NeuroQuantology|August 2022|Volume20|Issue10|Page 7251-7262|doi:10.14704/nq.2022.20.10.

NQ55716
Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN
CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING
DIFFERENT END CLOSURES
Sandeep S Patil, Research Scholer, JJT University, Rajasthan, India.
Dr. Nitish Kumar Gautam, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JJT
University, Rajasthan, India
Dr.R.J.Patil,Principal,Navasahyadri Educations Society's, Group of Institution,Faculty
of Engineering, Pune.

Abstract

The present work deals with the investigationson stresses in horizontal cylindrical pressure vessel
with different types end closures or heads. The pressure vessel is designed for 35 L volume and 8 bar
pressure following the ASME standard section VIII, Division I of boiler and pressure vessel codes. The
thickness of different cylindrical heads or end closures is calculated by using respective formulae and
it was found that, the thickness vary according to the type of head or end closure. However, in this
present work, the thickness of head is kept constant irrespective of type of heads to identify its
7251
effect on stresses in the cylindrical pressure vessel. Finite element analysis is done to evaluatethe
stress parameters. The 3D modelling and afterword the stress analysis was done using ANSYS
software. Identifiedthe betterend closure for constant thickness and analysed the longitudinal
stressand circumferential stress. Suggested the effective type of end closure for better performance
of the horizontal pressure vessel.
Keywords: Pressure vessel, End closures, Longitudinal stress, Circumferential Stress,
DOINumber:10.14704/nq.2022.20.10.NQ55716 NeuroQuantology 2022;20(10):7251-7262

Introduction: plane formed head, torispherical head,

Pressure vessels are the containers used for hemispherical head, semieliptical head and
storing, receiving orcarrying the fluids. The the conical head. The pressure vessels have
fluid being stored may remain as it isas in case huge applications in industry. The pressure
of storage vessels or may undergo a change of vessels are designed withutmost care,
state inside the pressure vesselas in case of because the failure of the vessel in service
steam boilers or it may react with other may cause losses. Usually,pressure vessels are
reagents as in case of chemical processing of cylindrical or spherical shape. The stresses
pressure vessels.The design of unfired produced will be in the longitudinal direction
pressure vessel consists of the design of its and in the circumferential direction.
components such as Pressure Vessel Shell, Thesestresses are called the longitudinal and
End Closures, Nozzles and Openings, Flanged circumferential stresses. A number of national
JointsandVessel Supports.The present work and internal codes are referred which
focusses on the different types of end specifies the requirements of design,
closures used for horizontal pressure vessels fabrication, inspection and testing of unfired
and its effect on the stresses in pressure pressure vessels.The design of the unfired
vessels. The different types of end closures pressure vessels begins with a selection of the
considered for the analysis are flat head, design parameters such as Design Pressure
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

(Pi), Allowable Stress (𝜎all), and Corrosion the pressure vessels may be brittle such as
Allowance (c). In the unfired pressure vessels, cast iron or ductile such as plain carbon steel
three terms related to pressure are commonly and alloy steel. The most common
used. These are, maximum working pressure, applications of pressure vessels are heat
design pressure and hydrostatic test exchangers, reactors, storage vessels,
pressure.The walls of the pressure vessel are recompressed chamber, distillation towers,
subjected to thinning due to corrosion which nuclear reactor vessel, hydraulic reservoir and
reduces the life of the pressure vessel. Care to storage vessels for liquefied gases such as
be taken to avoid the corrosion. However, this ammonia and chlorine etc.also have
may not be always possible. An allowance applications in various fields such as chemical
istherefore required to be made by suitable industry, pharmaceutical industry, oil and fuel
increase in wall thickness to compensate for industry and plastic industry.
the thinning due to corrosion. The material of

