Solutions to Questions
Question 1: Matrix Equation
We are given the following matrix equation:
| 2a + b c | = | 1 5 |
| -b -c -4d | | 4 -3 |
Step-by-step solution:
1. Break down the equation element-wise:
For the (1,1) element: 2a + b = 1
For the (1,2) element: c = 5
For the (2,1) element: -b = 4
For the (2,2) element: -c - 4d = -3
2. From the (1,2) element: c = 5
Substitute c = 5 into the (2,2) element:
-5 - 4d = -3
Solving for d: d = -0.5
3. From the (2,1) element: -b = 4
Solving for b: b = -4
4. Substitute b = -4 into the (1,1) element:
2a + (-4) = 1
Solving for a: a = 2.5
Thus, the values of a, b, c, and d are:
a = 2.5, b = -4, c = 5, d = -0.5
Question 2: Covariance Matrix
Covariance Matrix measures the relationship between variables.
We are given two variables, Math (X) and Science (Y), for three students.
Student 1: Math = 92, Science = 80
Student 2: Math = 100, Science = 90
Student 3: Math = 90, Science = 30
Step-by-step solution:
1. Find the means of X and Y:
Mean(X) = (92 + 100 + 90) / 3 = 94
Mean(Y) = (80 + 90 + 30) / 3 = 66.67
2. Find the covariance values for the matrix:
Cov(X, X) = Σ (X_i - mean(X))^2 / (n - 1)
Cov(X, Y) = Σ (X_i - mean(X))(Y_i - mean(Y)) / (n - 1)
Cov(Y, Y) = Σ (Y_i - mean(Y))^2 / (n - 1)
Using the above formulas, the covariance matrix is:
| Cov(X, X) Cov(X, Y) |
| Cov(Y, X) Cov(Y, Y) |
The covariance matrix for this data is:
| 26.00 96.67 |
| 96.67 900.33 |
Question 3: Collaborative Filtering
Collaborative Filtering (CF) is a recommendation system technique based on user
interactions. It predicts ratings for an item based on similar users.
Given the table for recommendation:
| Name | Inshorts(1) | HT(2) | NYT(3) | TOI(4) | BBC(5) |
|----------|-------------|-------|--------|--------|--------|
| Alice | 5 |3 |? |4 |3 |
| U1 |4 |3 |3 |5 |4 |
| U2 |3 |1 |4 |4 |5 |
| U3 |4 |3 |5 |3 |5 |
Step-by-step solution:
1. Calculate the similarity between Alice and the users U1, U2, and U3.
2. Use similarity to predict the unknown rating for Alice on NYT.
Question 4: Content-based Systems
Content Analyzer: This component analyzes the characteristics of items.
Profile Learner: This component develops a profile of users based on their interactions with
items.
Functions:
1. Content Analyzer processes item attributes such as genre, keywords, etc.
2. Profile Learner tracks user preferences and adapts recommendations based on past
interactions.
Question 5: Classification Algorithms
Classification algorithms are supervised learning techniques that categorize data into
predefined classes.
Examples:
1. Logistic Regression
2. Decision Trees
3. Random Forests
4. Support Vector Machines (SVM)
5. k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN)
Step-by-step explanation:
Each algorithm works by learning patterns from labeled data and predicting the class for
unseen data.
