MT 203 – CYTOGENETICS ⫻⫻⫻⫻⫻ REVIEWER Iseng (❁´◡`❁)

CYTOGENETICS OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY

is a branch of science that deals with the study of General beliefs of the Hippocratic school persisted
inheritance in relation to the structure and (Gametes of the organism would assemble into the
function of chromosomes; includes: individual)

 Nucleic acids
▪ Nicolas Hartsoeker (1694)- Homonculus: A
 Chromosome and Genes
miniature human carried in the head of a
 Cell Cycle
sperm
 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
 Chromosomal abnormalities and disease ▪ William Harvey- theory of epigenesis
 Cytogenetic techniques
▪ Robert Hooke (1665) - observed the cell
structure under the light microscope.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
▪ Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674-1683) -
Master lens maker; Single lens microscope
❖ Character - a heritable feature that varies
among individuals. ▪ Jan Purkinje (1830) - first described the
❖ Trait - pertains to each variant of a character. nucleus within the cell.
❖ True breeding - parents producing offspring ▪ Robert Brown (1831) - coined the term
with the same phenotype. “nucleus”
❖ Hybridization - mating or crossing of two
varieties. ▪ Hugo von Mohl (1835-1839) - mitosis
❖ P - parental generation; true-breeding ▪ Rudolf Virchow (1858) - summary of the
parents. concept of the cell theory: “Omnis cellula e
❖ F1 - First filial generation; offspring of the cellula” - All cells come from pre-existing
parental cross. cells
❖ F2 - Second filial generation; offspring allow
▪ Gregor Mendel (1856- 1863) - Classical
to pollinate or cross one another
Hybridization experiments with pea plants;
❖ Genotype - genetic composition of an Statistical patterns of heritable phenotypes
organism
❖ Phenotype - the visible information of an ▪ Oscar Hertwig (1875) - Fusion of sperm and
organism contained inside a gene egg → zygote
❖ Locus - specific, fixed position on a ▪ Walther Flemming (1879-1885) - Physician;
chromosome where a particular gene is newly synthesized aniline dyes to view and
located. describe chromosomes and the way they
❖ Allele - alternative form of a gene. moved during mitosis
❖ Gene - a nucleotide sequence coding a
▪ Heinrich Waldeyer (1888) - first used the
polypeptide sequence that makes an enzyme
term chromosome
or a structural protein.
▪ Theodor Boveri, Karl Rabl, and Edouard
van Beneden (1880) - hypothesized that
NOMENCLATURE & CLASSIFICATION chromosomes are individual structures with
continuity from one generation
Homozygous - organism having a pair of identical
alleles at a given locus at a given chromosome ▪ August Weismann (1885) - inheritance of
traits is based exclusively in the nucleus;
Heterozygous - organism having two different meiosis (1887)
alleles at a given locus.

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MT 203 – CYTOGENETICS ⫻⫻⫻⫻⫻ REVIEWER Iseng (❁´◡`❁)

▪ Hetwig and Boveri (1890) - described the ▪ (1995): Haemophilus influenzae was the first
process of meiosis in detail organism to have its complete genome
sequenced
▪ Thomas Hunt Morgan (1900) - introduced
Drosophila melanogaster as a model genetic ▪ (1996): the first mammal was cloned (Dolly)
system by Ian Wilmut

▪ Walter Sutton (1902) - explained Mendel’s ▪ (1997): first transgenic cow (Rosie), can
rules of inheritance express human a-lactalbumin protein in her
milk
▪ Nettie Maria Stevens (1905) - investigated
sex determination in mealworms, X and Y ▪ (2001): human genome sequenced and
chromosomes published

▪ Thomas Hunt Morgan (1911) - genes ▪ (September 2007): 634 different organisms
producing white eyes, yellow body, and have had their complete genome sequenced
miniature wings (X chromosome) and published

▪ Alfred Sturtevant (1913) - used Drosophila ▪

to create the first genetic map

▪ Calvin Bridges (1914) with Morgan -

described the nondisjunction of Drosophila
sex chromosomes

▪ Lewis Stadler and Hermann Muller (1927) -

genes can be mutated artificially by X-rays

▪ William Bateson (1905) – established the

terms F1, F2, homozygotes, heterozygote,
and the allelomorph; he also coined the
term “genetics”

▪ Wilhelm Johannsen (1909) - phenotype,

genotype, and gene

▪ Fisher, Wright, and Haldane (1930-1932) -

algebraic foundations for our understanding
of the process of evolution.

▪ Oswald Avery (1944), Alfred Hershey, and

Martha Chase (1952) - DNA was the genetic
material

▪ James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) -

worked out the structure of DNA.

▪ Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel

Nathans (1968-1973) - described restriction
endonucleases as “the servant with
scissors” (Nobel Prize in 1978)

▪ Paul Berg (1972) - first to construct a

recombinant DNA molecule containing
parts of DNA from different species.