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Chapter - 8 Introduction - To - Trigonometry - 2

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Chapter - 8 Introduction - To - Trigonometry - 2

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MATHS INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

Introduction to Trigonometry

1. Meaning (Definition) of Trigonometry


The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ meaning three, ‘gon’ meaning sides and
‘metron’ meaning measure.
Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and the angles of the triangle.

2. Positive and negative angles


Angle measured in anticlockwise direction is taken as positive angle whereas the angle measured in
clockwise direction is taken as negative angle.

3. Trigonometric Ratios
Ratio of the sides of a right triangle with respect to the acute angles is called the trigonometric ratios
of the angle.
Trigonometric ratios of the acute angle A in right triangle ABC are given as follows:

side opposite toA BC p


i. sinA   
hypotenuse AC h
side adjacent toA AB b
ii. cosA  hypotenuse
 
AC h
side opposite toA BC p
tanA   
iii. side adjacent toA AB b
i cosec A  hypotenuse AC h
iv. v  
.
sideopposite toA BC p
sec A  hypotenuse AC h
v.  
side adjacent toA AB b
sideadjacent toA AB b
v cot A   
vi. side opposite toA BC p
i
.

4. Important facts about Trigonometric ratios


 Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle in a right triangle represents the relation between the angle
and the sides.
 The ratios defined above can be rewritten as sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A, sec A and cot A.
MATHS INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
 Each trigonometric ratio is a real number and it has not unit.
MATHS INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

 All the trigonometric symbols i.e., cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant, have no
literal meaning.
 sin  is generally written as sinn  , n being a positive integer. Similarly, other trigonometric ratios
n

can also be written.
 The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the
triangle, if the angles remain the same.

5. Pythagoras theorem:
It states that “in a right triangle, square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squar es of the
other two sides”.
Pythagoras theorem can be used to obtain the length of the side of a right angled triangle when the
other two sides are already given.

6. Relation between trigonometric ratios:


The ratios cosec A, sec A and cot A are the reciprocals of the ratios sin A, cos A and tan A
respectively as given:

1
i. cosec  
sin

ii. sec   1
co s
sin
iii. tan 
cos
1 co s
iv. cot  
tan sin

7. Values of Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles:

A 0 30 45 60 90


sin A 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2

cos A 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2

tan A 0 1 1 3 Not defined


3
cosec A Not defined 2 2 2 1
3
sec A 1 2 2 2 Not defined
3
cot A Not defined 3 1 1 0
3

 The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is always
greater than 1 or equal to 1.
 The value of sin increases from 0 to 1 when  increases from 0o to 90o.
 The value of cos  decreases from 1 to 0 when  increases from 0o to 90o.
 If one of the sides and any other parts like either an acute angle or any side of a right triangle are
known, the remaining sides and angles of the triangle can be obtained using trigonometric ratios.
MATHS INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

8. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles:


Two angles are said to complementary angles if their sum is equal to 90o. Based on this relation, the
trigonometric ratios of complementary angles are given as follows:
sin (90o – A) = cos A
i.
cos (90o – A) = sin A
ii.
tan (90o – A) = cot A
iii.
cot (90o – A) = tan A
iv.
sec (90o – A) = cosec A
v.
cosec (90o – A) = sec A
vi.
Note: tan 0o = 0 = cot 90o, sec 0o = 1 = cosec 90o, sec 90o, cosec 0o, tan 90o and cot 0o are not
defined.

9. Definition of Trigonometric Identity


An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle, say  , is termed as a trigonometric identity if
it is satisfied by all values of  .

10. Basic trigonometric identities

sin2   co s2   1
i.
ii. 1 tan2   sec2  ; 0    90
iii. 1 cot2   cosec2 ; 0    90

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