PMSG BASED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

by
TANISHKA SINGH (1802921163)

SHUBHAM UPADHYAY(1802921155)

SHREYA TOMAR (1802921151)

Submitted to the Department of Electrical And Electronics Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Supervised by
PROF. ARIKA SINGH

KIET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GHAZIABAD, UTTAR PRADESH

Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, U.P.

May, 2021-22
 TABLE OF CONTENT Page No.
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………..iv
CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………v
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………….vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………..viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………...ix
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….. x

1) INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..…….……..11
1.1) Wind Energy Conversion System……………………………….……..……...11
1.2) Software Used………………………………………………….………..…….13

2) WIND CHARACTERISTICS AND EQUATIONS……..…….……….….…..14

2.1) Introduction……….…………………………………………….…….………..14
2.2) Characteristics of Wind Turbines…….…………………………….………….14
2.3) Wind energy conversion system………………………………….….………...15
2.4) Wind Turbine Technology………………………………………….…………17
2.5) Chapter Conclusion……………………………………………….…………...18

3) TYPES OF GENERATORS AND WECS MODELS………………....….…19

3.1) Synchronous Generators Driven by a Wind Turbine……………………….…19
3.2) Induction Generators Driven by a Wind Turbine…………………….………..20
3.3) Permanent magnet synchronous generators………………………….………...22
3.4) WECS model………………………………………………...…….…………..22
3.5) Current Wind Turbine Technology……………………………………………24

4) POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

4.1) Introduction………………………………………………………………….…26
4.2) Diode Rectifier………………………………………………………………....26
4.3) DC-DC Converters……………………………………………………………..27
4.4) IGBT……………………………………………………………………………29
4.5) Conclusion………………………………………………………………...……31

5) ABOUT MATLAB/SIMULINK …………………………………….……………33

5.1) From Concept To Operation……………………………………………………33
5.2) Design And Simulate Your System Before Moving To Hardware……...……..33
5.3) Design, Analyze And Test System Software And Architectures………...…….34

6) SIMULINK SYSTEM MODEL AND RESULT…………………...…………...35

6.1) System Model…………………………………………………………………...35
6.2) Result……………………………………………………………………………37

7) CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE…………………………….……………39

7.1) Conclusion………………………………………………………………………39
7.2) Future Scope…………………………………………………………………….39
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………41
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or
diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature:

Name: Shubham Upadhyay Shreya Tomar Tanishka singh

Roll No.: 1802921155 1802921151 1802921163

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “PMSG based wind energy conversion system”
which is submitted by Shubham Upadhyay, Shreya Tomar, Tanishka Singh in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, U.P., Lucknow, is a
record of the candidate own work carried out by him under my/our supervision. The matter
embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: Supervisor: Professor Arika Singh

 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO. TITLE

1.1 Wind Energy Conversion System

1.2 Wind Turbine Module

2.1 Turbine power characteristics

2.2 TSR Curve

2.3 Power coefficient versus the tip speed ratio

2.4 Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

3.1 Synchronous Generators

3.2 SCIG driven by a wind turbine

3.3 DFIG driven by a wind turbine

3.4 WECS Model

3.5 Fixed speed wind turbine

3.6 Variable speed wind turbine

4.1 Three-phase diode rectifier

4.2 Buck converter

4.3 Boost Converter

4.4 Buck-boost converter

4.5 SEPIC converter

4.6 Symbol of an N-channel IGBT

4.7 Typical IGBT Structure

4.8 Simplified equivalent circuit of IGBT

4.9 Internal structure of IGBT
6.1 System Result

6.2 System Sub Model

6.3 Simulation Result-1

6.4 Simulation Result-2

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WECS- Wind Energy Conversion System

SCIG- Squirrel Cage Induction Generator

DFIG- Doubly Fed Induction Generator

PMSG- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B.
Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to our guide/guides Professor Arika Singh Department
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Krishna Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ghaziabad for
his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that
our endeavors have seen light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor N K Gupta, Head,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Krishna Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Ghaziabad for his full support and assistance during the development of the project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the
department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not
the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature:

Name : Shreya Tomar

Roll No.: 1802921151

Date :

Signature:

Name : Shubham Upadhyay

Roll No.: 1802921155

Date :

Signature:

Name : Tanishka Singh

Roll No.: 1802921163

Date :
 ABSTRACT

Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources that is being used today. There is a system called
as wind energy conversion system popularly known as WECS which is used in the conversion of this widely available
wind energy source into different forms for further use. There are different types of generators that are used for this
purpose such as Permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG), Squirrel cage Induction generator(SCIG), Doubly
fed Induction generator(DFIG) etc.
WECSs are widely used in distributed generation systems, microgrids, and smart grids today, as well as in stand-alone
systems for supplying electricity to isolated loads. In order to maximise the energy production of the wind turbines
and transport the wind-generated energy to the customer with high efficiency and suitable power quality, effective
energy management methods must be used in all of these applications. WECSs are widely used in distributed
generation systems, microgrids, and smart grids today, as well as in stand-alone systems for supplying electricity to
isolated loads. In order to maximise the energy production of the wind turbines and transport the wind-generated
energy to the customer with high efficiency and suitable power quality, effective energy management methods must
be used in all of these applications.
In this research paper we have studied wind energy conversion system(WECS) by using Permanent magnet
synchronous generator(PMSG).
Here we have shown different characteristics that are related with the different inputs and outputs used in WECS.

10
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, which are considered traditional sources of power
generation, combined with the high level of pollution connected with them, has turned the
attention to harvesting non-conventional energy sources such as wind and solar energy for
power generation. The report presents renewable energy conversion strategy that incorporates
wind energy sources.

