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STUDY MATERIAL : REFERENCE : NCERT PHYSICS ( PG: 173 -195 )

CHAPTER 5: Magnetism And Matter

Important points
Magnetic dipole moment: The magnetic moment is a vector quantity used to measure the tendency of an
object to interact with an external magnetic field.
➢ Bar magnet as a magnetic dipole : A bar magnet has two magnetic poles as the north pole and
south pole each having the pole strength m. If the separation between the poles is l’, then the bar
magnet is said to have a magnetic dipole moment. Therefore
Magnetic dipole moment pm = ml
➢ The direction of magnetic dipole moment is from the south pole of the magnet to the north pole of
the magnet.
➢ The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at the poles is zero.
➢ The lines of magnetic force run in closed loops and continuously both inside and outside a bar
magnet.
➢ The lines of magnetic induction for uniform magnetic field are parallel and equally spaced , but
that for the non-uniform magnetic field are curves or unequally spaced.
➢ S.I unit of magnetic induction = tesla(T) or weber/ m2 (Wb/m2 )
➢ Magnetization : The dipole moment per unit volume is called intensity of magnetization. It is
denoted by M. If pm is the dipole moment and V is the volume of a magnet then
➢ M = pm / V, S.I unit is A/m

➢ Magnetic intensity: It is the degree to which a material can be magnetized which placed in a
magnetic field. {H}
➢ Magnetic Susceptibility: The ratio of magnetization of a material and the magnetic intensity d is
called magnetic susceptibility.
• Χ = M/H
1. Where on the surface of the Earth is the Angle of dip is 90ᵒ and 0ᵒ?
At the magnetic poles is 90° and that at the magnetic equator is 0ᵒ.

2. Where on the surface of the earth is the vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field zero?
At the magnetic equator.

3. A straight wire extending from east to west falls with a speed v’ at right angles to the horizontal
component of the Earth’s magnetic field . Which end of the wire would be at the higher electric
potential and why?
West end of the wire must be at higher electric potential. According to Fleming’s Right hand rule, the
direction of induced emf is from west to east.

4. Obtain an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a Rectangular Current loop.
In a uniform magnetic field, the magnitude of the dipole moment is proportional to the maximum amount
of torque on the dipole, which occurs when the dipole is at right angles to the magnetic field. The
magnetic dipole moment, often simply called the magnetic moment, may be defined then as the maximum
amount of torque caused by magnetic force on a dipole that arises per unit value of surrounding magnetic
field in vacuum.
When a magnetic dipole is considered as a current loop, the magnitude of the dipole moment is
proportional to the current multiplied by the size of the enclosed area. Therefore ,
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Equivalent magnetic moment of the loop m= IA =Ilb

where the direction of the area vector A is given by the right-hand thumb rule and is directed into the
plane of the paper. Then as the angle between m and B is θ and we have τ = IABSinθ
Hence by combining m and τ we get
τ =mx B = Ilbx B = 0

From Eq. we see that the torque vanishes when m is either parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field B.
This indicates a state of equilibrium as there is no torque on the coil.

When m and B are parallel the equilibrium is a stable one. Any small rotation of the coil produces a
torque which brings it back to its original position.

When they are antiparallel, the equilibrium is unstable as any rotation produces a torque which
increases with the amount of rotation. The presence of this torque is also the reason why a small magnet
or any magnetic dipole aligns itself with the external magnetic field.

If the loop has N closely wound turns, the expression for torque,
m=NIA

5. Obtain the expression for Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole

We have evaluated the magnetic field on the axis of a circular loop, of a radius R, carrying a steady
current I. The magnitude of this field is

and its direction is along the axis and given by the right-hand thumb rule. If x>> R, the magnitude of B
will be

We have area of the loop is πR2 , then

We know that magnetic moment m = I A. Hence

[ multiplying with 2]

6. An electron of mass me revolves around a nucleus of charge Ze . Show that it behave like a tiny
magnetic dipole .
In the Bohr model, the electron revolves around a positively charged nucleus much as a planet revolves
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around the sun. The electron of charge (–e) (e = + 1.6 x 10-19 C) performs uniform circular motion around
a stationary heavy nucleus of charge +Ze. This constitutes a current I, where
I = e/T
and T is the time period of revolution. Let r be the orbital radius of the electron, and v the orbital speed.
Then,
T = 2πr/ν

Substituting in Eq . of I, we have I = ev/2πr.

The direction of the magnetic moment of circulating current is into the plane of the paper.[This is because
the negatively charged electron is moving anti-clockwise, leading to a clockwise current.]

Magnetic moment m = IA
Eν/2πr x πr2 = eνr/2

Multiplying and dividing the right-hand side of the above expression by the electron mass me, we have,
Magnetic moment M =

Here, l is the magnitude of the angular momentum of the electron about the central nucleus (“orbital”
angular momentum). Vectorially,

Magnetic moment M = = - e/2me x [nh/2π]

The negative sign indicates that the angular momentum of the electron is opposite in direction to the
magnetic moment because of negatively charged electron.

Bohr Magneton
Bohr hypothesized that the angular momentum assumes a discrete set of values, namely,
l = nh/2π
where n is a natural number, n = 1, 2, 3, .... and h is Planck’s constant with a value h = 6.626 10-34 J s.
If n= 1, then magnetic moment by substituting M =eh/4π me = 9.27 x 10 A/m This value is known as
-24 2.

Bohr magneton.

7. Explain the Properties of a Magnet

• Attractive property: A magnet attracts magnetic substances like steel, cobalt, iron etc.
• Directive Property: When a bar magnet is freely suspended, it points in the north-south direction. The
tip which points to the geographic north is called the north pole and the tip which points to the geographic
south is called the south pole of the magnet
• There is a repulsive force when north poles (or south poles) of two magnets are brought close together.
Conversely, there is an attractive force between the north pole of one magnet and the south pole of the
other.

