DBMS

 Database Management System (DBMS)

 Database Language (SQL)
SQL
 Main SQL DML statements are:
 SELECT
 INSERT

 UPDATE

 DELETE
 Main SQL DDL statements are:
CREATE SCHEMA DROP SCHEMA
CREATE/ALTER DOMAIN DROP DOMAIN
CREATE/ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE
CREATE VIEW DROP VIEW
CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX
 DCL
 GRANT, REVOKE etc.
INSERT
INSERT INTO TableName [(columnList)]
VALUES (dataValueList)

 columnList is optional; if omitted, SQL assumes a list of

all columns in their original CREATE TABLE order.
 Any columns omitted must have been declared as NULL
when table was created, unless DEFAULT was specified
when creating column.

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INSERT

 dataValueList must match columnList as

follows:
 number of items in each list must be same;
 must be direct correspondence in position of items in
two lists;
 data type of each item in dataValueList must be
compatible with data type of corresponding column.

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Example 5.35 INSERT … VALUES

Insert a new row into Staff table supplying

data for all columns.

INSERT INTO Staff

VALUES (‘SG16’, ‘Alan’, ‘Brown’, ‘Assistant’, ‘M’,
Date‘1957-05-25’, 8300, ‘B003’);

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Example 5.36 INSERT using Defaults
Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data
for all mandatory columns.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, lName,
position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’,
‘Assistant’, 8100, ‘B003’);
 Or
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’, ‘Assistant’, NULL,
NULL, 8100, ‘B003’);

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INSERT … SELECT

 Second form of INSERT allows multiple rows

to be copied from one or more tables to
another:

INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

SELECT ...

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 Example 5.37 INSERT … SELECT

Assume there is a table StaffPropCount that

contains names of staff and number of properties
they manage:
StaffPropCount(staffNo, fName, lName, propCnt)

Populate StaffPropCount using Staff and

PropertyForRent tables.

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Example 5.37 INSERT … SELECT
INSERT INTO StaffPropCount
(SELECT s.staffNo, fName, lName, COUNT(*)
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
GROUP BY s.staffNo)
UNION
(SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, 0
FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT staffNo
FROM PropertyForRent));

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Example 5.37 INSERT … SELECT

 If second part of UNION is omitted, excludes those staff

who currently do not manage any properties.

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UPDATE
UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1 = dataValue1
[, columnName2 = dataValue2...]
[WHERE searchCondition]

 TableName can be name of a base table or an

updatable view.
 SET clause specifies names of one or more
columns that are to be updated.

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UPDATE

 WHERE clause is optional:

 if omitted, named columns are updated for all rows in
table;
 if specified, only those rows that satisfy
searchCondition are updated.
 New dataValue(s) must be compatible with data
type for corresponding column.

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Example 5.38/39 UPDATE All Rows
Give all staff a 3% pay increase.
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.03;

Give all Managers a 5% pay increase.

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.05
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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 Example 5.40 UPDATE Multiple Columns

Promote David Ford (staffNo=‘SG14’) to

Manager and change his salary to
£18,000.

UPDATE Staff
SET position = ‘Manager’, salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = ‘SG14’;

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DELETE
DELETE FROM TableName
[WHERE searchCondition]

 TableName can be name of a base table or an

updatable view.
 searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows are
deleted from the table. This does not delete table. If
search_condition is specified, only those rows that
satisfy the condition are deleted.

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Example 5.41/42 DELETE Specific Rows
Delete all viewings that relate to property PG4.

DELETE FROM Viewing

WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’;

Delete all records from the Viewing table.

DELETE FROM Viewing;

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SQL: Data Definition
Transparencies
 Objectives
 Data types supported by SQL standard.

 Purpose of integrity enhancement feature of SQL.

 How to define integrity constraints using SQL.

 How to use the integrity enhancement feature in

the CREATE and ALTER TABLE statements.

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 Objectives
 Purpose of views.
 How to create and delete views using SQL.
 How the DBMS performs operations on views.
 Under what conditions views are updatable.
 Advantages and disadvantages of views.
 How the ISO transaction model works.
 How to use the GRANT and REVOKE statements as
a level of security.

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ISO SQL Data Types

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Data Definition
 SQL DDL allows database objects such as schemas, domains,
tables, views, and indexes to be created and destroyed.
 Main SQL DDL statements are:
CREATE SCHEMA DROP SCHEMA
CREATE/ALTER DOMAIN DROP DOMAIN
CREATE/ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE
CREATE VIEW DROP VIEW

 Many DBMSs also provide:

CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX

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Data Definition
 Relations and other database objects exist in an
environment.
 Each environment contains one or more catalogs, and
each catalog consists of set of schemas.
 Schema is named collection of related database
objects.
 Objects in a schema can be tables, views, domains,
assertions, collations, translations, and character sets.
All have same owner.