Wind energy conversion systems transform the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical
energy, which is then fed into the grid. Wind turbine blades, whose rotor is attached to the shaft
of electric generators, catch the energy. The turbine blades are rotated by the wind, which drives
the electric generators, resulting in the generation of electricity at the machine's output. The
power output of such wind energy conversion systems is determined by the wind speed and
turbine blade pitch angle. For fixed-speed operation, squirrel-cage induction devices were
initially utilized in wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). Later on, variable-speed wind
energy systems appeared, and doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) became more common.
The use of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) represents a step forward in
this field . Variable speed wind energy systems are more efficient than fixed speed systems
when it comes to obtaining maximum power from wind energy. At varied wind speeds and
blade pitch angle values, several maximum power point tracking systems are employed to
harness the complete energy from wind. Pitch angle control, on the other hand, is rarely used
in low-speed systems that use PMSGs. The electricity generated by wind must be fed into the
AC grid. There are several power electronic converters available. Grid-side converters
(inverters) are critical for achieving the AC grid's tight voltage and frequency standards.

1.1 Wind Energy Conversion System

Wind Energy Conversion Systems are systems that transform wind energy into mechanical
power. Wind turbine generators transform mechanical energy into electricity, which is then
utilised to do things like pump water, process grains, or move machinery in windmills.

11
 Fig 1.1 Wind Energy Conversion System

Due to the depletion of existing fossil fuel reserves and rising worries about CO2 emissions,
renewable energy supplies, particularly wind energy, have gained a lot of attention. Wind
energy conversion systems (WECS) with variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) have been
widely used since the late 1990s to maximise wind energy use. The most common wind energy
conversion methods are the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and direct-drive permanent
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Because of its excellent efficiency and dependability,
the direct-drive PMSG has gotten a lot of attention. A common direct-drive WECS with PMSG
arrangement.

The PMSG converts mechanical wind turbine output into ac electrical power, which is
subsequently fed into the grid via a power electronic converter . The general configuration of
a PMSG-based WECS . The wind turbine, generator, rectifier, inverter, and grid are the major
components of a wind energy conversion system.

Variable speed generators are utilised in wind turbines in a variety of ways. Despite the fact
that the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is more widely utilised nowadays than the
permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG), the PMSG offers some advantages that
are considered experts. PMSG is unique in that it is direct drive, has a low rotational speed, no
rotor current, and may be used without a gearbox. The high efficiency and minimal
maintenance will lower the cost of investment, which is the most important consideration.
PMSG, on the other hand, has several flaws. It requires an electromagnetic field with a flexible

12
structure, which leads to a high level of production and operation. Furthermore, the power
inverter must be aware of the generator's fluctuating speed.

Fig 1.2 Wind Turbine Module

1.2 Software Used

In this project, we have been used MATLAB as a software to design the model of our project.
MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to get the simulation results, this helps virtually that how system
will work and what are the changes we need.

13
 CHAPTER 2
WIND CHARACTERISTICS AND EQUATIONS

2.1 Introduction
Over the previous two decades, wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have seen a steady
increase in electricity generation. Through the aerodynamically built blades of a wind turbine,
these devices catch the kinetic energy of the wind and use it to operate a generator, which
produces electrical power. This chapter covers the wind turbines and generators that are used
to convert wind energy.
The use of wind turbines to generate electricity is known as wind power or wind energy. Sails,
windmills, and wind pumps have all harnessed wind power in the past. Wind energy is a
popular, renewable energy source that has a far lower environmental impact than burning fossil
fuels. Many individual wind turbines are connected to the electric power transmission network
to form wind farms.

2.2 Characteristics of Wind Turbines

Figure 2.1 Depicts the power characteristics of a typical wind turbine. Gives the mechanical
power output of a wind turbine.
Where is the turbine power, R is the turbine radius, is the wind speed, and is the aerodynamic
power coefficient, which is a function of pitch angle and TSR).
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: rather than using electricity to create wind (like a
fan does), they utilise wind to create electricity. The propeller-like blades of a turbine are turned
by the wind around a rotor, which spins a generator, which generates energy.
The aerodynamic force of the rotor blades, which act similarly to an aeroplane wing or
helicopter rotor blade, converts wind energy into electricity in a wind turbine. The air pressure
on one side of the blade lowers when wind blows across it. Lift and drag are created by the
differential in air pressure across the two sides of the blade. The lift force is greater than the
drag force, causing the rotor to spin. The rotor is connected to the generator either directly (if
it's a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox), which speeds up
the rotation and allows the generator to be physically smaller. The conversion of aerodynamic
force to generator rotation generates power.

14
 Fig 2.1 Turbine power characteristics

Fig 2.2 TSR Curve

To successfully deploy wind energy, we need to have the resources and the transmission to
carry the electrical energy product to the load centers. Abundant resources can be profitable
only if we can generate low-cost wind energy. The transmission line, the strength of the grid,
and the proximity of the wind resource to the load center are all important factors in successful
wind deployment.
2.3 Wind energy conversion system
2.3.1. Wind power extraction principle
The power carried in wind cannot be completely converted to mechanical energy of a wind

15
turbine. The theoretical maximum of mechanical efficiency of energy extraction from wind
was discovered by Betz in 1926, according to which a wind turbine could harness only 59% of
the wind power.
P = 0.5 Av3C
Power coefficient (Cp) indicates the aerodynamic efficiency and is given as the ratio of
extracted power to the power contained in wind. For every wind turbine, there is a distinct
relationship between power coefficient and Tip Speed Ratio (TSR), seen in Figure 2.3
Maximum power coefficient occurs at a specific TSR. The mechanical power of the turbine
blade is a function of the rotational speed, and the converted power is maximized at the
particular rotational speed for various wind speeds. It does not rise indefinitely as speed
increases, because as speed increases the TSR increases and Cp decreases.

Fig 2.3 Power coefficient versus the tip speed ratio; (b) Mechanical power versus rotor
speed characteristics.

Derivation of Wind Energy Formula

The kinetic energy of an item with mass m and velocity v under constant acceleration is equal
to the work done W in displacing that object from its original position.