• If a bar magnet is broken into two halves, we get two similar bar magnets with somewhat weaker
properties. So monopoles do not exist in a magnet.
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8. State the properties of Magnetic Field Lines

• The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops.
• The tangent to the field line at a given point represents the direction of the net magnetic field B at
that point.
• Larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of the
magnetic field B.
• The magnetic field lines do not intersect, otherwise, the direction of the magnetic field would not
be unique at the point of intersection.

The

Llarger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic field
B. In figure (a), B is larger around region (ii) than in region (i).

8.Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid

The resemblance of magnetic field lines for a bar magnet and a solenoid suggest that a bar magnet may be
thought of as a large number of circulating currents in analogy with a solenoid.

One can test this analogy by moving a small compass needle in the neighborhood of a bar magnet and a
current-carrying finite solenoid and noting that the deflections of the needle are similar in both cases.

Cutting a bar magnet in half is like cutting a solenoid. We get two smaller solenoids with weaker
magnetic properties.

The field lines remain continuous, emerging from one face of the solenoid and entering into the other
face.

9. Define Magnetic Dipole & Dipole Moment:

Two unlike poles of equal strength separated by a small distance make a magnetic dipole.
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A bar magnet has two magnetic dipoles known as north pole & south pole. The separation between the
poles is also known as magnetic length.

Let pole strength of each pole of a magnet be m and its magnetic length is l, then, magnetic dipole
moment of a magnet is given by, M = ml
Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity and its direction is from south pole of bar magnet to the
north pole of bar magnet.

The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is ampere-meter2.

10. Write an expression for magnetic potential energy.

The Electrostatic Analogy

11. State Gauss’s Law of magnetism.

The number of magnetic field lines leaving the surface is balanced by the number of lines entering it. The
net magnetic flux is zero.

Mathematically, or ∮ 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑆 = 0
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The Earth’s Magnetism

The earth behave likes a huge bar magnet. Strength of the earth’s magnetic field varies from place to
place on the earth’s surface. The magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field is of the order of 10–5 T.
Causes of the Earth’s Magnetism
Exact causes the earth’s magnetism is not clear yet. There are some Earth Magnetism Theory which are as
follows:

• The magnetic field of the earth is thought to arise due to electrical currents produced by convective
motion of metallic fluids (consisting mostly of molten iron & nickel) in the outer core of the earth. This
effect is also known as the dynamo effect.

• In outer layers of earth’s atmosphere, various gases are in ionized state. Due to rotation of the earth
about its axis, strong electric current are set up due to movement of charged ions.

12. Explain Basic features of the Earth’s Magnetism

➢ Magnetic field lines of the earth resemble with a (hypothetical) giant magnetic dipole located at
the centre of the earth.
➢ The axis of the dipole does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the earth .

• The axis of the dipole is titled by approximately 11.3º with respect to the later.

• The magnetic poles are located where the magnetic field lines due to the dipole enter or leave the earth.

• North magnetic pole is located at a latitude of 79.74º N and a longitude of 71.8º W (in north Canada)

• The magnetic south pole is located at 79.74º S, 108.22º E (in Antarctica)

• The pole near the geographic north pole of the earth is called the north magnetic pole.
• The pole near the geographic south pole of the earth is called the south magnetic pole.

13. Explain Magnetic Element of the Earth’s Magnetic Field

These are the quantities which completely describe magnitude and direction of the earth’s magnetic
field at a place. There are three magnetic elements of the earth:
• Magnetic Declination • Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field
• Angle of dip or Magnetic inclination
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1.Magnetic Declination:
It is the angle between magnetic meridian and geographic meridian at a place.

The declination is greater at higher latitudes and smaller near the equator.

2.Horizontal Components of the Earth’s Magnetic Field: The horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic field is the component of the earth’s magnetic field in horizontal direction.

The earth’ magnetic field is nowhere horizontal except at equator. So, at any place, the earth’s magnetic
field (BE) in the magnetic meridian may be resolved into a horizontal component (HE) and vertical
component (ZE).

3.Angle of dip or Magnetic inclination

Angle of declination at a place is the angle between the direction of the earth’s magnetic field and the
horizontal in the magnetic meridian at that place.

Neutral Points
At certain points the field due to a bar magnet may be completely neutralized by the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field. These points are known as neutral points.
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Mathematical Relation between Magnetic Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field:

With reference to the figures given above,

ZE = BE sin I, HE = BE cos I which gives tan I = ZE/HE

14. State Tangent Law: Superposition of magnetic fields

If a magnetic needle is under the influence of two uniform magnetic fields B1 and B2 in mutually
perpendicular directions, then, the magnetic needle will align itself along the resultant field.

In the figure shown above, if the resultant of B1 and B2 makes an angle θ with B1, then, tan θ = |B2|/|B1|.

15. Obtain the relation connecting magnetic permeability and magnetic susceptibility

When we place a magnetic material in a magnetic field of magnetic intensity H, it get magnetized, So
total magnetic field B or magnetic flux density will be the sum of magnetic field in vacuum B0 and
magnetic field due to magnetization Bm . Thus,

We have

and B0 = μ0 H, then

Due to external factors such as the current in the solenoid, H and M can be influenced.. This
influence is mathematically expressed as
M = χ H, Total B becomes

where μr= 1 + χ, is a dimensionless quantity called the relative magnetic permeability of the substance. .
The magnetic permeability of the substance is μ and it has the same dimensions and units as μ0;
μ = μ0μr = μ0 (1+χ).The three quantities χ, μr and μ are interrelated and only one of them is independent.
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