Fig1: Horizontal Pressure Vessel

7252

Literature Review: analysis results. The main objective of design

Thermal stress analysis of horizontal pressure was to provide stabilityof pressure
vessel for different type of materials was vessel(4)[4]. The pressure vessel failure
done. The thickness of the pressure vessel causes has been studied due towels, cracks
shell from was the varying parameter.The and fatigue.Care full design, operation and
crack propagation was also studied. The regular maintenance are required for the
minimum thickness required for the shell and safety(5)[5].Design of the pressure vessel is
end closure was found to be 11mm. Only done using PVElite software. Longitudinal
torispherical and hemispherical heads were stresses, stresses at nozzle and saddle were
used.(1)[1].Thework done was to study the performed. Use of software helps to do
stress effect by varying internal temperatures design calculations at faster reate (6)[6]. The
and design pressures in a LPG cylinder. PVElite study was done on pressure vessel having
software was used for the analysis. Pressure torispherical head and hemispherical head
vessel head thickness required was more than under the internal and external pressures.
the shell thickness was concluded from the Stresses in shell and head were analysed using
design(2)[2].The finite element analysis of a ANSYS. By comparing the stresses at the
fuel carrying pressure vessel is done. The junctions of shell and head, it was found that
design validation was done as per maximum torisphericalhead has less stress value then
principal stress theory and Distortion theory. the hemispherical headatthe junction
maximum principal stress and shear stress (7)[7].Mechanical stresses in the walls of
were estimated.Therewer no considerations pressure vessels can be estimated using
about the end closures (3)[3].The analysis of ultrasonic releigh waves. An experimental
stresses acting on thevessel wall and top dish method to determine the stresses in pressure
were calculated manually and compared with vessel walls(8)[8].The work dealt with the
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

study of horizontal pressure vessel results.The head thickness obtained was more
withdifferent ends closures or heads. The compared to the cylinder thickness. The
effect of constant thickness of different heads maximum stress occurs at the inner side of
having different material were analysed for the heads(15)[15].
the stress effects. Hemspherical type of head
had given the better results.(9)[9]. The investigations on the failure of cylindrical
Optimization of thickness of head and the pressure vessels weredone. The fracture
height of the flange were done using surface stress, the critical stress intensity factor, the
optimization technique and by the design of critical crack length and maximum pressure
experiments.The stress intensity was analysed were estimated. The results showed that
at the openings and optimization of yielding criterion with factor of safety of two
hemispherical head and the head flange were for materials proposed in this work were
done.(10)[10]. applicable to design and construct pressure
vessels under considered internal pressure
The stress intensity parameters for cylindrical and the vessel size.This research workshows
pressure vessels having hemispherical head, the effects of design parameters in terms of
torispherical head, semiellipsoidal head and material strength and internal pressure of
toriconical head were analysed. The effect of pressure vessels(16)[16].The thin-walled
head parameters and shell parameters were pressure vessel heads subjected to internal
studied by the application of ANSYS(11)[11]. pressure were studied. Shape and thickness
The paper presents the study of edge effect optimization of heads was done. The two-
due to the bending and torsion effects in variable considered for the study are depth
pressure vessels having non-standard end and volume of cylinder heads.It was observed
closures. Analytical and numerical results that that higher order Bézier polynomials
were investigated. Due to the edge effect always generated the better results (17)[17].
stress concentration areas will develop in This study gives details about the buckling
pressure vessels at junctions (12)[12]. The behaviour of cylindrical pressure vessels
experimental and numerical analyses of the having hemispherical heads under hydrostatic
pressure vessels with different flat ends pressure.The buckling load due to the
arepresented and discussed. The main aim of geometric parameters of vessel shell such as
the study was to propose the optimal flat thickness, length and volume were
headend geometry. Itwas found that the investigated. At uniform hydrostatic pressure
pressure vessels with ellipticshapes used will the vessel shell undergoes more bucking
be of optimal choice(13)[13].Theanalysis is compared to the hemispherical head
aimed at finding a shape of the head that (18)[18].The paper describes a problem of
ensures its suistance of stressesdevelpoped. stress concentration in cylindrical pressure
Incase oftorispherical or ellipsoidal head the vessel having ellipsoidal head subjected to
region of its joint with the cylindrical shell will internal pressure. A shear force and bending 7253
haveshearforce and bending moment.Due to moment occurs at the junction of shell and
load high bending stress will occur in the area head. Numerical analysis of stress
of the joints.Therefore, a shape of a head will concentration was studied. As the thickness of
have the importance. The numerical solution head increases the stress concentration also
gives the shape of the head and its increases. (19)[19]. This paper discusses about
minimumrelative convexity(14)[14].Stresses in the flat end type of heads in pressure vessels.
thin-walled pressure vessels with ellipsoidal The results of the paper shown that the stress
heads were investigated.Calculations were concentration areas and the plastic
done with the help of a digital computer for a deformations can be possibly eliminated.
useful range of the vessel shell Strong stress relief grooves were introduced
parameters.Comparative studies were made and the results were compared with the flat
with theavailable experimental and analytical ends (20)[20]. Analysis of stressed state in
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

torispherical and elliptical heads of pressure stresses increase with increase in wall
vessels has been analysed. The compressive thinness of the head(21)[21].

