MAGNETIC FIELDS

10

5 (a) Define the tesla. For

Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Two long straight vertical wires X and Y are separated by a distance of 4.5 cm, as
illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

4.5 cm
wire X wire Y

Q R

P S

6.3 A

Fig. 5.1

The wires pass through a horizontal card PQRS.

The current in wire X is 6.3 A in the upward direction. Initially, there is no current in wire Y.

(i) On Fig. 5.1, sketch, in the plane PQRS, the magnetic flux pattern due to the current
in wire X. Show at least four flux lines. [3]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13

 11

(ii) The magnetic flux density B at a distance x from a long straight current-carrying For
wire is given by the expression Examiner’s
Use
μ 0I
B =
2πx

where I is the current in the wire and μ0 is the permeability of free space.

Calculate the magnetic flux density at wire Y due to the current in wire X.

flux density = .............................................. T [2]

(iii) A current of 9.3 A is now switched on in wire Y. Use your answer in (ii) to calculate
the force per unit length on wire Y.

force per unit length = ....................................... N m–1 [2]

(c) The currents in the two wires in (b)(iii) are not equal.
Explain whether the force per unit length on the two wires will be the same, or different.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13 [Turn over

 12

5 (a) Define the tesla. For

Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) A horseshoe magnet is placed on a balance. A stiff metal wire is clamped horizontally
between the poles, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

horseshoe
magnet

stiff metal
wire

balance pan

Fig. 5.1

The magnetic flux density in the space between the poles of the magnet is uniform and
is zero outside this region.
The length of the metal wire normal to the magnetic field is 6.4 cm.

When a current in the wire is switched on, the reading on the balance increases by 2.4 g.
The current in the wire is 5.6 A.

(i) State and explain the direction of the force on the wire due to the current.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12

 13

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic flux density between the poles of the For
magnet. Examiner’s
Use

flux density = ...............................................T [2]

(c) A low frequency alternating current is now passed through the wire in (b).
The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of the current is 5.6 A.

Describe quantitatively the variation of the reading seen on the balance.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2012 9702/42/M/J/12 [Turn over

 16

8 A slice of a conducting material has its face QRLK normal to a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1.

S R

M L magnetic flux
P density B
Q

J
K

direction of
movement of
electrons

Fig. 8.1

Electrons enter the slice travelling perpendicular to face PQKJ.

(a) For the free electrons moving in the slice:

(i) state the direction of the force on an electron due to movement of the electron in the
magnetic field

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) identify the faces, using the letters on Fig. 8.1, between which a potential difference is
developed.

face ................................. and face ................................. [1]

(b) Explain why the potential difference in (a)(ii) reaches a maximum value.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 9702/41/O/N/20

 17

(c) The number of free electrons per unit volume in the slice of material is 1.3 × 1029 m–3.
The thickness PQ of the slice is 0.10 mm.
The magnetic flux density B is 4.6 × 10–3 T.

Calculate the potential difference across the slice for a current of 6.3 × 10–4 A.

potential difference = ...................................................... V [2]

(d) The slice in (c) is a metal.

By reference to your answer in (c), suggest why Hall probes are usually made using
semiconductors rather than metals.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 9702/41/O/N/20 [Turn over

 22

9 (a) A Hall probe is placed near one end of a solenoid that has been wound on a soft-iron core, as
shown in Fig. 9.1.

+ – soft-iron
core

solenoid Hall probe

Fig. 9.1

The current in the solenoid is switched on.

The Hall probe is rotated until the reading VH on the voltmeter is maximum.

The current in the solenoid is then varied, causing the magnetic flux density to change.
The variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B at the Hall probe is shown in Fig. 9.2.

2
B / mT
1

0
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t
–1

–2

Fig. 9.2

At time t = 0, the Hall voltage is V0.

On Fig. 9.3, draw a line to show the variation with time t of the Hall voltage VH for time t = 0 to
time t = t4.

VH
V0

0
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t

Fig. 9.3
[2]

© UCLES 2018 9702/42/O/N/18

 18

6 A small solenoid of area of cross section 1.6 × 10–3 m2 is placed inside a larger solenoid of area of
cross-section 6.4 × 10–3 m2, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

smaller solenoid
larger solenoid
area of cross-section
area of cross-section
1.6 × 10–3 m2
6.4 × 10–3 m2
3000 turns
600 turns

d.c.

