiv se pase igh ps itera HOW Ppt, In audio systems ‘Analeg signal process L 2, poner supplies: 3 fi ation systems communi Instrumentation and measurement 6 Control systems 7. Motor dives. Medical devices ike ECG. 8 Digital circuits. 3.15 Band Pass Filter (BPF) Definition : ‘a band pass fiter isthe type of filter, which allows the input frequencies only within a certain band (ft) pas trough fo output without much attention ard attenvetes te other frequencies heavily. 3.15.1. Ideal Frequency Response : = Fig, 325212) shows the frequency charactersis of an ideal band-pass fier. resperse ‘Atenuaton (4-5226 Fig, 3.15.1(2): Frequency response characteristics of ‘deal band pass fer = lis “pass band” extends between the two citef frequencies f and f, with f,> f = The frequencies outside this pass band le in the ‘stp band” or ateruation band, ‘The attenuation will make sudden transitions from high to Oat f= f, and from low to high at Fig. 31510) {yas shown it Technet ‘toits 8 Networks fg 315400) shows the frequency response of racial band pass fier. Aeniaton Sop, Poss: Sep 338 won Fig. 325.0) equency response charactersties of practical band pass filter ~The attenation does not change suddenly at ff, instead it changes gradually and = At the cutoff frequencies f, and f, the attenuation i down by 3 dB with respect to the stop band attenuation, Fequency fe 88 shown in Figs. 3.15.1(8) and (b) lies in between the two cut-off frequencies, tis called a5 the center frequency of the band pass fier: The relation between ff, and fc is as follows f= et 348.3 Features of Passive BPF : 152) ‘passive band pass filter has the following features 1. Components used : ses inductances and capacitors or resistance and capacitor. 2 cutott quencies : Lower Cutoff Frequency (f): The lower frequency limit \shete the signal begins to pass through the fie. Upper Cutoff Frequency (fy): The upper frequency limit where the signal begins to be attenuated, Beth cutoff frequencies define the bandwidth of the fier. Bandwidth (BW) : Bandwidth of a band pass fiter is defined as the range Of frequencies that the fier allows to pass Calculated as aw f E Analysis of Two Port Networks Sye2, Practical Frequency Respon Center frequency (t.) ‘The center frequency is defined as the frequency at the ‘midpoint ofthe bandwidth where the fiter has its peak response. It is given by f= it 3152) 5. Attenuation : Frequencies outside the pass band (both lower and higher frequencies) are attenuated ‘The rate of attenvation typically follows -20 8 per decade fora first-order filter and ~ 40 dB per decade for 8 second-order fier. 8. Phase shitt ‘The fier introduces phase shifts to the signals, which vary with frequency, Phase shifts are typically minimal at the center frequency and increase as the frequencies move away from the center frequency. Impedance : ‘The impedance ofthe fiter changes with frequency ‘At Frequencies within the pass band, the impedance is ‘matched for maximum signal transfer 8. Simple design: Passive BPF is easy to design due to the use of only Passive components 8. No amplification : Cannot provide gain to the signal as it only attenuates Unwanted frequencies. 3.15.4 Applications of Passive BPF : ‘The passive band pas fiterhas folowing applications In aueio systems ‘Communication ystems, Instrumentation and measurement Medical devices tke £6 Wireless communication, Seismology. Instrumentation amplifiers, Modulation and demodulation, Radar systems note