Stresses in cylindrical pressure vessels

Fig: 2: Stresses in pressure vessel

The Fig.2 shows acylindrical pressure vessel put under internalpressure. On the pressure vessel
wallthe stress elementsare shown whosefaces are perpendicular and parallel to the pressure vessels
axis. The normalstresses σ1 and σ2are acting perpendicular to the axis and parallel to the axis of the
pressure vessels as shown. Because of thesymmetry of the pressure vessel shell and its loading,
shear stresses do not acton the faces. As a result, stresses σ1 and σ2are primary stresses. The stress
σ1 is known as the hoop stress or circumferentialstress,and stressσ2is known as the axial stress
orlongitudinal stress.

Hoops Stress or circumferential stress

The hoop stress or circumferential stressσ1 will be acting as shown in fig.2 the equation is givenby
7254
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑐 =
2𝑡
Longitudinal Stress

The Longitudinal stressσ2 will be acting as shown in fig.2 the equation is given by
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
The thickness of horizontal pressure vessel shell is given by
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑡𝑠 = +𝑐
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ𝑐 − 𝑝𝑖

End closures in unfired horizontal pressure vessels

Table:1 End closure/head details

Type of End Closure / head Geometry Thickness of head equation
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

𝑝𝑖
Flat Head 𝑡ℎ = 0.7𝑑𝑖 √ +𝑐
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑝𝑖
Plain Formed Head 𝑡ℎ = 0.4𝑑𝑖 √ +𝑐
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

Torispherical Dished Head 1.77 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝐶

𝑡ℎ = +𝑐
2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 0.2𝑝𝑖

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐
SemiElliptica1 Dished Head 2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 0.2𝑝𝑖

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 0.4𝑝𝑖
Hemispherical Head

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐
Conical Head (2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 𝑝𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
7255

In this present work the different heads considered are flat head, plain formed head,
torisphericaldished head, semi - elliptical dished head, hemispherical head and conical head.The
heads are welded with the main vessel shell. The pressure vessel is designed for 35 L volume
capacity and 8 bar pressure.Table1 shows the details of all types of head used and also the formulae
for calculating the thickness of corresponding heads as per the ASME standard section VIII, Division I
of boiler and pressure vessel hand book.

Design calculations of the pressure vessel

A horizontal pressure vessel was required for storing 35L gas at a pressure of 8bar for an industrial
application. The pressure vessel diameter is 500mm, length of the vessel is 300mm.

The thickness of vessel shell is

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑡𝑠 = +𝑐
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ𝑐 − 𝑝𝑖

0.8𝑋500
𝑡𝑠 = + 3 = 3.75mm
4𝑋155.33𝑋0.85 − 0.8

Circumferential stress
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.8X500
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑡 = = = 53.33N/mm2
2𝑡 2X3.75
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

Longitudinal Stress
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.8X500
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑙1 = = = 26.66N/mm2
4𝑡 4X3.75

End closure thickness calculations

Thickness of flat head

𝑝𝑖 0.8
𝑡ℎ = 0.7𝑑𝑖 √ + 𝑐 = 0.7X500√ + 3 = 28mm
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 155.33

Thickness of plain formed head

𝑝𝑖 0.8
𝑡ℎ = 0.4𝑑𝑖 √ + 𝑐 = 0.4X500√ + 3 = 17.35mm
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 155.33

Thickness of torispherical head

1.77 pi R C 1.77X0.8X250
th = +c = + 3 = 3.34mm
2σall ղ − 0.2pi 2X155.33X0.85 − 0.2X0.8

Thicknes of semi eleptical head

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.8X500
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐 = + 3 = 4.51mm 7256
2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 0.2𝑝𝑖 2X155.33X0.85 − 0.2X0.8

Thickness of hemispherical head

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.8X500
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐 = + 3 = 3.75mm
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 0.4𝑝𝑖 4X155.33X0.85 − 0.4X0.8

The thickness of conical head

𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝑖 0.8X500
𝑡ℎ = +𝑐 = + 3 = 4.75mm
(2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ղ − 𝑝𝑖 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ (2X155.33X0.85 − 0.8)cos30

3D Modelling and Stress Annalysis [9]

Fig. 3. 3-D Model of Elliptical Head Cylinder Fig. 4. 3-D Model of Hemispherical Head
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

Cylinder.