Under a force F, rest to a distance s, i.e.

E = W = Fs
According to Newton’s Law, we have:

F = ma
Hence,

E = mas … (1)
Using the third equation of motion:

v2 = u2 + 2as
we get:

16
a = (v2 – u2)/2s
Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, i.e.

u = 0 , we get:

a = v2/2s
Substituting it in equation (1), we get that the

kinetic energy of a mass in motions is:

E = 1/2mv2……….(2)
The power in the wind is given by the rate of

change of energy:

P = dE/dt = 1/2v2dm/dt ……..(3)

As mass flow rate is given by:

dm/dt = ρAdx/dt
and the rate of change of distance is given by:

dx/dt = v
we get:

dm/dt = ρAv
Hence, from equation (3), the power can be

defined as:

P = 1/2ρAv3

2.4 Wind Turbine Technology

Any wind power conversion system would be incomplete without a wind turbine. It is
essentially the prime mover for the electrical generator attached to its shaft. Wind turbines are
classed as horizontal or vertical axis depending on their orientation, as well as fixed or variable
speed depending on their manner of operation.

2.4.1 Wind Turbines with Horizontal and Vertical Axes

17
Wind turbines are classified as horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) or vertical axis wind
turbines (VAWT) based on the orientation of its rotor shaft's rotational axis (VAWT). The
structure of vertical and horizontal axis turbines is depicted in Figure 5-1.
The rotating axis of the rotor shaft of horizontal axis wind turbines is parallel to the ground.
Horizontal axis wind turbines are used in the majority of modern wind energy systems.
They offer a greater energy conversion efficiency than their vertical axis equivalents and power
regulation capabilities such blade pitch angle adjustment. However, their downside is the
expensive cost of installation. The rotating axis of the rotor shaft of vertical axis wind turbines
is perpendicular to the earth. They are less expensive to build and maintain, and they can run
regardless of wind direction. However, they have a low energy conversion efficiency and are
prone to mechanical vibrations, resulting in larger torque output fluctuations.

Fig 2.4 Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

2.5 Chapter Conclusion

This chapter contains a detailed discussion on the basics of wind turbines and why they are
being used. Also this chapter contains the power and energy equations of wind. These equations
are used to determine the power and other characteristics of the wind which are further used to
determine the wind characteristics.

18
 CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF GENERATORS AND WECS MODELS

3.1 Synchronous Generators Driven by a Wind Turbine:

A synchronous generator consists of a stator that feeds the external load with a series of three-
phase windings and a rotor that contains a magnetic field source. Permanent magnets or direct
electricity flowing via a winding field can power the rotor.

Fig 3.1 Synchronous Generators

3.1.1 Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG) Driven by a Wind Turbine:

A four-quadrant power converter with two back-to-back sinusoidal PWM connects the stator
winding to the network. The machine side converter controls electromagnetic torque, whereas
the grid side converter controls actual and reactive power sent to the utility by the WPS. The
Wound Field Synchronous Generator provides a number of benefits, including:
• Because it uses the entire stator current for electromagnetic torque generation, this machine
has a high efficiency.
• The fundamental advantage of using a wound field synchronous generator with salient pole
is that it provides direct control of the machine's power factor, allowing the stator current to be
minimised under all operating conditions.
When compared to permanent magnet synchronous generators, the presence of a winding
circuit in the rotor may be a disadvantage. In addition, the converter must be sized 1.2 times
the WPS rated power to regulate the active and reactive power generated.

3.1.2 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Driven by a Wind Turbine:

For power generation, a permanent magnet synchronous generator has been used in a variety
of configurations. A permanent magnet synchronous generator was connected to a three-phase

19
rectifier and then a boost converter in one of them. The electromagnet torque is controlled by
the boost converter in this scenario. The use of a diode rectifier, which increases the current
amplitude and distortion of the PMSG, is one disadvantage of this arrangement. As a result,
this setup has been evaluated for small-scale wind power systems (WPS) (smaller than 50 kW).
A PWM rectifier is placed between the generator and the DC link in another PMSG design,
while another PWM inverter is connected to the network. The benefit of using field orientation
control (FOC) in this system is that it allows the generator to operate at its ideal working point,
reducing losses in the generator and power electronic circuit. The performance, however, is
contingent on a thorough understanding of the generating parameter, which fluctuates with
temperature and frequency. The main disadvantages of using PMSG are the high cost of
permanent magnets, which raises the machine's price, the permanent magnet material's
demagnetization, and the inability to manage the machine's power factor.

3.2 Induction Generators Driven by a Variable Speed Wind Turbine:

The induction generator is the most common form of AC generator used in wind turbines. The
squirrel cage and wound rotor induction generators are the two types of induction generators
utilised in wind turbines.

3.2.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) Driven by a Wind Turbine

Three-phase squirrel cage induction generators are commonly used in stand-alone power
systems that use renewable energy sources such as hydropower and wind power. This is
because these generators have advantages over traditional synchronous generators. The
following are the key benefits: lower unit cost, no separate d.c. source for excitation,
ruggedness, brushless rotor construction, and ease of maintenance. If the rotor of a three-phase
induction machine is externally driven at a reasonable speed and a three-phase capacitor bank
of adequate value is connected across the stator terminals, it can be used as a self-excited
induction generator. This generation system's stator winding is connected to the grid via a four-
quadrant power converter made up of two PWM VSI coupled back-to-back via a DC

20
connection.

n
:
1

c
d
V C

Fig 3.2 Squirrel Cage Induction machine (SCIG) driven by a wind turbine.

The machine side converter's control system adjusts electromagnetic torque and supplies
reactive power to keep the machine magnetised. The grid side converter regulates the actual
and reactive power sent from the system to the utility, as well as the DC connection, although
there are certain disadvantages to using a squirrel cage induction generator:
• Control of a complex system whose success is reliant on a thorough understanding of the
generator parameter, which fluctuates with magnetic saturation, temperature, and frequency.
• To meet the machine's magnetising requirements, the stator side converter must be enlarged
by 30-50 percent of the rated power.

