Unit 9 Solutions
Lesson 1: Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Identify AND explain the factors that affect solubility
a. Polarity
i. Like Dissolves Like
ii. Polar solutes dissolve BEST in Polar Solvents
1. This is because of the partial positive and partial negative
created by the polar solute and solvent. The Partial
Positive of the solute interacts well with the partial
negative of the solvent. And the Partial negative of the
solute interacts well with the Partial positive of the
solvent. This allows the formation of dipole-dipole
interactions or hydrogen bonds which forms a stable
solution.
iii. Nonpolar solutes dissolve BEST in Nonpolar Solvents
1. This is because the distribution of charge or electrons in a
nonpolar solute/solvent is uniform. Most of these forces
are LDFS that may result in temporary dipoles. Sometimes
these temporary dipoles react best with a solvent that has
a similar LDF in strength. This allows for a stable solution
b. Temperature (Solids)
i. As temperature increases, solubility increases
1. This is because as temperature increases the average
kinetic energy increases. Thus the particles move at a
faster rate allowing for more effective collisions that
disrupt the solute system. The rapid movement along with
the disruption of the solute’s system helps to overcome the
forces holding the solute particles together, allowing it to
more easily break apart and dissolve in the solvent
c. Temperature (Gasses)
i. As temperature increases, solubility decreases
1. This is because at lower temperatures, the gas molecules
have lower kinetic energy, which reduces their tendency to
escape from the liquid phase. This lower kinetic energy
facilitates the dissolution process, as the gas molecules
have a lower propensity to leave the liquid solvent.
d. Pressure (Gasses)
i. As pressure increases, solubility increases
1. The increase in pressure, forces gas particles into solution
2. Identify AND explain the factors that affect the RATE of SOLUBILITY
a. Surface Area
i. As SA increases, solubility increases
ii. When a solute has a larger surface area, there are more
molecules or ions exposed on the surface that can interact with
the solvent molecules. This increased interaction facilitates the
solvation process, where solvent molecules can more easily
surround and dissolve the solute particles.
b. Stirring
i. As stirring increases, solubility increases
ii. Stirring promotes better mixing and contact between the solute
and solvent particles. It brings more solvent molecules into
contact with the solute particles, increasing the chances of
solvent-solute interactions that facilitate dissolution.
c. Temperature (Solids)
i. As temperature rises, the solute and solvent particles gain more
kinetic energy, which means they move and vibrate more rapidly.
This increased motion helps to overcome the intermolecular
attractive forces holding the solute particles together, allowing
them to break apart more easily and dissolve faster.
d. Temperature (Gasses)
i. At lower temperatures, the gas molecules have lower kinetic
energy, which reduces their tendency to escape from the liquid
phase. This lower kinetic energy facilitates the dissolution
process, as the gas molecules have a lower propensity to leave the
liquid solvent.
Lesson 2:
1. Determine if a solution is unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated based upon
the appearance of the solution
a. Unsaturated Solutions
i. The solvent has yet to reach its maximum potential to hold more
amounts of solute
ii. NO PRECIPITATE
b. Saturated Solution (EQUILIBRIUM)
i. Rate of Dissolving = Rate of Precipitation
1. Rates are equal
2. Concentrations are constant
ii. The solvent has reached its maximum potential to hold its
designated amount of solute
iii. There MAY be a precipitate
c. Supersaturated Solutions
i. This is when the solvent holds more solute than it should
ii. To do this, you increase the temperature and add more solute.
The solute is absorbed since at higher temperature solubility
increases (of a solid only). Then you decrease the temperature
while keeping the system undisturbed. This is only temporary.
Therefore, sooner or later, crystals will form
iii. CRYSTALS FORM & UNSTABLE
2. Determine if a solution is unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated using Table
G
a. The solution is unsaturated IF, it is below the curve
b. The solution is saturated IF, it is directly on the curve
c. The solution is supersaturated IF, it is above the curve
Lesson 3:
1. Define the Following terms:
a. Ion Concentration
i. The concentration of that ion. The amount of that ion
ii. Likely = to the Molar Solubility
b. Molar Solubility
i. The concentration of that ion that DISSOLVED
c. Solubility
i. How much it dissolved, could be in moles or grams
1. If in grams you have to convert to moles using molar mass
Lesson 4: Concentration of Solutions
1. What is Concentration?
a. The amount of solute DISSOLVED in a solution
2. Define Dilute and Concentrated
a. Dilute: Little solute in solution
b. Concentrated: lots of solute in solution
3. Qualitatively describe the concentration of a solution
a. Dilute
i. The concentration of the solute in a solvent is subjectively low
b. Concentrated
i. The concentration of the solute in a solvent is subjectively high
c. Least Dilute = Most Soluble
d. Most Dilute = Least Soluble
4. Quantitative calculate connotation in
a. Percent Composition (Mass, Volume)
i. %𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 ) • 100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡
b. PPm or PPb (Parts Per million/billion)
i. 𝑝𝑝𝑚 = ( 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) • 𝐸6
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ii. 𝑝𝑝𝑏 = ( 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) • 𝐸9
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
iii. Conversions
1. Ppm to ppb
a. Multiply by 1000
c. Molarity
i. 𝑀 = ( 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ii. Conversions
1. mM to M
a. Millimolar to Molar
b. Divide by 1000
Lessons : HW Analysis
1. ALL CORRECT
2. SOME WERE INCORRECT
3. ALL CORRECT
4. ALL CORRECT
