MATH 1430; Formulas/ Properties/ De nitions for Exam 2

Formulas

• (a + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2

• (a − b)2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2

• a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b)

Slope - Intercept Form

Given a line with slope m and y−intercept (0, b), the slope-intercept form of the line is given by

y = mx + b

Quadratic Formula

Given a quadratic equation a x 2 + bx + c = 0,

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

Properties of Exponents

0
• a =1

1
• a =a

m n mn
• a ⋅a =a

am m−n
• n =a
a
1 −m
• m =a
a
1
• If x > 0, then x = x2
















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 Rules for Finding Derivatives

• Constant Rule: If f (x) = c, where c is a real number,

f′(x) = 0.

• Power Rule: If f (x) = x n for a real number n,

f′(x) = n x n−1 .

• Product Rule: If f (x) = u(x) ⋅ v(x) and if u′(x) and v′(x) exist, then

f′(x) = u′(x) ⋅ v(x) + u(x) ⋅ v′(x).

u(x)
• Quotient Rule: If f (x) = v(x) and if u′(x) and v′(x) exist, then

u′(x) ⋅ v(x) − u(x) ⋅ v′(x)

f′(x) = .
[v(x)]2

• Chain Rule: If h(x) = f (g(x)) and if f′(x) and g′(x) exist, then

h′(x) = f′(g(x)) ⋅ g′(x)

Derivative of Exponential Functions

If f (x) = a x for a > 0 and a ≠ 1, then

f′(x) = a x (ln a)







































 Derivative of Logarithmic Functions

If f (x) = logb x for b > 0 and b ≠ 1, then

1
f′(x) =
x (ln b)

Note: ln e = 1

Thus, we can see the following:

1. If f (x) = e x, then. f′(x) = e x.

1
2. If f (x) = ln x, then. f′(x) = .
x

De niion: Critical Numbers/ Critical Points

• A critival number for a function f are the number c in the domain of f for which

1. f′(c) = 0 or

2. f′(c) does not exist.

• A critical point is a point (c, f (c)) where c is a critical number.

First Derivative Test

Suppose that f has a derivative at each point in the interval I. Then

1. If f′(x) > 0 for all x in I, then f is increasing on I.

2. If f′(x) < 0 for all x in I, then f is decreasing on I.

3. If f′(x) = 0 for all x in I, then f is constant on I.
















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 Test of Concavity

Suppose that f′′(x) exists at each point x in the interval (a, b). Then

1. A graph of f is concave downward on (a, b) ⟺ f′′(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b) .

2. A graph of f is concave upward on (a, b) ⟺ f′′(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b) .

Second Derivative Test

Suppose that f′′(x) exists at each point x in the interval (a, b) containing c (or except possible

at c). and let f′(c) = 0. Then

1. If f′′(c) < 0, then f (c) is a relative maximum.

2. If f′′(c) > 0, then f (c) is a relative miminum.

3. If f′′(c) = 0 or f′′(c) does NOT exist , then the test gives no information about extrema so

that we need to use the rst derivative test.






























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