3.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Driven by a Wind Turbine

The wind power system depicted consists of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), with the
stator winding directly connected to the network and the rotor winding connected to the
network via a four quadrant power converter with two back-to-back sinusoidal PWM. The
thyristor converter can be utilised, although its performance is limited. Typically, the rotor side
converter's controller adjusts electromagnetic torque and delivers a portion of the reactive
power to keep the machine magnetised. The DC link, on the other hand, is regulated by the
grid side converter's controller. This DFIG has the following advantages over synchronous
generators:
• Because inverter ratings typically account for 25% of total system power, inverter costs are
reduced. Because the converters just need to control the rotor's slip power, this is the case.

21
• Because inverter filters are rated for 0.25 p.u. total system power, and inverter harmonics are
a smaller fraction of total system harmonics, the inverter filter has a lower cost.

n
:1
n
:1

cd
V

Fig 3.3 Doubly fed wound rotor induction generator driven by a wind turbine

3.3 PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator)

The use of PMSG allows direct-drive systems to be created, avoiding the need for a gearbox
and resulting in lower system maintenance. With PMSG, a voltage source full power converter
(AC/DC/AC) is used to help decouple the generator from the grid. Figure 1 shows a schematic
of a PMSG.
PMSG has the following advantages:
• Full speed range;
• No requirement for gear systems.
• Both active and reactive powers can be completely regulated.
• They're brushless and low-maintenance.
• There is no need for a field power converter.
Limitations of the PMSG:
• A permanent magnet is required.
• In the event of a direct driven topology, a multipole generator is necessary.
• Power converter with full scale.

3.4 WECS Models

Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are machines that convert wind energy into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is turned into electricity by wind turbine
generators, and then used to do work like pumping water, milling grains, or driving machines

22
by windmills. The first windmills were most likely vertical axis windmills used for grain
milling in Persia around 200 BC. They had a number of arms on which sails were fixed, the
sails being manufactured initially from reed bundles.
Horizontal axis-mounted windmills originally appeared in the Mediterranean region during the
ninth century. These windmills were positioned to face the prevailing coastal winds on a
permanent basis. Horizontal windmills were first used in Europe several hundred years later,
with a manual mechanism that turned the entire windmill to face the wind. These were used
for grain processing and water pumping.
WECS is one of the most widely used renewable energy technology in off-grid HRES. Wind
energy is often used in poor nations where centralised utility grids do not exist or where they
do exist but the transmission infrastructure is inadequate In this manner, WECS could be used
to power homes, companies, farms, and other facilities, either alone or in combination with
other renewable energy systems. End-users benefit from a more consistent and stable energy
supply in this way.

Fig 3.4 WECS Model

Wind energy is one of the cheapest forms of electric power generation and is environment
friendly. These factors have contributed to the steady rise in the development of use of
renewable source of energy for power production an other purposes. To achieve this
transformation of wind energy into some useful form of energy we use Wind Energy
Conversion System. (WECS).
InWind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) a typical wind power conversion system is
illustrated in and it consists of the turbine rotor, gearbox, generator, transformer and
power converter stage.Both "wind energy" and "wind power" refer to the process of using
the wind to generate mechanical or electrical power. This mechanical energy can be used
for specialised purposes (such as grinding grain or pumping water), or it can be converted

23
to electricity using a generator.
wind energy conversion system is a device that converts the kinetic energy of the wind
into mechanical energy that can be utilised to power machinery (grain mills, water pumps,
and so on) and/or run an electrical generator. Also see wind energy. Wind energy
conversion has become a dependable and competitive means of electric power generation
because to substantial R&D work over the last 30 years. Modern wind turbines have a
life duration of 20 to 25 years, which is comparable to many other traditional power
generation technologies. Commercial wind power plant availability is currently about 98
percent. Wind power costs have continued to fall as a result of technological
advancements, increasing production, and the usage of larger turbines. A wind turbine, a
generator, connecting devices, and control systems are the main components of a
conventional wind energy conversion system. Generators for wind turbines will be
synchronous generators, permanent magnet synchronous generators, and induction
generators, including squirrel-cage and wound rotor types, for the time being and in the
near future. Permanent magnet generators and squirrel-cage induction generators are
frequently employed in small to medium-power wind turbines due to their dependability
and economic advantages. Various high-power wind turbines use induction generators,
permanent magnet synchronous generators, and winding field synchronous generators.
Devices that perform power control, soft start, and connectivity operations are known as
interconnection apparatuses. Power electronic converters are frequently employed as
such devices.

3.5 Current Wind Turbine Technology

Fixed-speed and variable-speed wind turbine systems are the two main types . This section has
briefly reviewed these two systems.

3.5.1 Fixed-Speed Turbine Systems

The first wind turbines were erected with the intention of operating at a specific speed.
Induction generators with squirrel cages are commonly utilised and are directly connected to
the grid. As a result, the grid frequency determines the generator and turbine rotor speeds. A
single-speed WECS, is one example of this type of system. To reduce the high in-rush current
(almost 6 to 7 amps), a soft-starter is used.

24
 Fig 3.5 Fixed speed wind turbine

3.5.2 Variable-Speed Turbine Systems

Wind turbines with variable speeds are often utilised to harvest wind energy.An external
resistance is connected to a wound rotor induction generator or a doubly-fed induction
generator (DFIG) with an additional power converter feeding the rotor circuit to achieve
variable-speed operation. Induction generator systems, often known as indirect drive systems,
require an additional gearbox configuration. Variable-speed operations are also possible with
direct drive systems, which do not require an extra gearbox. Direct drive operation is performed
utilising wound rotor synchronous generators with an extra rotor magnetising circuit or a
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Power converters connect all generators to
the grid, allowing them to adjust generator speed while also assisting in the generation of
electricity.