 ENVIRONMENT->CATALOG->SCHEMA->(tables, views
…)

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 Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс

Өгөгдлийн сан үүсгэх

CREATE DATABASE database_name
DROP DATABASE database_name

SCHEMA = a named collection of database objects that

are in some way related to one another. (tables, views,
domains, assertions, etc)
 Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс

Хүснэгт үүсгэх
CREATE TABLE
 Creates a table with one or more columns of the
specified dataType.
 With NOT NULL, system rejects any attempt to insert a
null in the column.
 Can specify a DEFAULT value for the column.
 Primary keys should always be specified as NOT NULL.
 FOREIGN KEY clause specifies FK along with the
referential action

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Example 6.1 - CREATE TABLE
CREATE DOMAIN OwnerNumber AS VARCHAR(5)
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT ownerNo FROM PrivateOwner));
CREATE DOMAIN StaffNumber AS VARCHAR(5)
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT staffNo FROM Staff));
CREATE DOMAIN PNumber AS VARCHAR(5);
CREATE DOMAIN PRooms AS SMALLINT;
CHECK(VALUE BETWEEN 1 AND 15);
CREATE DOMAIN PRent AS DECIMAL(6,2)
CHECK(VALUE BETWEEN 0 AND 9999.99);

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Example 6.1 - CREATE TABLE

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 Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс

CREATE DATABASE databasename;

ХҮСНЭГТ ҮҮСГЭХ
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.... )
Create Table Using Another Table
CREATE TABLE new_table_name AS
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM existing_table_name
WHERE ....;
Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс
Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс
Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс
Өгөгдлийн сангийн үндэс
ALTER TABLE
 Add a new column to a table.
 Drop a column from a table.
 Add a new table constraint.
 Drop a table constraint.
 Set a default for a column.
 Drop a default for a column.

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Example 6.2(a) - ALTER TABLE

Change Staff table by removing default of

‘Assistant’ for position column and setting
default for sex column to female (‘F’).

ALTER TABLE Staff

ALTER position DROP DEFAULT;
ALTER TABLE Staff
ALTER sex SET DEFAULT ‘F’;

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Example 6.2(a) - ALTER TABLE

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Example 6.2(b) - ALTER TABLE

Remove constraint from PropertyForRent that staff

not allowed to handle more than 100 properties at
time. Add new column to Client table.

ALTER TABLE PropertyForRent

DROP CONSTRAINT StaffNotHandlingTooMuch;

ALTER TABLE Client

ADD prefNoRooms PRooms;

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DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE TableName [RESTRICT | CASCADE]

e.g. DROP TABLE PropertyForRent;

 Removes named table and all rows within it.
 With RESTRICT, if any other objects depend for their
existence on continued existence of this table, SQL does
not allow request.
 With CASCADE, SQL drops all dependent objects (and
objects dependent on these objects).

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Integrity Enhancement Feature

 Consider five types of integrity constraints:

 Required data.
 Domain constraints.
 Entity integrity.
 Referential integrity.
 Enterprise constraints.

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Integrity Enhancement Feature

Required Data
position VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL

Domain Constraints
(a) CHECK
sex CHAR NOT NULL
CHECK (sex IN (‘M’, ‘F’))

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Integrity Enhancement Feature
(b) CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE DOMAIN DomainName [AS] dataType
[DEFAULT defaultOption]
[CHECK (searchCondition)]

For example:
CREATE DOMAIN SexType AS CHAR
CHECK (VALUE IN (‘M’, ‘F’));
sex SexType NOT NULL

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Integrity Enhancement Feature
 searchCondition can involve a table lookup:
CREATE DOMAIN BranchNo AS CHAR(4)
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch));

 Domains can be removed using DROP DOMAIN:

DROP DOMAIN DomainName
[RESTRICT | CASCADE]

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IEF - Entity Integrity
 Primary key of a table must contain a unique, non-null
value for each row.
 ISO standard supports FOREIGN KEY clause in CREATE and
ALTER TABLE statements:
PRIMARY KEY(staffNo)
PRIMARY KEY(clientNo, propertyNo)
 Can only have one PRIMARY KEY clause per table. Can still
ensure uniqueness for alternate keys using UNIQUE:
UNIQUE(telNo)

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IEF - Referential Integrity
 FK is column or set of columns that links each row in child
table containing foreign FK to row of parent table
containing matching PK.
 Referential integrity means that, if FK contains a value,
that value must refer to existing row in parent table.
 ISO standard supports definition of FKs with FOREIGN KEY
clause in CREATE and ALTER TABLE:
FOREIGN KEY(branchNo) REFERENCES Branch

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IEF - Referential Integrity
 Any INSERT/UPDATE that attempts to create FK
value in child table without matching candidate
key value in parent is rejected.
 Action taken that attempts to update/delete a
candidate key value in parent table with
matching rows in child is dependent on
referential action specified using ON UPDATE and
ON DELETE subclauses:

 CASCADE - SET NULL

 SET DEFAULT - NO ACTION

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IEF - Referential Integrity

CASCADE: Delete row from parent and delete

matching rows in child, and so on in cascading
manner.
SET NULL: Delete row from parent and set FK
column(s) in child to NULL. Only valid if FK columns
are NOT NULL.
SET DEFAULT: Delete row from parent and set each
component of FK in child to specified default. Only
valid if DEFAULT specified for FK columns
NO ACTION: Reject delete from parent. Default.

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IEF - Referential Integrity
FOREIGN KEY (staffNo) REFERENCES Staff
ON DELETE SET NULL
FOREIGN KEY (ownerNo) REFERENCES Owner
ON UPDATE CASCADE

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IEF - Enterprise Constraints

 Could use CHECK/UNIQUE in CREATE and ALTER

TABLE.
 Also have:
CREATE ASSERTION AssertionName
CHECK (searchCondition)

 which is very similar to the CHECK clause.

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IEF - Enterprise Constraints

CREATE ASSERTION StaffNotHandlingTooMuch

CHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT staffNo
FROM PropertyForRent
GROUP BY staffNo
HAVING COUNT(*) > 100))

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