OGU 07320:BASIC OF PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

Number of Credits 06

Course Instructor: Daniel Rukonu

 Sub – enabling Outcomes 1
• Explaining petroleum engineering and contribution of
petroleum in energy sector.
• The following will be shared and discussed

• Petroleum engineering and Energy

• History of Petroleum industry and Contribution to energy
sector

• Influence of petroleum on national and international politics

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND ENERGY 🔥
Petroleum has been used by humans
for millenia originally for fires and
warfare.

In the middle East oil fields were exploited

for napha,tar and kerosene in the 8th to 12
th centuries.

The early users depended on seeps (like this

modern one),where petroleum rises
naturally because of subsurface pressure.
Traditional Use of Petroleum resources
• Mankind has used various forms of petroleum for
centuries.
• The Babylonians used asphalt to pave paths and caulk
boats.
• The ancient Egyptians used tar to prepare their
mummies.
• In fact, mummy is a derivation of the Arabic word for
tar.
Traditional Use of Petroleum resources
• Condensate was an essential ingredient of Greek fire, the secret
weapon of Byzantium
• The ancient Chinese used natural gas to light their imperial palaces.
• These ancient cultures found petroleum by simply looking for oil
seeps or gas seeps and hoping that an adequate source was nearby, but
the search for oil and gas today is much more complicated and
complex.
• Why it is complex and Complicated?
The demand for petroleum on the
world market grew slowly, but
started to take off in the 1800s.

Ø Coal was still the major fuel source in the world

until about 1940,
Ø But petroleum surpassed it and became the most
valuable commodity in the global market place
that stimulated the search ,exploration and
6 drilling campaigns.
•Petroleum refers to any naturally occurring
hydrocarbons that are found beneath the surface
of the earth, no matter whether these
hydrocarbons are solid, liquid or gas.
• The solid and semi-solid forms of petroleum are called
asphalt and tar. Whereas liquid petroleum is called crude
oil if it is dark and viscous, or condensate if it is clear and
volatile.
• And of course there is natural gas, which can be associated
with oil, or found entirely by itself.
In other ways Petroleum: is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black
mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons that occurs naturally
beneath the Earth's surface.
Hydrocarbons: organic compounds consisting of H and C
Solids (e.g. paraffin) are not abundant, but have many uses
Liquids Gases

gas
propane methane
Crude oil i d drople
ts i n
butane
liqu
ter i ng pentane
f
Condensate a
oces
s
pr

Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) Natural Gas

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 Crude oil (aka “oil”)

* Liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons

* After refining: the chief source of transportation fuels

Natural gas
* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons

* After processing: used for power generation, residential,

fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still very limited)
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Why Crude oil is a balck Gold?
 Crude oil
• Crude oil is the most useful fossil fuel as source of energy in
various moving vehicles, machines, ships, motorcicyle and
planes.
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 Petroleum products as sources of energy

• Energy is a Necessary Component of Any Society

• Since the dawn of man, energy has played a vital role in survival.
Just Remember the discovery of fire energy in middle
stone Age!!!!!!

• What do you remember about middle stone age?

 Energy is as a Necessary

•All of the Earth’s various natural ecosystems are

arranged in layers of efficient energy consumption.
•Countries rely on energy for production of goods and
population growth, and always will.
•Management of available energy is dependent upon
man’s foresight or negligence.
•What are energy source should we protect/manage?
 Class Discussion!!!
In group of some students
• What are any energy sources in Tanzania?
• Discuss the important of energy sources found in Tanzania?
• How energy sources could be managed?
• How will big energy projects boost the Tanzanian Economy
and livelihoods?
• What are any three big energy projects that are underway in
Tanzania?.
Forms of Energy
There are Two Basic Forms of Energy:

RENEWABLE
and

NON RENEWABLE
Renewable forms:
Non-Renewable
• Solar
forms:
• Wind Carriers of
• Geothermal Energy: • Coal
• Water Electricity • Oil
• Hydroelectric • Natural Gas
• Tidal Hydrogen • Nuclear
• Biomass
Energy Consumption : (2006 status, US)

Source: EIA
Primary energy consumption worldwide in
2020, by country (in exajoules)
Primary energy consumption worldwide in
2019 and 2020, by fuel type.
Fossil fuels are the most common energy source

•Fossil fuels are as petroleum (oil), coal, or natural

gas, derived from living matter of a previous
geologic time and used for fuel.
 Another important fossil fuel is OIL

• Oil is derived from Petroleum, the definition of which is :

a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous,
liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally
beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into
fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha,
kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and
asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of
derivative products.
 Where Do We Get Today’s OIL?
• Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-to-black liquid and is usually
found in underground areas called reservoirs (crude oil =
petroleum).
• The top 5 OIL-producing nations are Saudi Arabia, USSR, USA,
Iran, China.
• 58% of the crude oil used for fuel and products in the US is
imported from other nations.
• The top 5 oil-producing states are Texas, Alaska, California,
Louisiana, and Oklahoma.
 Why is OIL in such Demand?