Fig 3.6 Variable speed wind turbine

To achieve variable-speed operation, an external resistance is linked to a wound rotor induction

generator or a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with an additional power converter
supplying the rotor circuit. An additional gearbox layout is required for induction generator
systems, often known as indirect drive systems. Direct drive systems, which do not require an
additional gearbox, can also operate at variable speeds. Wound rotor synchronous generators
with an extra rotor magnetising circuit or permanent magnet synchronous generators.

25
 CHAPTER 4

POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

4.1 Introduction

Power electronics have made a significant contribution to the reliability of existing power
networks. Renewable energy systems aren't any different. Power electronic converters are
critical for achieving higher power quality at the output. Following maximum power point
tracking techniques, they also assist in harvesting the greatest possible power from
renewable energy sources. Diode rectifiers, DC-DC converters for achieving desired DC
voltage levels, and inverters for producing an AC output from DC are employed in this
study.
Before being sent to the grid, the variable-frequency output voltage from the PMSG is
converted to a sinusoidal ac voltage at grid frequency. Power electronic converters are
utilised to accomplish this conversion. (a) a diode rectifier followed by a boost converter
and an inverter, and (b) a back-to-back converter system In the first strategy, the boost
converter's switching signal is generated using a control algorithm, and the inverter is
switched using a pulse width modulation technique. This research creates a wind energy
conversion system including a PMSG, a DC-DC converter, and an inverter that uses space
vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM).Following correct voltage and power matching
circumstances, the PV system employs a DC-DC converter and the necessary switching
signal .

4.2 Diode Rectifier

In this project, a diode rectifier is utilised to convert the three-phase output AC voltage at
the PMSG terminals into a DC voltage. The rectified output dc voltage ( ) of a three-
phase diode rectifier is calculated as

(4.1),

26
 where is the rms value of the line-to-line voltage applied to the rectifier.

Fig 4.1 Three-phase diode rectifier

Figure 4-1 shows the circuit diagram for a three-phase diode rectifier. The diode rectifier's
rectified output is unregulated, but it has no additional losses due to the switching of any power
electronic components. If the diode losses are small, it can be assumed that the complete power
obtained from PMSG is converted from AC to DC.

4.3 Dc-Dc Converters

DC-DC converters are commonly used to provide an average output voltage that is higher or
lower than the input voltage. DC-DC converters are employed as interfacing units in this study
to get a matching voltage from both the wind and photovoltaic systems. Buck, boost, and buck-
boost converters are the three most prevalent topologies, depending on the output voltage level.
Each of the three converters employs the identical components, and it is only the placement of
those components in the circuit that produces the difference in the nature of the input-output
relationship. This section delves into each of the three topologies in depth.

4.3.1 Buck Converter

The voltage obtained at a buck converter's output () is lower than that obtained at its input
terminals () and is given by
(4.2)

27
for continuous inductor current, where d is the duty cycle for the switch. Figure 4-2 shows the
circuit diagram for a buck converter. The input current becomes discontinuous because the
switch is linked directly to the input terminal.

4.3.2 Boost Converter

Figure 4-3 shows the circuit diagram for a boost converter. Under continuous current mode
(CCM) operation, the voltage obtained at the output ( ) of a buck converter is higher than that
obtained at its input terminals ( ), as shown by

(4.3)
,where d is the duty cycle for the switch.

Fig 4.2 Buck converter

In comparison to the buck converter, the boost converter requires a bigger inductor (L) and
output filter capacitor (C), but the input current can be kept constant by carefully selecting the
inductor and capacitor.

Fig 4.3 Boost converter

4.3.3 Buck-Boost Converter

Depending on the duty cycle d, the output voltage of a buck-boost converter ( ) might be
higher or lower than the input voltage ( ). Figure 4-4 depicts the circuit of a buck-boost
converter. The steady state output voltage in continuous current mode (CCM) operation given
by

. (4.4)

28
The output voltage has the opposite polarity as the input voltage. Because the switch is linked
directly to the input terminal, the input current is irregular.

Fig 4.4: Buck-boost converter

4.3.4 Sepic Converter

The output voltage ( ) of a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) can be larger,

less, or equal to the input voltage ( ) and can be regulated by altering the duty cycle d of the
primary transistor switch. It works in the same way as a standard buckboost converter, but with
the added benefit of a non-inverted output voltage. However, the components employed are
more numerous, and the examination of its operation is more difficult. The output current of a
SEPIC is pulsing, but the input current can be made continuous by selecting the right primary
inductor ( ). Figure 4.5 depicts a SEPIC circuit diagram. Under continuous current mode
(CCM) operation, the steady state output voltage is given by :

. (4.5)

Fig 4.5 SEPIC converter

4.4 IGBT

Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a type of transistor with an insulated gate.

The sign for an IGBT is shown in Figure 4.6. It's a power transistor with a MOS input

29
and a bipolar output transistor. Figure 4.7 depicts an IGBT structure in action. On the
drain side of the MOSFET, a P zone forms.

Fig 4.6 Symbol of an N-channel IGBT

Fig 4.7 Typical IGBT Structure

Although its internal equivalent circuit is complicated, it can be simplified as consisting of an

N-channel MOSFET with variable on-resistance and a diode connected in series as shown in
Figure 4.8.

Fig 4.8 Simplified equivalent circuit of IGBT

30
Internal Structure of IGBT
IGBT can be constructed with the equivalent circuit that consists of two transistors and
MOSFET, as the IGBT posses the output of the below combination of the PNP transistor, NPN
transistor, and MOSFET. IGBT combines the low saturation voltage of a transistor with the
high input impedance and switching speed of a MOSFET. The outcome obtained from this
combination delivers the output switching and conduction characteristics of a bipolar transistor,
but the voltage is controlled like a MOSFET.