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

The larger solenoid has 600 turns and is attached to a d.c. power supply to create a magnetic
field.

The smaller solenoid has 3000 turns.

(a) Compare the magnetic flux in the two solenoids.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Compare the magnetic flux linkage in the two solenoids.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) (i) State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/F/M/22

 19

(ii) The terminals of the smaller solenoid are connected together. The smaller solenoid is
then removed from inside the larger solenoid.

With reference to magnetic fields, explain why a force is needed to remove the smaller
solenoid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/F/M/22 [Turn over

 6

2 A sphere of mass 1.6 × 10–10 kg has a charge of +0.27 nC. The sphere is in a uniform electric field
that acts vertically upwards, as shown in the side view in Fig. 2.1.

SIDE VIEW

electric field lines

plane in which
sphere moves
sphere

Fig. 2.1

The force exerted on the sphere by the electric field causes the sphere to remain at a fixed vertical
height in a horizontal plane.

There is a uniform magnetic field in the region of the electric field. The sphere moves at a speed of
0.78 m s–1 in the horizontal plane. The magnetic field causes the sphere to move in a circular path
of radius 3.4 m, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 2.2.

VIEW FROM ABOVE

electric field lines

3.4 m out of the page

path of sphere

sphere

Fig. 2.2

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

 14

6 (a) Define magnetic flux.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A square coil of wire of side length 12 cm consists of 8 insulated turns. The coil is stationary
in a uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field, as
shown in Fig. 6.1.

magnetic field lines

into the page
12 cm
square coil
8 turns

terminals

Fig. 6.1

The flux density B of the magnetic field varies with time t as shown in Fig. 6.2.

400

B / mT

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
t/s

Fig. 6.2

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22

 15

(i) Determine the magnetic flux linkage inside the coil at time t = 0.60 s. Give a unit with
your answer.

magnetic flux linkage = .................................... unit .............. [3]

(ii) State how Fig. 6.2 shows that the electromotive force (e.m.f.) E induced across the
terminals between t = 0 and t = 0.60 s is constant.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the magnitude of E.

E = ...................................................... V [2]

(c) The procedure in (b) is repeated, but this time the terminals of the coil are connected together.

State and explain the effect on the coil of connecting the terminals together during the change
of magnetic flux density shown in Fig. 6.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 9702/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

 14

6 (a) State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a copper wire, placed in a magnetic field,
to experience a magnetic force.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A long air-cored solenoid is connected to a power supply, so that the solenoid creates a
magnetic field. Fig. 6.1 shows a cross-section through the middle of the solenoid.

Z section through
solenoid wires
Y

W
X

Fig. 6.1

The direction of the magnetic field at point W is indicated by the arrow. Three other points are
labelled X, Y and Z.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw arrows to indicate the direction of the magnetic field at each of the
points X, Y and Z. [3]

(ii) Compare the magnitude of the flux density of the magnetic field:

● at X and at W .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

● at Y and at Z. .................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22

 15

(c) Two long parallel current-carrying wires are placed near to each other in a vacuum.

Explain why these wires exert a magnetic force on each other. You may draw a labelled
diagram if you wish.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

 16

7 (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Two coils are wound on an iron bar, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

coil 2 V

iron bar

coil 1 V1

Fig. 7.1

Coil 1 is connected to a potential difference (p.d.) V1 that gives rise to a magnetic field in the
iron bar.

Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B in the iron bar.

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.2

A voltmeter measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) V2 that is induced across coil 2.

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22

 17

On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.40 s.

V2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 t / s 0.4

Fig. 7.3
[4]

(c) Coil 2 in (b) is now replaced with a copper ring that rests loosely on top of coil 1. The supply
to coil 1 is replaced with a cell and a switch that is initially open, as shown in Fig. 7.4.

iron bar

copper ring

coil 1

Fig. 7.4

(i) The switch is now closed. As it is closed, the copper ring is observed to jump upwards.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest, with a reason, what would be the effect of repeating the procedure in (c)(i) with
the terminals of the cell reversed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 9702/42/M/J/22 [Turn over