Fig.5. 3D Model of Plain Formed Head Cylinder.

Fig.6. 3D Model of Torispherical Head Cylinder.

Fig.8. Application of pressure for 7257

Fig.7 Application of pressure for longitudinal circumferentialstress
Stress.

Fig.9. Longitudinal Stress in Elliptical head

cylinder Fig. 10. Longitudinal Stress in Plain Formed
head cylinder.

12. Longitudinal Stress for low carbon steel.

Fig.11. Longitudinal Stress in Torispherical head
cylinder.

Fig.14. circumferentialstress in low carbon stee

Fig.13. Longitudinal Stress in Hemispherical
head cylinder.

MaterialProperties of Pressure Vessel

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Table.2: Material of Pressure Vessel

Material Properties
Density (kg/m^3) 7850
Young’s Modulus (Pa) 2.1 E +11
Poisson’s Ratio 0.29
Bulk Modulus (Pa) 1.6667E+11
Low Carbon Steel Shear Modulus (Pa) 8.1395E + 11
Tensile Yield Strength (Pa) 2.33 E + 08
Compressive Yield Strength (Pa) 2.33 E + 08
Tensile Ultimate Strength (Pa) 3.65 E + 08
Compressive Ultimate Strength (Pa) 3.65 E + 08

Results and Discussions

Table.3: Stress values with varying head thickness
Sr No Type of Head pi N/mm2 di mm t mm σlN/mm2 σcN/mm2
1 Flat 0.8 500 28 3.57 7.14
2 Plain formed 0.8 500 17.35 5.76 11.53
3 Torispherical 0.8 500 3.34 29.94 59.88
4 Semi eleptical 0.8 500 4.51 22.17 44.35 7258
5 Hemispherical 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
6 Conical 0.8 500 4.75 21.05 42.11

Table.4:Stress values with constant head thickness

Sr No Type of Head pi N/mm2 di mm t mm σlN/mm2 σcN/mm2
1 Flat 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
2 Plain formed 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
3 Torispherical 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
4 Semi eleptical 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
5 Hemispherical 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
6 Conical 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33

Table.5: Stress values with varying internal pressure

Sr No Type of Head pi N/mm2 di mm t mm σlN/mm2 σcN/mm2
1 Flat 0.8 500 3.75 26.67 53.33
2 Plain formed 0.9 500 3.75 30.00 60.00
3 Torispherical 1 500 3.75 33.33 66.67
4 Semi eleptical 1.1 500 3.75 36.67 73.33
5 Hemispherical 1.2 500 3.75 40.00 80.00
6 Conical 1.3 500 3.75 43.33 86.67

Table.6:Stress values with varying shell diameter and thickness of head

Sr No Type of Head pi N/mm2 di mm t mm σlN/mm2 σcN/mm2
1 Flat 0.8 475 28 3.39 6.79
2 Plain formed 0.8 480 17.35 5.53 11.07
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3 Torispherical 0.8 485 3.34 29.04 58.08

4 Semi eleptical 0.8 490 4.51 21.73 43.46
5 Hemispherical 0.8 495 3.75 26.40 52.80
6 Conical 0.8 500 4.75 21.05 42.11

Stress Vs Varying Head Thickness

(Constant di)
70.00
59.88
60.00 53.33
44.35
l Stress N/mm2

50.00 42.11
40.00
29.94
26.67
30.00 22.17 21.05 Longitudinal Stress
20.00 11.53 Circumferential Stress
7.14 5.76
10.00 3.57
0.00
28 17.35 3.34 4.51 3.75 4.75
Head Thickness mm

Fig. 15. Stress Vs Varying Head Thickness(Constant di) 7259

Stress Vs Constant Head Thickness

60.00 53.33 53.33 53.33 53.33 53.33 53.33
Stress N/mm2

50.00

40.00
26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67
30.00

20.00 Longitudinal Stress

10.00 Circumferential Stress

0.00
3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75
Head Thickness mm

Fig. 16. Stress Vs Constant Head Thickness

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Stress Vs Internal Pressure

100.00 86.67
80.00
73.33
80.00 66.67
Stress N/mm2 60.00
53.33
60.00
43.33
33.33 36.67 40.00
Longitudinal Stress
40.00 26.67 30.00
Circumferential Stress
20.00