Fig 4.9 Internal structure of IGBT

Since IGBT is the combination of MOSFET and BJT they are also called by different names.
The different names of IGBT are Insulated Gate Transistor( IGT), Metal Oxide Insulated Gate
Transistor (MOSIGT), Gain Modulated Field Effect Transistor (GEMFET), Conductively
Modulated Field Effect Transistor (COMFET).

4.5 Conclusion

The various power electronic converters utilised in renewable energy conversion systems are
covered in this chapter. An uncontrolled diode rectifier was employed in this project. In the

31
entire system, there are two DC-DC converters, each with a different architecture. They were
chosen principally to match the terminal voltage of the battery, which is employed as a storage
element in this system, with output voltages from the wind. The low-speed PMSG in the wind
energy system has an output voltage lower than the battery level, indicating that the best
conceivable scheme is space-vector modulation, which has been implemented in the practical
system.

32
 CHAPTER 5
ABOUT MATLAB/SIMULINK
5.1 From Concept to Operation
To transform development of complex systems, market-leading companies adopt Model-Based
Design by systematically using models throughout the entire process.

• Use a virtual model to simulate and test your system early and often

• Validate your design with physical models, Hardware-in-the-Loop testing, and rapid
prototyping

• Generate production-quality C, C++ , CUDA, PLC, Verilog, and VHDL code and
deploy directly to your embedded system

• Maintain a digital thread with traceability through requirements, system architecture,

component design, code and tests

• Extend models to systems in operation to perform predictive maintenance and fault

analysis

5.2 Design and simulate your system before moving to hardware

Explore a wide design space and test your systems early with multidomain modeling and
simulation.

• Quickly evaluate multiple design ideas in one multidomain simulation environment

• Simulate large-scale system models with reusable components and libraries including
specialized, third-party modeling tools

• Deploy simulation models for desktop, real-time, and Hardware-in-the-Loop testing

• Run large simulations on multicore desktops, clusters, and the cloud

5.3 Design, analyze, and test system and software architectures

33
Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is the application of models to support the full
system lifecycle. Simulink bridges development from requirements and system architecture
to detailed component design, implementation, and testing.

• Capture and decompose requirements

• Define and elaborate specifications for components, compositions, and architectures

• Establish a single-source for architecture and component-level interfaces

• Perform analysis and trade studies using MATLAB

• Validate requirements and verify system architectures using simulation-based tests

Simulink® is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based

Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous
test and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable
block libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB®, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export
simulation results to MATLAB for further analysis.

34
 CHAPTER 6

SIMULINK SYSTEM MODEL AND RESULT

6.1 System Model:

Fig.6.1 System model

35
 Fig.6.2 System sub-model
6.1.1 Parameters
Wind turbine
Nominal mechanical output power (W): 12.3KW
Base power of the electrical generator (VA):12.3KW/0.9
Pitch angle beta to display wind-turbine power characteristics (beta >=0) (deg):0
Base rotational speed (p.u. of base generator speed):1.2
PMSG
Stator phase resistance Rs (Ohm):0.0485
Inductances [ Ld(H) Lq(H) ]: 0.395e-3,0.395e-3

36
IGBT
Internal resistance Ron (Ohms) :1e-3
Snubber resistance Rs (Ohms) :1e5

In this Simulink model we made PMSG based wind energy conversion system in which there
are PMSG, wind turbine, diode rectifier, IGBT, ammeter, voltmeter, scopes and manually make
a MPPT. This system model is works on 12m/s wind speed and converts wind energy into
electrical energy which is AC current and then this AC current changed into DC current for
better controlling.

6.2 Result:

The first figure here is the MATLAB model of Wind Energy Conversion System and the other
graphs shown here are the results obtained from scope 1. The VL-L, IL-L is voltage between line
to line and current line to line respectively, the rotor speed is in radian per second. The result
are as predicted from calculation

at wind speed 12m/s.

Fig.6.3 Simulation Result-1

37
Fig.6.4 Simulation Result-2

38
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 Conclusion

Because of its self-excitation and low-speed features, the permanent magnet

synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed as a wind turbine generator, resulting in a
direct-drive wind energy conversion system (WECS) . As a result, gear box costs and
mechanical complications are eliminated. The stator winding is isolated and connected
to the load.A permanent magnet pole system is installed on the rotor. Because external
excitation and conductor losses are eliminated from the rotor, PMSG offers great
efficiency and dependability. The PMSG is connected to the grid via a line power
converter to provide active power at a fixed voltage and frequency. The reason for this
is that the varying speed of the PMSG causes the terminal output voltage to vary in
frequency and amplitude. The disconnection of wind generators in the event of a
reduction in network voltage below a specified amount, i.e. voltage dip, is one of the
most serious issues associated with grid integration of wind generators. A voltage dip
is a brief event (10 ms to 1 minute) in which the rms voltage magnitude is reduced. Only
two parameters, depth/magnitude and duration, are frequently used The voltage dip
spans from 10% to 90% of normal voltage, with durations ranging from half a cycle to
one minute.

A voltage dip is a three-phase phenomena that affects both phase to phase and phase to
ground voltages in a three-phase system. Grid operators will not allow wind generators
to be disconnected because of the significant penetration of wind energy.In addition,
when PMSG is linked to the grid via an Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) power
electronics inverter, a voltage dip causes a rise in current that exceeds the inverter's
limit. It causes a dangerous increase in DC capacitor voltage.

7.2 Future Scope

The international economy is now naturally subjected to the feasible ways of the electrical

39
force age, proper administration, and circulation. The traditional methods of energy production
have a significant impact on the global atmosphere and climate change. "Vitality-related ozone
depleting substance (GHG) outflows would lead to severe atmosphere debasement with a
normal 6 °C worldwide warming," according to recent assessments from the International
Energy Office (IEA). As a result, complete vitality is the only way to make the planet more
secure. It is in a good state since it emits the least CO2, which is the most important fraction of
the nursery impact responsible for ecological corruption. Innovative RE effort on both the
legislative and open levels will result in increased proficiency and security. Right now we
cannot connect grid directly to this system but in the future with the increase in technology and
more advanced turbines and generators we aim to achieve this phase as well.