• Here’s a partial list of what oil is currently used for:

• Cooling, computers, fertilizer, feedstocks, heating,

adhesives, paint, plastics, clothing, building materials,
medicine, trucks, cars, tractors, fencing, tools, rope, diesel,
gasoline, solvents, lubricants, laboratory materials,
colognes, detergents, and much, much more … (you are
probably wearing oil-related products right now!)
 Why Do We Need So Much OIL?
• The world population has been steadily increasing, more people
means greater energy demand.
• Several countries are achieving higher levels of development
today, more building and transportation means greater demand
for energy.
• Oil is an extremely versatile fuel, it can be transformed into many
other products.
• Oil-derived fuels (such a gasoline) burn easily, burn HOT, and
the current transportation industry is designed to use it nearly
exclusively.
OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Crude Oil Production in Africa.
 Oil industry overview
Like any other financial sector, the biggest factor controlling the price of oil is
the relationship between supply and demand.
• Supply factors that affect the price of oil include production decisions made
by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC),
geopolitical issues and severe weather conditions.
• OPEC holds regular meetings to set up oil production quotas for member
countries, with the aim of regulating the supply of oil and controlling its
price.
• Demand factors include reliance on oil, the price of the US dollar and global
economic performance.
• The oil is mainly used in transportation (petrol and diesel), but it also supports the
production of certain lubricants, plastics and pharmaceuticals.
 NATURAL GAS
• Natural gas is a fossil energy source and naturally occurring
hydrocarbon gas that forms below the Earth’s surface.
• Natural gas is a mixture made up of primarily methane (CH4) and
sometimes a small percentage of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen,
helium, or carbon dioxide.
• Raw natural gas comes from three types of wells: oil wells, gas
wells, and condensate wells.
• Natural gas that comes from oil wells is typically termed
‘associated gas’. This gas can exist separate from oil in the
formation (free gas), or dissolved in the crude oil (dissolved gas).
• Natural gas from gas and condensate wells, in which there is little
or no crude oil, is termed ‘non-associated gas’.
 NATURAL GAS
• Gas wells typically produce raw natural gas by itself, while
condensate wells produce free natural gas along with a semi-liquid
hydrocarbon condensate.

• Whatever the source of the natural gas, once separated from crude
oil (if present) it commonly exists in mixtures with other
hydrocarbons; principally ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes.

• In addition, raw natural gas contains water vapor, hydrogen sulfide

(H2S), carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, and other compounds.
Natural Processing Plant
Top 10 Countries with highest Natural Gas
Production.
S/No Country Billion Cubic meters
(BCM)
1 Russia 47,805
2 Iran 33,721
3 Qatar 24,072
4 United States 15,484
5 Saudi Arabia 9,200
6 Turkmenistan 7,504
7 United Arab Emirates 6,091
8 Venezuela 5,740
9 Nigeria 5,475
10 China 5,440
Top most African Countries Sitting on the
Most Natural Gas.
S/No Country Trillion Cubic Feet (TCF)
1 Nigeria 206.53
2 Senegal 120
3 Mozambique 100
4 Egypt 77.2
5 Tanzania 57.54
6 Libya 53.1
7 Angola 13.5
8 Congo 10.1
9 Equatorail Guinea 5
10 Cameroon 4.8
11 Sudan 3
CONTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS
SECTOR IN TANZANIA ENERGY MIX
• Tanzania has set a performance target of Increase electricity generation
capacity from 1 500 MW in 2015 to 4 910 MW and achieve 50%
energy from renewable energy sources by 2020.
• Reduce GHG emissions by 30-35% by 2030 compared to the
business-as-usual scenario (138-153 Mt CO2-equivalent gross
emissions).
• Contributed in power generation and increase access rate from 43 % in
2017 to almost 70 % in 2020.
 FUTURE PROSPECTS
• Annula growth rate 9% ,economy could be seven times
large in 2040 than today.
• Energy demand will increase to 150% driven by fuel
efficiency gain.
• Diversifying the energy mix and improving energy
efficiency are the keys to achieving economic growth
while limiting growth in energy demand, with oil, gas
and geothermal reducing the share of bioenergy in the
energy mix.
 CURRENT SITUATION

• Gas accounts for more than half of current power generation, with the
remainder coming from hydropower and oil, the latter used mostly for
back-up generators.
• Oil continues to play an important role in end-use sectors, not least as
a result of its use by the increasing number of buses on the road as
Tanzania has a large bus fleet.
• Gas and electricity use in industry is growing strongly, especially in
manufacturing industries