0.00
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Internal Pressure N/mm2

Fig. 17. Stress Vs Internal Pressure

Stress Vs Head Thickness

(Varying di)
70.00
58.08
60.00 52.80
50.00 43.46
Stress N/mm2

42.11
40.00
29.04
26.40
30.00 21.73 21.05 Longitudinal Stress
20.00 Circumferential Stress
11.07
6.79 5.53
10.00 3.39
0.00
28 17.35 3.34 4.51 3.75 4.75
Head Thickness mm
7260
Fig. 18. Stress Vs Head Thickness(Varying di)
Conclusion was for the flat type of head as 28mm
Investigationsof longitudinal and [Table3]. The longitudinal and circumferential
circumferential stressesin a horizontal stresses induced in cylindrical pressure
pressure vessel with different end closures vesselhaving flat headwas the lowest among
andhaving a capacity of 35L volume at 8 bar all types of heads and the stress
pressure is carried out. The analytical results valuesare3.57 N/mm2and 7.14 N/mm2
are compared with the numerical results. The respectively[Table3]. The highest longitudinal
different heads or end closures considered for and circumferential stress value obtained was
the investigations are flat head, plain formed for torispherical type of head the stress values
head, torispherical dished head, obtained are 29.94 N/mm2 and 59.88 N/mm2
semielipticaldished head, hemispherical head respectively[Table3]. The diameter and the
and conical head. The different head Internal pressure in the pressure were kept
thicknesses are calculated using the constant. For flat head type the stress was
respective head thickness formula. The minimum but thickness was too high as
minimum thickness obtained was for the almost 7 times the thickness of vessel shell.
torispherical type of head as 3.34mm Soit will have complexities during welding
[Table3]. The maximum thickness obtained process and due to variation of thickness of
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Sandeep S Patil et al / INVESTIGATIONS ON STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS HAVING DIFFERENT END CLOSURES

shell and head stress concentration areas will (IJLTEMAS)Volume VI, Issue V, ISSN 2278-
develop. The thickness of cylindrical vessel 2540, page 1-3
shell(ts)obtained was 3.75mm and the [4]. A. Devaraju, K. Pazhanivel
thickness for hemispherical type of head (2015), “A Study on stress analysis for
obtained was also 3.75mm. For further design of pressure vessel”, International
investigations the thickness of head Journal of Mechanical and Production
considered was 3.75mm as constant and the Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3,
other parameters like internal pressure and Issue-11, page 98-101
shell diameter were varied and the effects on [5]. M. A. Khattak. A. Mukhtar and
longitudinal stresses and circumferential K. Azam Khan (2016), “Common root
stresses were studied. The maximum values causes of pressure vessel failures”, A
oflongitudinal stress and circumferential Review, Journal of Advanced Research in
stress at 8bar pressure and 3.75mm head Applied Mechanics, ISSN (online): 2289-
thickness for hemispherical type of headare 7895 | Vol. 21, No. 1. Pages 22-37.
26.67 N/mm2 and 53.33 N/mm2respectively [6]. Vijay Kumar, Pardeep
[Table 4].Also The maximum values of Kumar(2014), “Mechanical design of
longitudinal stress and circumferential stress pressure vessel by using PV Elite
at 12 bar pressure and 3.75mm head software”, International Journal of
thickness for hemispherical type of head are Scientific and Research Publications,
40 N/mm2 and 80 N/mm2 respectively [Table Volume 4, Issue 4, ISSN 2250-3153.
4].The longitudinal and circumferential stress [7]. Merlin J. Thattil,
values obtained are compared with the ChitaranjanPany(2017), “Design and
results of stress values obtained by ANSYS analysis of pressure vessel with different
andit was found that the results are almost end domes”, International Journal of
same. Hence the results are verified and can Science, Engineering and Technology
be concluded that for constant thickness with Research (IJSETR) Volume 06, Issue 08, 7261
alltype of heads the hemispherical head is the ISSN: 2278 -7798 page 1225-1233.a
better choice for the designed pressure [8]. Yonka Ivanova (2022), “Study
vessel. of mechanical stresses in thin-walled
pressure vessels using ultrasonic
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