40
 REFERENCES
[1] E. Spooner and A. C. Williamson, “Direct coupled, permanent magnet generators for

wind turbine applications,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl.,vol. 143, no.

1, pp. 1-8, 1996.

[2] K. Tan and S. Islam, “Optimal Control Strategies in Energy conversion of PMSG
Wind Turbine System without Mechanical Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Energy

Conversion, vol.19, no. 2, pp. 392-399, June 2004.

[3] C. Hua, J. Lin and C. Shen, “Implementation of a DSP-controlled photovoltaic

system with peak power tracking,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,

vol.45, pp. 99-107, Feb. 1998.

[4] Y. Kuo, T. Liang and J. Chen, “Novel maximum-power-point-tracking controller for

photovoltaic energy conversion system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial

Electronics, vol.48, pp. 594-601, June 2001.

[5] M.A.S. Masoum, H. Dehbonei and E.F. Fuchs, “Theoritical and experimental

analysis of photovoltaic system with voltage and current based maximum power

point tracking,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.17, pp. 514-522, Dec.

2002.

[6] T. Noguchi, S. Togashi and R. Nakamoto, “Short-current pulse-based maximum

power point tracking method for multiple photovoltaic and converter module

system,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.49, pp. 217-223, Feb.

2002.
[7] Y. Chen and K.M. Smedley, “A cost-effective single-stage inverter with maximum

power point tracking,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.19, no. 5, pp.

1289-1294, Sept. 2005.

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[8] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzaki and N.C. Voulgaris, “Development of a microcontroller-

based, photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system,” IEEE

Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.16, pp.46-54, Jan. 2001.

[9] K.K. Tse, B.M.T. Ho, H.S. Chung and S.Y.R. Hui, “A comparative study of

maximum-power-point trackers for photovoltaic panels using switching-frequency

modulation scheme,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.51, pp. 410-

418, April 2004.

[10] dSPACE DS 1104 R&D Controller Board: Hardware Installation and

Configuration, Release 6.4, GmbH, June 2009.

[11] MATLAB 7.12.0 (R2011a), A software by Mathworks Inc.

[12] dSPACE Real-Time Interface (RTI and RTI-MP): Implementation guide, Release

6.6, GmbH, May 2010.

[13] dSPACE Conrol Desk: Experiment guide, Release 6.6, GmbH, May 2010.

[14] J. W. Tester, E. M. Drake, M. J. Driscoll, M. W. Golay and W. A. Peters, Sustainable

Energy: Choosing Among Options,, The MIT Press, Cambridge,

Massachussets, 2005.

[15] B. Wu, Y. Lang, N. Zargari and S. Kouro, Power Conversion and Control of Wind

Energy Systems, IEEE Press, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2011.
[16] O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake, P. Cartwright and M. Hughes, Wind

Energy Generation: Modelling and Control, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, West

Sussex, England, 2009.

[17] Q. Zeng, L. Chang and R. Shao, “Fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking

strategy for PMSG variable-speed wind turbine generation systems,” Proccedings of

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42
[18] F. Valenciga and P. F. Puleston, “High-order sliding control for a wind energy

conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator,” IEEE

Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.23, no. 3, pp. 860-867, Sept. 2008.

[19] D. Yu and S. Yuvarajan, “Load sharing in a hybrid power system with PV panels and

a PEM fuel cell,” Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Mar.

2006.

[20] T. Esram and P. Chapman, “Comparison of photovoltaic array maximum power point

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439-449, June 2007.

[21] V. Salas, E. Olias, A. Barrado and A. Lazaro, “Review of maximum power tracking

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43
Title
PMSG based wind energy conversion

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 Performance Analysis of a PMSG Based Wind
Energy Conversion System
Arika Singh Shubham Upadhyay, Shreya tomar, Tanishka singh
Assistant Professor, EEE Department B.Tech, EEE Department
KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India

Abstract— Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable

energy sources that is being used today. There is a system called
as wind energy conversion system popularly known as WECS
which is used in the conversion of this widely available wind
energy source into different forms for further use. There are
different types of generators that are used for this purpose such as
Permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG), Squirrel cage
Induction generator(SCIG), Doubly fed Induction
generator(DFIG) etc.
In this research paper we have studied wind energy conversion Fig 1 . Wind energy conversion system[1]
system(WECS) by using Permanent magnet synchronous
generator(PMSG). When the wind blows past a wind turbine , its blades capture the wind
Here we have shown different characteristics that are related with kinetic energy and rotate, turning it into mechanical energy . This
the different inputs and inputs used in WECS. rotation turns an internal shaft connected to a gearbox, which
increases the speed of rotation. This finally spins the generator and
Keywords- WECS(Wind Energy Conversion System), the generator produces electricity.
SCIG(Squirrel Cage Induction Generator), DFIG(Doubly Fed
Induction Generator), PMSG(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind turbine converts kinetic energy of wind into rotating energy to
Generator). move the shaft of the generator. There are various types of wind
turbine

A. Types of Wind turbine

I. INTRODUCTION
There are two types of Wind turbine system generally used first one,
Renewable energy sources that are provided by the environment and Fixed speed wind energy conversion system and second is variable
are available in abundance. There is no risk of resources extinction. energy conversion system. The first group operates with almost
Such resources include solar, wind, tidal, hydro and many more. In constant speed that is the Danish concept. In this case, the generator
recent times there is a shift from non-renewable energy resources to directly couples the grid to drive train. The second one operates with
renewable sources because of the risk involved in non-renewable variable speed, in this case, the generator does not directly couple the
energy resources. grid to drive train. Thereby, the rotor is permitted to rotate at any speed
We are researching on wind energy because it is one of the readily by introducing power electronic converters between the generator and
available energy resources. It is present everywhere, anytime and the grid.[2].
every time.
But there are few problems that are associated with wind energy that
is the speed of the wind is changing and it cannot be controlled by
normal means so for this purpose we are using PMSG to regulate the
speed of the wind for proper use.
We are using PMSG because of the different advantages that comes
with it and not with any other induction machines for this purpose such
as the absence of gearbox, easy to use, less noise, small in size and
many more.

II. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

WECS is a system that consists of wind turbine generators and the Necessary components of Wind Turbine[]
wind energy is converted into mechanical energy which is used for
various purposes afterwards.
 B. Converters Used in WECS
Fixed Speed Wind Turbine:
For direct-drive PMSG-based wind turbines, there are a variety
The constant speed configuration is characterized by stiff power of power-converter topologies [3]. A converter's conventional
train dynamics. Here the electrical generator is locked to the grid and structure consists of a generator-side rectifier and a grid-side inverter
hence, just a small variation of the rotor shaft speed is allowed [2].This interconnected by a dc-link element, which in voltage source
wind power system operates at a constant rotor speed regardless of converters (VSCs) is a capacitor and in current source converters is an
the wind speed variations. The rotor speed is controlled according to inductor (CSC). The generator side rectifier and grid side inverter are
the grid frequency. Fixed-speed WECS have advantage of being different for each setup. Each arrangement has a distinct generator side
simple, robust, and reliable with a low-cost generator and easy rectifier and grid side inverter. The rectifier on the generator side might
control. However, such wind power systems also have drawbacks due be controlled or uncontrolled. A grid side inverter is also classified as
to limited control when wind speed changes continuously. In early either a VSI or a CSI.
prototypes of fixed-speed wind turbines synchronous generators have The following table compares the various topologies.
been used, but the induction machine appeared to be more widely
adopted because of its lower cost, better environmental durability, and
superior mechanical compatibility with rapid wind changes. That is
why in fixed- speed wind turbines the generator used is the induction Topologies Advantages Disadvantages
generator type, directly connected to the grid.
Continuous
Thyristor supply side control of firing Harmonic
inverter angle. distortion created

PMSG with diode Robust in Lost control

rectifier converter construction flexibility
Good performance
Back to Back two charact Voltage
Fixed speed wind Turbine[5] level VSC eristics sharing issue
PMSG WECS using No switching Poor stability
Variable Speed Wind Turbine: CSC harmonics of the system.
Separate Short life time
Early wind energy conversion systems were based on generators
directly connected to the grid, hence the speed of these systems was Back-to-back PWM control can be
constant (with synchronous generators) or quasi-constant (with converter provided
asynchronous generators). The evolution of power semiconductors has Less Switching
contributed enormously to variable speed wind energy conversion losses and Higher
systems by interfacing the constant frequency of the grid to the voltage and power Voltage
variable frequency of the generator [2]. Multilevel VSC capability imbalance

Table 1: Comparison of converter topologies

Variable speed wind Turbine[]

B. Generators Used in WECS

The wind energy conversion system's generators are either DFIG

or PMSG types. Both stationary and spinning portions of the DFIG
feature windings, which transfer significant power between the shaft
and the grid. Only roughly 25-30% of total generated power (rotor
power connected to grid through converter) must be processed by the
converters in DFIG, with the balance being delivered to the grid
directly from the stator. The converter used in PMSG, on the other
hand, must process all of the electricity generated. (In DFIG, 100%
refers to basic WECS equipment with three stage gearbox.) The
majority of wind turbine manufacturers use DFIG for their WECS
because of the cost, weight, and size advantages. However, the
reliability of the gearbox, slip rings, and brushes in DFIG makes it
inappropriate for some applications [2]. PMSG does not require a
gearbox, resulting in excellent efficiency and little maintenance. The
PMSG drives produce great torque at low speeds with minimal noise
and do not require external stimulation.
System Model:
Simulation Results:
 CONCLUSION

Because of its self-excitation and low-speed features, the permanent

magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed as a wind turbine
generator, resulting in a direct-drive wind energy conversion system
(WECS) . As a result, gear box costs and mechanical complications
are eliminated.The stator winding is isolated and connected to the
load.A permanent magnet pole system is installed on the rotor.
Because external excitation and conductor losses are eliminated from
the rotor, PMSG offers great efficiency and dependability. The
PMSG is connected to the grid via a line power converter to provide
active power at a fixed voltage and frequency.The reason for this is
that the varying speed of the PMSG causes the terminal output
voltage to vary in frequency and amplitude. The disconnection of
wind generators in the event of a reduction in network voltage below
a specified amount, i.e. voltage dip, is one of the most serious issues
associated with grid integration of wind generators. A voltage dip is a
brief event (10 ms to 1 minute) in which the rms voltage magnitude is
reduced.Only two parameters, depth/magnitude and duration, are
frequently used The voltage dip spans from 10% to 90% of normal
voltage, with durations ranging from half a cycle to one minute.
A voltage dip is a three-phase phenomena that affects both phase to
phase and phase to ground voltages in a three-phase system.
Grid operators will not allow wind generators to be disconnected
because of the significant penetration of wind energy.
In addition, when PMSG is linked to the grid via an Isolated Gate
Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) power electronics inverter, a voltage dip
causes a rise in current that exceeds the inverter's limit.
It causes a dangerous increase in DC capacitor voltage.

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[1] Jiacheng Wang, Dewei (David) Xu, “A Low-Cost
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[5] Enhancement Protection and Operation of The Doubly
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Mohamed Ebeed Hussein Al-Kharbosy
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Variable Speed Wind Turbines Marcelo Gustavo Molina and
Pedro Enrique Mercado CONICET, Instituto de Energía
Eléctrica, Universidad Nacional de San Juan Argentina
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Conversion System Suji Muhammed Krishnakumari V